Abbreviations:

I wish to thank Karim Arafat, Peter Callaghan, Paul Cartledge, Alan Johnston and Anthony Snodgrass for much help and advice at various stages in the preparation of this article. I also thank Prof. Martin Robertson for discussion of material from Ithaka, and Mr Charles K. Williams II, director of the Corinth excavations, who has done much to encourage my interest in matters Corinthian.

Abbreviations:

Achaia: ‘I.'H. Δεϰουλάκου. ‘Κεραμεική 8^ου ϰαί 7^ου. αί π.χ. ἀπό τάφους της ‘Αχαϊας ϰαί της Αἰτωλίας.’ Ann. 60 (ii) (1982) 219–235.

AG: Snodgross, A.M.Archaic Greece. The Age of Experiment (London 1980).Google Scholar

Corinth: Salmon, J.B.Wealthy Corinth (Oxford 1984).Google Scholar

DAG: Snodgrass, A.M.The Dark Age of Greece (Edinburgh 1971).Google Scholar

Epirus: Ἰ. Βοϰοτοπόυλου. ‘ΗἨπειρος στόν 8^ο ϰαι 7^ο αἰώνα π.χ.’ Ann. 60 (ii) (1982) 77–98.

GG: Coldstream, J.N.Geometrie Greece (London 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

GGP: Coldstream, J.N.Greek Geometrie Pottery (London 1968).Google Scholar

Gulf: CA. Morgan Settlement and Exploitation in the Region of the Corinthian Gulf c.1000–700 B.C. Unpublished Ph.D.

¹ GG 167, 221f. GGP 352–354. Cf. Boardman, J.The Greeks Overseas ³ (London 1980) 161f.Google Scholar for standard view of the relationship between early trade and colonisation.

² Dehl, H. Chr.Die Korinthische Keramik des 8 und frühen 7 Jhrs v. Chr. in Italien (Berlin 1984) 147.Google Scholar

³ Vatin, C.Médéon de Phocide Paris 1969.Google Scholar

⁴ For general regional summary: Themelis, P.G.Ann. 61 (iii) (1983) 213–255.Google ScholarGulf chapter 7.

⁵ Kase, E. & Wilkie, N.ADelt 32 (1977) B1 110–113.Google ScholarWallace, P. & Wilkie, N.ADelt 33 (1978) BI 154–164.Google Scholar

⁶ Benton, S.BSA 35 (1934–5) 56–68Google Scholar, also ‘The Evolution of the Tripod Lebes’ ibid. 74–130, and BSA 44 (1949) 307–312.

⁷ Corinth 89. GG 182–184. GGP 353 for bibliography.

⁸ Ithaka I 121–124.

⁹ Lorimer, H.L.BSA 33 (1932–3) 33–36.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Ithaka II 225–260.

¹¹ Ibid. 258 Fig. 2 for walling.

¹² Ibid. 259.

¹³ Mainly metalwork. Ithaka II 338–353 includes Geometric metalwork unconnected with settlement. Ithaka I 117–121 includes spits and double axes. GG 182—184 erroneously treats all pottery as votive.

¹⁴ Ithaka II 259–260, 256 Fig. 1 for walling.

¹⁵ Ithaka II 260. E.g. Aetos has relatively little metalwork and few tripods in clay.

¹⁶ Epirus 83.

¹⁷ Heurtley, W.A.BSA 28 (1926–1927) 158–194Google Scholar, also Prehistoric Macedonia (Cambridge 1939) 227–229.

¹⁸ Epirus 83. Ithaka II 259 on chronology.

¹⁹ Kilian 33 erroneously identifies this as Thessalian. Cf. I. Βοϰοτοπόυλου Ὁδηγός Μουσείου Ἰωαννίνων 34 Fig. 5.

²⁰ Vitsa. Epirus 86–96 for summary.

²¹ Vitsa 342 Fig. 36.

²² Ibid. 4.

²³ Ibid. 5.

²⁴ E.g. T 113 2356 (necklace of various materials including steatite and faience), T129 2297 (gold cones), T175 5691 (crystal), T48 2332 (necklace of various materials).

²⁵ Vitsa 276 Fig. 22.

²⁶ Ibid. 291.

²⁷ Ibid. 344–348. Epirus 89.

²⁸ Hammond, N.G.Epirus (Oxford 1967) 25Google Scholar notes that ‘there is always a considerable number of families at Metsovon, the Vlach capital in Greece’

²⁹ Wace, A. & Thompson, M.The Nomads of the Balkans (London 1914).Google ScholarCampbell, J.K.Honour, Family and Patronage (Oxford 1964).Google Scholar

³⁰ Vitsa 286, 340.

³¹ Dakaris, S.Cassopaia and the Elean Colonies (Athens 1971.Google Scholar

³² GG 181–182. Gulf chapter 6 for full discussion.

³³ For discussion of nomadism and mobile economic strategies in relation to modern Anatolia: Cribb, R. The Archaeological Dimensions of Near Eastern Nomadic Pastoralism. Towards a Spatial Model of Unstable Settlement Systems unpublished Ph.D. thesis (University of Southampton 1982).Google Scholar

³⁴ Hammond, N.G.Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas (Park Ridge N.J. 1976).Google Scholar

³⁵ Jacobsen, T. ‘Seasonal Pastoralism in Southern Greece: a Consideration of the Ecology of Neolithic Urnfinis Pottery’ in Rice, P.M. (ed.) Pots and Potters. Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology (U.C.L.A. 1984) chapter 3.Google ScholarBinford, L.JOAR 35(3) (1979) 255–272 for discussion of curation.Google Scholar

³⁶ Epirus 91–92. Vitsa part II. Romiopoulou, K.BSA 68 (1971) 353–361.Google Scholar Kilian, whilst containing useful information, should be used with caution, cf. Vitsa 6–7. Zh. Andrea, ‘La civilisation illyrienne du fer ancien en Albanie du Sud-est et ses rapports avec les contrées voisines’ in Best, J. & deVries, N. (eds.) interaction and Acculturation in the Mediterranean vol. II (Amsterdam 1982) 75–119.Google Scholar

³⁷ Kilian 35. Vitsa part II 233–276 for full discussion of local pottery.

³⁸ Kilian 35–36. Prendi, F.Iliria III (1975) 109–138Google Scholar (for earliest material 114–119).

³⁹ Vitsa 291 n.224.

⁴⁰ Ibid. 276 Fig. 22.

⁴¹ Ibid. 217–220.

⁴² A single Corinthian Late Geometric krater fragment from the sanctuary at Dodona seems as likely to have been brought by an Epirote as to imply direct Corinthian contact: ADelt 18 (1963) B2 149–153 Plate 187b. Other 8th century imports in Epirus include an Attico-Boeotian type pin and a fragment of a large Geometric bronze vessel from Kastritsa: Epirus 77.

⁴³ Vitsa part II 258–276. Cf. Hammond, N.G.Epirus (Oxford 1967) chapter IX.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Renfrew, C.The Emergence of Civilisation (London 1972) 465–466.Google Scholar Cf. Ammerman, A., Malessi, C. & Cavalli-Sforza, L. ‘Some new approaches to the study of the obsidian trade in the Mediterranean and adjacent areas’ in Hodder, I. (ed.) The Spatial Organisation of Culture (London 1978) 179–196.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Epirus 86 Fig. 11.

⁴⁶ Murray, W.M. The Coastal Sites of Western Akamania: A Topographical-Historical Survey Ph.D. dissertation (University of Pennsylvania 1982, University Microfilms International 1985).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ This is noted in Corinth 90–91, where the idea of early direct Corinthian contact with the Adriatic area is, correctly, dismissed; concern over the inland location of Vitsa (Corinth 91) seems misplaced, however.

⁴⁸ Epirus 97–98. Vitsa 342–343.

⁴⁹ Camp, J. McK. II ‘A Drought in the Late Eighth Century B.C.’ Hesperia 48 (1979) 397–411.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ E.g. by Snodgrass, A.M. ‘Population in late Eighth-Century Attica’ in Renaissance 169–171.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Epirus 77.

⁵² Ibid. 95.

⁵³ E.g. Corinthian kyathoi Vitsa 5238 (T161) & Aetos 1027 & 1029 from the same workshop (Epirus 94).

⁵⁴ Vitsa 285–286 for summary. E.g. Epirus 92 Fig. 25 refers to a stamnoid krater as close to west Greek styles, although it is unlike anything known from the mainland around the Gulf.

⁵⁵ Vitsa 276 Fig. 22.

⁵⁶ Epirus 97.

⁵⁷ Aigion: Achata 230 Fig. 22–23. Aegira: unpublished, I thank Prof. Sigrid Deger Jalkotzy for permission to study material from Aegira for my Ph.D. thesis. Mavrikio: N. Bosana-Kourou ‘Ταφιϰό σύνολο άπό τήν περιοχή Αἰγίου’Στήλη τόμος εις μνημην Νιϰόλάου Κοντολεόντος 303–317 Plate 141–143.

⁵⁸ Drepanon: Δεϰουλάϰου, Ἰ.Ἠ.′Γεωμετϱιχοί ταφιϰοί πίϑοι ἐξ Ἀχαἴας′ AE 1973 Xp. 15–29 Plate IEγ pithos 4.Google Scholar Neos Erineos: ADelt 20 (1965) B2 233 (skyphos). Gulf 64–65. Aegira: unpublished kotyle rim sherd (Gulfgi).

⁵⁹ I. Dekoulakou op.cit. Plate II a–b. Achaia 227 Fig. 15–16, 228 Fig. 17.

⁶⁰ Achaia 235. GGP 228f., 232.

⁶¹ E.g. Pharai I 402 Plate II, 403 Plate 12.

⁶² Achaia 233 Fig. 34.

⁶³ Gulf chapter 9.23–9.25.

⁶⁴ Neeft, C.W. ‘Observations on the Thapsos Class’ 24, in his Studies in the Chronology of Corinthian Pottery (Amsterdam 1984)Google Scholar, reprinted from MEFRA 93 (1981) 7–88 and addendum. Gulf chapter 5.35.

⁶⁵ Gulf chapter 5.3 for summary of evidence from the Pharai valley. Material published in: Pharai I; Pharai II; Κυπαϱίσσης', N.Ανασϰαφη Μυϰηṽαϊϰῶν νεϰϱοταφείων Δήμου Φαϱῶν Ἀχαϊας ἐν Ἀγίῳ Βασιλείῳ Χαλανδϱίτσης Και Μητοπόλει' PAE 1929 86–91Google Scholar; Κυπαϱίσσης, N. ‘Ανασϰαφη Μυϰηναϊϰῶν νεϰϱοταφείων ἐν Χαλανδϱίτση (Δήμου Φαϱῶν Ἀχαίας) ϰαί Μἀνεσι (Δήμου Λαπαϑῶν Καλαβϱὐτων)’ PAE 1930 81–87.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Skyphoi at Pharai: Fteri Π321 (Pharai II 196 Plate 91a3) & Π534 (Pharai II197 Plate 91a2), 2 (Pharai 1406 Fig. 20), Troumbe tholos (Kyparissis, N.PAE 1930 83–85 Fig. 8).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Pharai I 408 dates Corinthian parallels too early. GGP Plate 49b R414. Cf. Ithaka II Plate 56 Aetos 1026 for looser, 7th century Ithakan parallel.

⁶⁸ Pharai: Pharai I 404 Fig. 16 B3. Aigion: Achaia 230.

⁶⁹ The Troumbe krateriskos and stand is loosely paralleled at Aetos (Ithaka I Plate 25 no. 268), although the Aetos stand is shorter and not pierced, and both the krateriskos handles and decoration differ. Tall kantharoi from Pharai have various parallels at Aetos: the following examples are illustrated in Ithaka I Plate 22 Fig. 40, Plate 24 & Pharai I 402–407. A2=Aetos 360; B4, A7, B5 & Γ 3= Aetos 352–354; Π533=Aetos 358; Γ1, Γ4=Aetos 322, 327; B3= Aetos 384.

⁷⁰ Pharai I 407–412.

⁷¹ Ibid. 411–412. ‘Τα ὑστερογεωμετριϰὰ ἀγγεῖα τῆς Ἀχαῑας ἔχει δημιουργήσει τεϰτονιϰὴ ἀντίληψις διάφορος τω̄ν πρωτοϰορινϑιαϰω̄ν.’ (411).

⁷² From Troumbe: Pharai II 199 Fig. 93γ no. 7 (Π482), cf.200–1. GGP 232.

⁷³ Pharai II 197 Fig. 92a Π527. GGP 231, 98–111 for discussion of late 8th century Corinthian styles.

⁷⁴ Pharai I 402 Fig. 11 (A5), 408–411 for general discussion of form and decoration. GGP 232.

⁷⁵ Especially in Argive: Courbin, P.La Céramique Géométrique de l'Argolide (Paris 1966) 480–481. GGP chapter 4.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Dugas, C. ‘Le Sanctuaire d'Aléa Athéna à Tégée avant le IVe siècle’ BCH 45 (1921) 335–435CrossRefGoogle Scholar illustrates Argive imports and influences on pottery and metalwork.

⁷⁷ E.g. Coleman, J.E.Excavations at Pylos in Elis Hesperia Supplement 21 (Princeton 1986) 25 illustration 3(645).Google Scholar

⁷⁸ C Neeft op.cit. n.64, 27.

⁷⁹ Papadopoulos, A.Mycenaean Achaia (Lund 1979) 26.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ 3 similar oinochoai are usually cited as evidence for cross-Gulf traffic: GGP 222, DAG 85 Figs. 42–44. The importance of this traffic has been overstated (Gulf chapter 2.26); cross-Gulf contact is hard to trace for much of the 8th century and contrasts with the general picture of regionalism at this time.

⁸¹ Corinth 90. The notion of corn shortage and the provision of slaves and food from colonial areas goes back to the work of Blakeway, BSA 33 (1932–3) 202, & Dunbabin, , The Western Greeks (Oxford 1948) 1–2, 7, 17–18.Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ Muhly, J.D. ‘The Bronze Age Setting’ (30–40) in Muhly, J.D. & Wertime, T. (eds.) The Coming of the Age of Iron (Yale 1980) 25–67.Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ DAG 253–257. Iron.

⁹⁰ Summary GG 206–209. Pherai: Béquignon, Y.Recherches archéologiques à Phères de Thessalie (Paris 1937) Plate XIX, XX.Google ScholarPhilia, : ADelt 18 (1963) B1 135–139Google Scholar; ADelt 19 (1964) B2 244–249 Plate 289–299; ADelt 20 (1965) B2 311–313 Plate 366–368; ADelt 22 (1967) B2 295–296 Plate 194. Cf. Vergina, ADelt 18 (1963) B2 p.217–232 Plate 259b (Corinthian horse figurine).Google Scholar

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¹¹⁶ Corinth 88–89.

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¹¹⁹ Cf. Solon fragment 13 1.43–48.

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¹²² Corinth 88.

¹²³ AG 126–129.

¹²⁴ GG 167.