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ATOP THE KADMEIA: MYCENAEAN ROOF TILES FROM THEBES IN CONTEXT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2020

Vassilis L. Aravantinos ,
Ioannis Fappas  and
Yannis Galanakis
Vassilis L. Aravantinos
Affiliation:
Ephor Emeritus, Ephorate of Antiquities of Boeotia
Ioannis Fappas
Affiliation:
Museum of Cycladic Art
Yannis Galanakis*
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
*
[email protected]
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Abstract

Questions were raised in the past regarding the use of Mycenaean tiles as ‘roof tiles’ on the basis of the small numbers of them recovered in excavations and their overall scarcity in Mycenaean domestic contexts. The investigation of the Theodorou plot in 2008 in the southern part of the Kadmeia hill at Thebes yielded the single and, so far, largest known assemblage per square metre of Mycenaean tiles from a well-documented excavation. This material allows, for the first time convincingly, to identify the existence of a Mycenaean tiled roof. This paper presents the results of our work on the Theodorou tiles, placing emphasis on their construction, form and modes of production, offering the most systematic study of Mycenaean tiles to date. It also revisits contexts of discovery of similar material from excavations across Thebes. Popular as tiles might have been in Boeotia, and despite their spatially widespread attestation, their use in Aegean Late Bronze Age architecture appears, on the whole, irregular with central Greece and the north-east Peloponnese being the regions with the most sites known to have yielded such objects. Mycenaean roof tiles date mostly from the mid- and late fourteenth century bc to the twelfth century bc. A study of their construction, form, production and contexts suggests that their role, apart from adding extra insulation, might have been one of signposting certain buildings in the landscape. We also present the idea that Mycenaean tile-making was guided by a particular conventional knowledge which was largely influenced by ceramic-related technologies (pottery- and drain-making). While production of roof tiles might have been palace-instigated to begin with, it does not appear to have been strictly controlled. This approach to Mycenaean tile-making may also help explain their uneven (in terms of intensity of use) yet widespread distribution.

Στην κορυφή της Καδμείας: μυκηναϊκοί κέραμοι στέγης από τη Θήβα στο αρχαιολογικό τους πλαίσιο

H ύπαρξη κεραμοσκεπών στεγών στη μυκηναϊκή Ελλάδα έχει στο παρελθόν τεθεί επανειλημμένα υπό αμφισβήτηση, κυρίως εξαιτίας του μικρού αριθμού κεράμων στέγης από ανασκαφές θέσεων της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού. Η διερεύνηση του οικοπέδου Στυλιανού Θεοδώρου το 2008 στο νότιο τμήμα του λόφου της Καδμείας στη Θήβα έδωσε το, μέχρι σήμερα, καλύτερα σωζόμενο σύνολο μυκηναϊκών κεράμων στέγης ανά τετραγωνικό μέτρο, προερχόμενων από μία καλά τεκμηριωμένη ανασκαφή. Το σύνολο αυτό επιτρέπει, για πρώτη φορά με ασφάλεια, να τεκμηριώσουμε την ύπαρξη μιας μυκηναϊκής κεραμοσκεπούς στέγης. Το παρόν άρθρο παρουσιάζει τα πορίσματα της πολυετούς διεπιστημονικής έρευνάς μας, δίνοντας έμφαση στην κατασκευή, μορφή και μεθόδους παραγωγής των μυκηναϊκών κεράμων. Με την ευκαιρία αυτή επανεξετάζονται παλαιότερες ανασκαφές στην Καδμεία που έχουν αποδώσει παρόμοιο υλικό. Παρά την ευρεία διασπορά στον χώρο, υποστηρίζουμε πως η χρήση των αντικειμένων αυτών στη μυκηναϊκή Θήβα ήταν επιλεκτική, σε σχέση με συγκεκριμένα κτήρια. Το ίδιο παρατηρούμε και στον υπόλοιπο ηπειρωτικό χώρο, με περιοχές στην κεντρική Ελλάδα και τη ΒΔ Πελοπόννησο να έχουν δώσει τις περισσότερες θέσεις με τέτοιου είδους αντικείμενα μέχρι σήμερα. Η χρήση των στοιχείων αυτών στη στέγαση κτηρίων απαντά κυρίως από τα μέσα του 14ου αι. π.Χ. μέχρι και τον 12ο αι. π.Χ.. Η μελέτη της κατασκευής, μορφής, παραγωγής και χρήσης τους φαίνεται να δηλώνει πως, πέρα από την τυχόν επιπρόσθετη μόνωση που μπορεί να προσέφεραν σε μία στέγη, ενείχαν και ρόλο σημασιοδοτικό, δηλαδή χρησιμοποιούνταν για να σημάνουν στον χώρο συγκεκριμένα κτήρια και χρήσεις. Για την παραγωγή των κεράμων, οι κεραμοποιοί άντλησαν στοιχεία και λύσεις από υπάρχουσες τεχνικές γνώσεις (conventional knowledge), κυρίως της παραγωγής πήλινων αγγείων και αγωγών. Αυτή η προσέγγιση πιστεύουμε πως επιτρέπει να κατανοήσουμε καλύτερα τις διαφορές (π.χ. στις διαστάσεις και σε κάποια στοιχεία της μορφής) και να εξηγήσουμε τη διάδοση της εν τέλει τυποποιημένης παράδοσης μέσα από δίκτυα τεχνιτών. Επίσης, υποστηρίζουμε πως, ενώ η παραγωγή των μυκηναϊκών κεράμων στέγης μπορεί να υποστηρίχθηκε από το κεντρικό διοικητικό σύστημα της εποχής (αρχικά προς εξυπηρέτηση των δικών τους αναγκών), εν τέλει δεν ελεγχόταν αυστηρά. Αυτή η προσέγγιση στην κατασκευή, παραγωγή και χρήση των αρχιτεκτονικών αυτών στοιχείων βοηθά, κατά τη γνώμη μας, στο να εξηγήσουμε την περιορισμένη ως προς την χρήση και τα σύνολα εφαρμογή τους, καθώς και την ευρεία διάδοσή τους τόσο σε ανακτορικές όσο και σε μη ανακτορικές θέσεις και περιφέρειες του μυκηναϊκού κόσμου.

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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 115 , December 2020 , pp. 175 - 245
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens, 2020

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Footnotes

In memory of J.J. Coulton

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