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VI. The Kastellos
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 October 2013
Extract
The Kastellos Tzermiadhon is a bold bluff which runs out from the slopes of Psarokorphe about ten minutes east of the village. It rises to a height of about 320 ft. above the plain. To west, east, and south the sides are fairly precipitous, but to the north it is connected with the cliffs behind by a kind of causeway, from the end of which a steep path reaches the summit.
It can never have been of strategic importance. It dominates one route into the plain of Lasithi—that from Potamoi via Zarams —but that was never an important route. Its nearest water supply is, to-day, at the wells called Pigaidhakia, which lie behind the Trapeza Plateau. It did however, in early times offer a safe habitation, well above the then marshy plain, and easily defensible in case of need.
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- Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1938
References
page 6 note 1 Cf. BSA XXXVI p. 8Google Scholar. Route 5b.
page 10 note 1 See above, p. 5, for discussion as to whether there were one or two burials in Skaphidhia.
page 14 note 1 BSA XXXVI 14 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 14 note 2 This is clear from the scantiness of EM I sherds in the cave and on the Kastellos.
page 14 note 3 BSA XXXVI 23Google Scholar. Burials in caves and rock shelters were, of course, common in MM I, particularly in North and Central Crete—e.g. Knossos, , JHS LV 168Google Scholar; Mallia, , BCH 1929 527Google Scholar and Meskine, see above, p. 6.
page 15 note 1 BSA XXXVI p. 43Google Scholar Nos. 163–5; p. 68 Nos. 543, 4, 6.
page 16 note 1 Test 7 (G 20).
page 16 note 2 BSA XXXVI 26 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 16 note 3 P of M I 36–38 fig. 5Google Scholar; II 9 n. 1.
page 17 note 1 P of M I 59 Fig. 19Google Scholar.
page 18 note 1 BSA XXXVI 28 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 19 note 1 P of M I 58 Fig. 17, 3Google Scholar.
page 19 note 2 Ibid. I 37 Fig. 6, 11 a.
page 20 note 1 Festos I 101 Fig. 44. These handles have already been quoted in connection with N. 8 BSA XXXVI, 26Google Scholar.
page 20 note 2 It is an interesting fact that pots with similarly incised rims were made in Lasithi almost to the present day.
page 20 note 3 P of M I 38 Fig. 7, 1–7Google Scholar.
page 22 note 1 BSA XXXVI 33, 43Google Scholar.
page 22 note 2 Frankfort, Studies II 87Google Scholar.
page 22 note 3 VTM p. 35, 4189 Pls. I and XXV.
page 23 note 1 BSA XXXVI, 33 ffGoogle Scholar. The numbers here quoted refer to the pieces described in this article.
page 23 note 2 Ibid. XXXVI, 71 ff.
page 23 note 3 Cf. BSA XXXVI, 58Google Scholar.
page 23 note 4 BSA XXXVI 90Google Scholar.
page 25 note 1 BSA XXX 69Google Scholar; P of M I 589Google Scholar.
page 25 note 2 Ibid. XXXVI 59, 61.
page 26 note 1 P of M I 587 Fig. 430Google Scholar.
page 26 note 2 Ibid. I 590 Fig. 434.
page 26 note 3 CM 8606. This may be MM I, but the excavators seem reluctant to put anything from Mallia earlier than MM III.
page 26 note 4 Mallia II 34 Fig. 9.
page 26 note 5 Ibid. II 35 Pl. XV g.
page 26 note 6 P of M II 305Google Scholar.
page 27 note 1 BSA IX 321 Fig. 21, 4Google Scholar.
page 28 note 1 P of M I 571Google Scholar.
page 28 note 2 Ibid., II, 305.
page 28 note 3 Ibid., I, 589.
page 28 note 4 BSA XIX 27 Fig. 6Google Scholar.
page 28 note 5 CM 9152 and 5455.
page 28 note 6 CM 7257.
page 28 note 7 In connection with T. 42, p. 20.
page 30 note 1 Cf. 208 from Trapeza, , BSA XXXVI 44Google Scholar.
page 31 note 1 P of M II 304 Fig. 176 FGoogle Scholar.
page 31 note 2 BSA IX 324 Fig. 24, 2Google Scholar.
page 31 note 3 Gournia 30 Pl. II. 47. This is described as having ‘red body-paint, hand-polished.’
page 32 note 1 For the use of the term ‘Intermediate Period,’ see p. 134 below.
page 32 note 2 Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1906 149 Pl. 10Google Scholar.
page 32 note 3 Gournia 30 Pl. II 147.
page 32 note 4 Cf., for instance, Festos p. 388 fig. 236 and the LM example already quoted from Gournia.
page 33 note 1 BSA IX 327Google Scholar; Gournia 30 Pl. II 75; Mallia II 40 Pl XXI b. and CM 8472.
page 33 note 2 CM 2111.
page 33 note 3 BSA XXVIII 292 Pl XXIIGoogle Scholar.
page 33 note 5 P of M I 589Google Scholar.
page 34 note 1 P of M I 590 Fig. 434Google Scholar.
page 34 note 2 BSA IX 303 Fig. 1, 8Google Scholar.
page 34 note 3 P of M I 589 Fig. 432Google Scholar.
page 34 note 4 BSA XXXVI 76 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 35 note 1 P of M II 304 Fig. 176Google Scholar.
page 35 note 2 This is a common MM III b decoration. P of M I 557 Fig. 404fGoogle Scholar. and 578 Fig. 422.
page 35 note 3 Ibid. I 568 Fig. 414 and 578 Figs. 420, 421.
page 35 note 4 Ibid. I 569 Fig. 414; BSA Supp. I 64Google Scholar; JHS XIII 250Google Scholar; Festos 148 Fig. 69.
page 38 note 1 It goes back to an EM II type (AJA XIII 279 Fig. 2, 3Google Scholar), and occurs in MM I (Gournia 38 Pl. VI 16), but the inner ledge is a later addition.
page 38 note 2 BSA VIII 315 from House BGoogle Scholar.
page 38 note 3 Festos 325 Pls. XXXVI–XXXIX; P of M I 234 Fig. 176Google Scholar.
page 38 note 4 BSA IX 323Google Scholar; JHS XXIV 258 Fig. 34Google Scholar; Phylakopi 261 Fig. 188.
page 39 note 1 P of M II 308 Fig. 179Google Scholar.
page 39 note 2 BSA IX 327Google Scholar; Phylakopi 262 fig. 189.
page 39 note 3 P of M I 642Google Scholar Fig. 476 sign 71.
page 39 note 4 In P of M I (p. 642 Fig. 476 sign 71 and p. 640 n. 2)Google Scholar. These signs are given separately, although in Scripta Minoa (227 sign 130) they seem to be identified.
page 39 note 5 Festos 417 fig. 245. It is here compared with a mason's mark from Mallia.
page 39 note 6 Chapouthier, F., Les écritures minoennes au palais de Mallia, 86 fig. 30Google Scholar.
page 39 note 7 Phylakopi 80 n. 1 sign I 14.
page 40 note 1 It is interesting to note that this sign, together with a variation of the Palace sign, occurs on a bronze double axe which was seen in 1938 and said to come from Kardhamoutsa. See above, p. 1. It is not impossible that in this case it represented a measure of weight.
page 45 note 1 Gournia 46 Pl. X 5 and 40.
page 45 note 2 BSA Supp. I 94 Fig. 79.
page 45 note 3 Ibid. Supp. I, 100 Pl. XXIII c.
page 45 note 4 P of M IV 337 Fig. 280.
page 45 note 5 BSA Supp. I 152, ibid. XXVIII 247 Figs. 24, 26, etc.
page 46 note 1 Vrokastro Pl. XXI I and J. One is of iron.
page 46 note 2 Cf. MM I axes from Khamaizi P of M I Fig. 141 d and e with MM III axes from Knossos. Ibid. II Fig. 392, 5.
page 47 note 1 It is on the whole safe to say that the use of variegated stone dies out with MM I. Xanthoudides noted the small size of stone vases of this period at Khamaizi. Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1906, 150Google Scholar.
page 47 note 2 Mochlos p. 38 Pl. IX, III a; VTM Pl. XII 1741: Gournia Pl. V 24.
page 47 note 3 VTM 65 Pl. XXXIX, 1057.
page 47 note 4 Cf. loc. cit. 1064 also Pl. LIV 1884.
page 47 note 5 Ibid. Pl. XXXVIII 1063 (Porti); Gournia Pl. V 11. Pseira p. 36 Fig. 16.
page 47 note 6 Mochlos 47 Fig. 18, IV 1, and a number of unpublished examples from Mallia.
page 49 note 1 BSA XXVIII 151Google Scholar.
page 49 note 2 VTM Pl. XXXIX 1033 1062; Mochlos Fig. 32 XX 3; Trapeza, BSA XXXVI 112Google Scholar. Gournia unpublished, CM 510.
page 49 note 3 Many examples were found at Mallia with and without spouts. They are unpublished.
page 49 note 4 For examples from MM contexts VTM Pl. XLVI 1351 and 1351a from Kalathiana. A good many similar axes were found in the city of Karphi, which dates from the Intermediate Period, c. 1100–900 B.C. They are clearly not of contemporary manufacture, and were probably chance finds like the MM I stone vases which were found on the same site, see p. 122.
page 49 note 5 P of M.
page 49 note 6 VTM Pl. XXIII (Koumasa) XXXIX (Porti) XLIII (Dhrakonais). All these are pierced. Page 20, however, mentions unpierced examples.
page 49 note 7 Ibid. Pl. XLIII B. 1352 p. 84.
page 49 note 8 Cf. similar objects from Karphi p. 124 below.
page 50 note 1 Gournia Pl. III 52.
page 50 note 2 Loc. cit. 49.
page 50 note 3 Loc. cit. 39.
page 51 note 1 Burkitt, Prehistory 1921 p. 115Google Scholar.
page 53 note 1 VTM 44 and Pl. XXX 4986.
page 53 note 2 Ibid. 42 and Pl. XXX 5049 and 4309; Tylissos Minoenne, Fig. 37 unnumbered.
page 53 note 3 VTM 49.
page 53 note 4 Scavi e Scoperti 110.
page 53 note 5 The Mycenean Age 174; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1895 198Google Scholar; Prosymna 256.
page 54 note 1 Prosymna 313.
page 54 note 2 City of Akhenaten II Pl. L.
page 54 note 3 E.g. P of M I 42Google Scholar Fig. 10; Festos I 93Google Scholar Fig. 35; 98 Fig. 41.
page 54 note 4 Not mentioned in preliminary notice JHS 1930, 251Google ScholarPubMed.
page 54 note 5 P of M II 13Google Scholar.
page 55 note 1 See below p. 129. An example in steatite, unpublished, is in the Candia Museum, from Agia Triadha.
page 55 note 2 Gournia Pl. III, 6.
page 55 note 3 From the settlement and shrine.
page 55 note 4 All unpublished in the Candia Museum.
page 55 note 5 P of M I 253Google Scholar.
page 55 note 6 Ibid. 575, 581.