Acknowledgements. I should like to thank W. Taylour for giving me permission to publish the material discussed in this article, and H. W. Catling for much help and advice, and J. Boardman equally.

Dr. Ingo Pini generously gave permission for unpublished photographs of nos. 1–5 (seals), and of nos. 11, 14, 15, 17 (sealings), made for a forthcoming volume of CMS, to be reproduced here. The seals and sealings were photographed by Mr. Herbert Tessmann, the plasticine impressions by Dr. Pini. The drawings were made by Mrs. Alice Fäthke.

Nos. 6–10 (beads—probably unfinished seals), and nos. 12, 13, 16 (sealings) are reproduced from drawings made by Miss Daphne Hart. The sole interest of these poorly preserved objects is technical. No photograph of no. 18 (sealing) has been included here because of its extremely bad state of preservation.

Thanks are also due to Mr. John Younger and Mrs. Helen Hughes-Brock for discussions and suggestions, to Mr. J. C van Leuven for discussions particularly concerning the interpretation of the material, to Mrs. Elisabeth French, to the Ephor of the Argolid Mrs. E. Protonotariou-Deilaki, and the staff of the Nauplia Museum for their assistance during the study of the material.

¹ For a very good account of some types of stone, see Warren, P., Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge, 1969) 124–43.Google Scholar

² Kenna, V. E. G., Cretan Seals (Oxford, 1960)Google Scholar (hereafter CS) 30. Examples of this shape on Minoan seals: pl. 8 nos. 198–203; pl. 9 nos. 204, 205, 226–31. Also CMS i nos. 438, 447. 455. 496.

³ CMS i nos. 9–11.

⁴ Ibid., no. 293.

⁵ Boardman, J., Greek Gems and Finger Rings (London, 1970)Google Scholar (hereafter GGFR) 55, 57.

⁶ CMS i nos. 139, 198, 199, 207, 213, 269, 271, 288.

⁷ Ibid., nos. 200, 201.

⁸ Ibid., no. 253.

⁹ CS K116, 104, pl. 6.

¹⁰ Ibid. K228, 123, pl. 9.

¹¹ Ibid. 123.

¹² Ibid. K251, 126, pl. 10.

¹³ On plants and flowers in Mycenaean glyptic see Sakellariou, A., Mykenaïke Sphragidoglyphia (Athens, 1966) 31–5Google Scholar (hereafter Sakellariou 1966); also Sakellariou, , Die mykenische Siegelglyptik, SMA ix (Lund, 1964) 5Google Scholar (hereafter Sakellariou 1964).

¹⁴ An isolated plant occurs on a seal from Argos (CMS i no. 205), but there it is clearly decorative and its shape is totally unrelated to that of no. 1.

¹⁵ CMS i no. 59.

¹⁶ Ibid., no. 90.

¹⁷ Ibid., nos. 272, 387.

¹⁸ Ibid., nos. 399, 495.

¹⁹ Ibid., no. 404.

²⁰ Ibid., no. 394.

²¹ Ibid., nos. 275, 281.

²² Ibid., no. 276.

²³ Ibid., no. 366.

²⁴ CMS vii no. 194.

²⁵ CS 44–5. Examples of these seals: CMS ii 1 nos. 160, 281, 284, 367; CMS viii, no. 58 (two plants, two squids), nos. 118, 134; CMS xii, nos. 156, 206 (beetle and vegetable sprays), 163, 170 (beaked ewer and vegetable sprays), 173 (beetle and crustacean and curved branch), 180 (palm). Compare also CMS iv nos. 163, 165 (jug, branches, talismanic marks, two vegetable sprays), 175, 177, 183 (vegetable spray and jug), 196 (talismanic sepia with two branches), 203 (two talismanic fronds with inverted vegetable sprays between them), 234 (with ivy leaves), 236 (bucranium between two branches), 242 (talismanic jug, ivy leaf, branch), 244 (bird, branch, fronds). Compare also similar combinations in CS: no. 112 pl. 5; nos. 179, 180 pl. 8.

²⁶ Kenna, V. E. G., The Cretan Talismanic Stone in the Late Minoan Age, SMA xxiv (Lund, 1969) 24–5.Google Scholar

²⁷ See Neuburg, F., Ancient Glass (London, 1962) 18–19.Google Scholar On glass in general: Glass in Antiquity (London, 1949) by the same author. On Mycenaean glass: Haevernick, T., ‘Mycenaean Glass’, Archaeology xvi (1963) 190.Google Scholar

Microscopic examination (X 63) revealed the presence of long sausage-shaped bubbles in the glass, all orientated in the same direction. Probably mould-made and split in the middle, when the hole was made, and cut down from the edge. On the right at the back is a small ridge probably made with the tool used to spread the glass. Slight chip underneath. The two halves are clearly divided in the middle, with a very slight hollow on either side. The method of manufacture is obscure. Probably when the string-hole was made, the hot glass was folded together in such a way as to produce this sort of crack (mishap in manufacture). The back is not entirely smooth. It was worked with a flat tool, but no marks are identifiable. (Information kindly provided by Mrs. Helen Hughes-Brock.)

Kenna CS 77. Sir Arthur Evans, PM iv 595 fig. 590.

²⁹ CS K360–2. The very close dating of some seals in Oxford is given by V. E. G. Kenna in his letter to the editor of Nestor, 1 Mar. 1973, 829–30, attempting a greater accuracy in the chronological placing of some pieces. I believe that both stylistic and compositional criteria allow for a rather wide chronological range, and although desirable it is almost impossible to date seals very closely.

³⁰ Ibid. K359.

³¹ ibid. K363.

³² Ibid. K364.

³³ Herakleion 582 from Palaikastro; 697 from Knossos; 181 from Phaistos, mentioned by Kenna, CS 66 n. 1.

³⁴ CMS inos. 37, 111, 118, 148, 212, 283.

³⁵ Ibid., nos. 40, 49, 72, 78.

³⁶ Ibid., nos. 100, 286.

³⁷ Ibid., no. 146.

³⁸ Ibid., no. 213.

³⁹ CMS vii no. 194.

⁴⁰ Sakellariou 1966, 7–8, also 7 n. 1.

⁴¹ CMS i passim.

⁴² Ibid., nos. 52, 57, 88, III.

⁴³ Ibid., no. 495.

⁴⁴ Ibid., no. 487.

⁴⁵ CMS vii no. 155.

⁴⁶ CS K238, pl. 10.

⁴⁷ Ibid. 59 fig. 125.

⁴⁸ Ibid. 59 fig. 126

⁴⁹ Ibid. K79, pl. 18.

⁵⁰ On these representations see Deonna, W., ‘Les lions attachés à la colonne’, RA xxix–xxx (1948 Mélanges Charles Picard) 238–308Google Scholar; also SirEvans, Arthur, Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult (London, 1901) 55–65.Google Scholar On the interpretation of the column with a single animal or an antithetic group see in particular M. P. Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Religion ² 250–5.

⁵¹ CMS i nos. 24, 38, 58, 122; CMS vii nos. 200, 250; also Xenaki-Sakellariou, A., ‘Les cachets minoens de la collection Giamalakis’, Études Crétoises (Paris, 1958. Hereafter Sakellariou 1958), no. 171 pl. 22.Google Scholar

⁵² e.g. CMS i nos. 76, 373, 387; also GGFR pl. 187.

⁵³ e.g. CMS i nos. 242, 355, 404; CMS vii no. 204; CMS xii no. 195; E. Brandt, Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen i, München (hereafter AGDS i, München), no. 27 pl. 8; CS no. K263, pl. 10.

⁵⁴ e.g. CMS i nos. 56, 272, 405, 502, 504, 505; CMS vii no. 168; Sakellariou 1958, no. 261 pl. 9; AGDS i, München, nos. 26, 64, pl. 8.

⁵⁵ e.g. CMS i nos. 5, 122, 281; AGDS i, München, nos. 48, 24 pl. 16; also Sakellariou 1958 no. 37 pl. 24.

⁵⁶ e.g. CMS i nos. 184, 272.

⁵⁷ e.g. CMS i nos. 366, 394; CMS vii no. 151; CS no. 22P pl. 18.

⁵⁸ e.g. CMS i nos. 61, 367; CMS vii nos. 113, 162; CMS xii nos. 248, 272; E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen ii, Berlin (hereafter AGDS ii Berlin) no. 44 pl. 11; CS no. 18P pl. 18.

⁵⁹ AGDS i München no. 48 pl. 6.

⁶⁰ CMS vii no. 270; CMS xii no. 252; CS no. 19p pl. 18; CMS ii 5 nos. 253, 255, 256, 261–3, 265.

⁶¹ e.g. CMS vii nos. 167, 189, 239, 247; CMS viii no. 129; CMS xii no. 195; CS no. 201 pl. 8 (cf. GGFR pl. 57), no. 20P pl. 18, AGDS i, München no. 35 pl. 5, no. 78 pl. 9.

⁶² CMS ii 5, nos. 270, 272, 274, 276, 277. AGDS ii, Berlin nos. 40, 40A pl. 10.

⁶³ e.g. CMS vii no. 205; CMS ii 5 no. 285; CS no. 21P pl. 18.

⁶⁴ CMS ii. 5 no. 287.

⁶⁵ Ibid. no. 294.

⁶⁶ For a discussion of the style see Biesantz, H., Kretisch-mykenische Siegelbilder (Marburg, 1954) ivGoogle Scholar, Der Stil und seine Entwicklung 52 ff. (esp. 73–4) (hereafter Biesantz, Siegelbilder). Examples of these late seals: CMS i nos. 31, 32, 38, 25. 27, 178, 210, 295, 391, 395, 398–400, 403, 407.

⁶⁷ GGFR 60.

⁶⁸ CS 77.

⁶⁹ On the composition of groups of animals see Sakel-Iariou 1966, 91–5.

⁷⁰ Biesantz, Siegelbilder 73–4.

⁷¹ CMS i no. 105.

⁷² Ibid., no. 411.

⁷³ CMS vii no. 186.

⁷⁴ CMS i no. 48.

⁷⁵ Ibid., no. 403.

⁷⁶ AGDS i, München no. 82, 29 pl. 9.

⁷⁷ Levi, Doro, ‘Le cretule di Haghia Triada e di Zakro’ ASAtene viii–ix (1925–1926, hereafter ASAtene) no. 58 fig. 79 pl. 11.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ AGDS i, München no. 38 pl. 5.

⁷⁹ Vollenweider, Marie-Louise, Genève: Catalogue raisonné des sceaux, cylindres, intailles i (Genève, 1967, hereafter Genève: Catalogue) nos. 7, 8, 146 pl. 75.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ CS K 313 pl. 12.

⁸¹ AGDS ii, Berlin, no. 48, 37 pl. 13.

⁸² Betts, J. H., ‘Some Unpublished Knossos Sealings and Sealstones’, BSA lxiii (1967) 27 ff.Google Scholar; the sealing: 40 no. 43.

⁸³ AGDS i, München, no. 54, 25 pl. 7.

⁸⁴ CS K 383 pl. 15.

⁸⁵ CMS i no. 488.

⁸⁶ CMS vii no. 100.

⁸⁷ Xenaki-Sakellariou, A., ‘Les cachets minoens de la collection Giamalakis’, Études Crétoises x (Paris, 1958, = Sakellariou 1958), nos. 294, 295, 44 pl. xxvi.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ CS K 36 pl. 14.

⁸⁹ ASAtene no. 135 fig. 149 pl. 7.

⁹⁰ Sakellariou 1958, no. 288, 43 pl. xxv; no. 308, 47–8 pl. xxv.

⁹¹ CS no. 12P pl. 18.

⁹² CMS i no. 183.

⁹³ CMS vii nos. 185, 191.

⁹⁴ CMS i nos. 66, 113.

⁹⁵ CMS i no. 346.

⁹⁶ Sakellariou 1966, 91 pl. 14b.

⁹⁷ CMS vii no. 179.

⁹⁸ ASAtene no. 81, 161 fig. 71 pl. 15.

⁹⁹ Sakellariou 1958, no. 338, 43 pl. xii, xxvi.

¹⁰⁰ CS K292 pl. 11.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., no. 336 pl. 13.

¹⁰² GGFR pl. 180.

¹⁰³ CMS i nos. 297, 347.

¹⁰⁴ CMS i nos. 117, 124, 187, 352, 382, 385. CMS vii nos. 172, 186; CS K 316 pl. 12, K.334, pl. 13. Sakellariou 1958 nos. 190 pl. vii, 296, pl. xxv.

¹⁰⁵ e.g. CMS i no. 215; GGFR 108 pl. 87 (cf. CS 300 pl. 12); Sakellarakis, J., AAA v (1972) 409 figs. 18, 19.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ CMS vii no. 89 (four ibexes).

¹⁰⁷ Goats and similar animals, e.g. CMS i nos. 50, 72, 79, 262, 348, 349, 362, 386; CMS xii no. 241; AGDS i, München nos. 49, 50, 37 pl. 13;

Bulls, e.g. CMS i no. 69, 109, 155, 197, 240, 241, 318; CMS viii no. 127; ASAtene viii no. 57 fig. 78 pl. xl; no. 59 fig. 80 pl. viii; CS K312 pl. 12 (cf. GGFR pl. 136; AGDS ii, Berlin nos. 45, 45A, 35–6 pl. 12).

Calves, CMS vii nos. 8g, 103, 116. CMS viii no. 140, CMS xii no. 263; CS no. 296 pl. 11 (cf. GGFR no. 333, 88 pl. 13).

Ibexes, CMS i nos. 45, 93, 193; CMS vii no. 98.

Horned sheep, CS K309 pl. 12 (with man).

Bovids, CMS i nos. 267, 275, 276; Sakellariou 1958 no. 292 pl. viii; CS K311 pl. 12 (cf. GGFR pl. 105).

Lions, CMS i nos. 71, 280; CS K329 pl. 13 (cf. GGFR pl. 121). Pigs, Sakellariou 1958 no. 302 pl. viii.

The group occurs also with deer, Genève, Catalogue pls. 75 nos. 1, 6; 78 nos. 5, 9.

¹⁰⁸ Lion and ibex, CMS i no. 115; AGDS ii, Berlin no. 42 pl. 11. Bull and lion, Sakellariou 1958 no. 291 pl. xxv; CS K318. 12 (cf. GGFR pl. 111).

¹⁰⁹ On lions in general, Sakellariou 1966, 4 fr. and 53–7 (fight between animals); also CS 53–4 (the attack motif on LM I seals).

¹¹⁰ CMS i passim.

¹¹¹ CMS i nos. 43, 84, 217, 238, 287, 358; CMS vii nos. 114, 137.

¹¹² e.g. CMS i nos. 249, 250; CMS vii nos. 90, 238.

¹¹³ e.g. CMS i nos. 78, 106.

¹¹⁴ e.g. CMS i no. 277.

¹¹⁵ Bull, e.g. CMS i nos. 36, 70, 185, 204, 251, 252, 310, 384; CMS vii no. 260; cow, e.g. CMS vii no. 115; bovid, e.g. CMS i nos. 288, 368; goat, e.g. CMS i, no. 117 (two lions attacking); wild goat, e.g. CMS i no. 193; calf, e.g. i no. 278; rams, e.g. CMS i no. 103 (two animal groups in reverse position); fallow deer, e.g. CMS vii no. 159 (with dog).

¹¹⁶ See below, pp. 267 ff.

¹¹⁷ Sakellarakis, I. A., ‘To proschedion tes sphragidos CMS i 220 ek Vapheiou’, AE 1972, 234–44 (esp. 237–42) pls. 88–94.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Ibid. 238; Dessenne, A., ‘Mallia. Recherches dans les quartiers d'habitation’, BCH lxxxi (1957) 693–5 fig 10–14.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Ibid., n. 118 nos. 1–2, 237–8.

¹²⁰ Ibid., pl. 89, 238.

¹²¹ Ibid. 238–40 pls. 90 a–g, d–z.

¹²² For recarved pieces and others with traces of tools, compare ibid. 241–2, pls. 90 e–i, 91 a–g, d–z, also: CMS i nos. 107, 176, 220, 246; ibid., n. 117, 242; pl. 92 is a unique example of a broken and reused piece.

¹²³ Compare, e.g., CMS i nos. 13, 15, 41, 272, 320, 324, 497–501; CMS vii nos. 67, 138, 175, 243, 262 (deer only); CMS i nos. 124, 363, 412 (deer with other animals); the gems from Pylos, Marinatos, , Ergon 1963, 84 fig. 86.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Ibid.

¹²⁵ Sakellariou 1966, 59 n. 55.

¹²⁶ CMS i nos. 79,82.

¹²⁷ AGDS i, München no. 45 pl. 6.

¹²⁸ Loc. cit. n. 66 above.

¹²⁹ CMS i passim.

¹³⁰ e.g. CMS i nos. 3, 22, 29, 33, 40, 43, 65, 84, 138, 157, 174, 176, 178, 196, 203, 209, 210, 248, 249, 256, 295, 296, 300, 392, 397, 399, 485; CMS iv nos. 198, 199, 203–7, 209–12, 214–17, 219–32, 235, 237–43; CMS vii nos. 63, 140, 192, 237, 256, 258. No. 253 is worn almost to a figure-of-eight shape, the irregularity of which makes its shape similar to that of 68–1545. Nos. 271–83 also have an irregular figure-of-eight shape. Notice also nos. 284–95, 299–305, 308, 311, 312. Part of no. 312 is lost by fracture, making almost a figure-of-eight shape. Compare also nos. 313, 318, 320–4. These beads were added to the list of seals and seaiings by Mrs. Helen Hughes-Brock, who kindly provided the technical information about them.

¹³¹ For sealings countermarked with graffito signatures and arrow marks compare clay sealings from chests containing arrows from the ‘Armoury Deposit’in Knossos. In PM iv 616–19 rigs. 603–4 are countermarked with graffito signs of Linear B. Compare also PM iii 231 fig. 163, a clay sealing from the Fifth Magazine, at Knossos. For counter-marked sealings from Haghia Triada compare also ASAtene viii–ix 73–85. For countermarked sealings from Pylos see Lang, M. in AJA 1959 pl. 30Google Scholar (Wr. 1360) and AJA 1960 pl. 44 (Wr. 1374). Compare also CMS i nos. 308, 361.

¹³² CMS i no. 163.

¹³³ CMS i no. 356.

¹³⁴ CMS viii no. 147.

¹³⁵ Ibid., n. 66.

¹³⁶ When originally catalogued, it was thought that traces of a female figure and of a tree or shrine could be distinguished. There is in fact no trace of such a composition on the sealing.

¹³⁷ Sakellariou 1966, 71.

¹³⁸ Sakellarakis, I. A., ‘To thema tes pherouses zoon gynaikos eis ten Kretomykenaïken sphragidoglyphian’, AE 1972, 245 ff. pls. 94–8.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ CMS i no. 379.

¹⁴⁰ Ibid., no. 344.

¹⁴¹ Found with nos. 68–622, 68–623, 68–624 (gold and glass paste).

¹⁴² For griffins in unusual postures compare nos. 68–628, 68–722, 69–38, 69–204, which are glass ornaments to be published by Helen Hughes-Brock.

¹⁴³ Delplace, Christiane, ‘Le griffon crétomycénien’, L'Antiquité classique xxxvi (1967) 49 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar (esp. 64–5); on griffins attacking other animals, ibid. 62 ff.

¹⁴⁴ D. Levi, ASAtene no. 182 fig. 220 pl. xviii.

¹⁴⁵ CS no. 342, 137 pl. 13.

¹⁴⁶ BM no. 37; CMS vii no. 116.

¹⁴⁷ Shear, T. L., ‘The Campaign of 1939’, Hesperia 1940, 283 ff.Google Scholar figs. 27–9; also ‘Discoveries in the Agora in 1939’, AJA xliii (1939) 581 ff.

¹⁴⁸ CMS i no. 206; sealing from Pylos, , CMS i no. 324.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Marinatos, S. and Hirmer, M., Crete and Mycenae (London, 1960; hereafter Crete and Mycenae) pls. xxviii–xxx.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ CMS i no. 80.

¹⁵¹ CS no. 202 pl. 8; cf. GGFR pl. 58.

¹⁵² PM ii. 585; iii. 223 ff.

¹⁵³ Pernier, L., ‘Teatro a arena nel Palazzo di Festo all'epoca di Minosse’, Dioniso iii (1933) fase. 5–6.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ Graham, J. W., ‘The Centrai Court as the Minoan Bull Ring’, AJA lxi (1957) 255 ff. pls. 76–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also The Palaces of Crete (Princeton 1962) passim. Ward, A., ‘The Cretan Bull Sports’, Antiquity xlii (1968) 117 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar identifies the rectangular object on the gem in Oxford as an altar.

¹⁵⁵ Platon, N., ‘Peri to problema ton choron ton Minoikon tauromachion’, in Kernos (Thessaloniki) 1972, 134 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ PM iii, 205, 450; ibid. iv. 23; Müller, V., Jdl xlii (1927) 29.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ See in particular Malten, L., ‘Der Stier in Kult und mythischen Bild’, Jdl xliii (1928) 90–139 figs. 1–89.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ See Fabri, , ‘The Cretan Bull-grappling Sports and the Bull Sacrifice in the Indus Valley Civilisation’, in Archaeological Survey of India for the year 1934–1935, edited by Blackiston, J. (Delhi, 1937).Google Scholar He distinguishes three types in both the Minoan and the Indian Sports: the capture of the bull, the bull-leaping, and the sacrifice of the bull. On the different character of Minoan bull-leaping see in particular Malten, loc. cit. n. 157 above.

¹⁵⁹ On the religious significance of bull games see Hall, , Aegean Archaeology (1905) 153Google Scholar; Karo, G., Jdl xxvi (1911) 270Google Scholar; Rodenwaldt, , Tiryns ii. 93Google Scholar; Dussaud, R., Les civilisations préhelléniques (1914) 395Google Scholar; Cook, A. B., Zeus i. 498Google Scholar; PM i. 190, 431, 447, 528, 691, 721; ii. 35, 676; Müller, K., ‘Frühgriechische Reliefs’, Jdl xxx (1915) 247Google Scholar: V. Müller, loc. cit. 29 n. 157; Picard, , Les religions préhelléniques (1948) 143 fr.Google Scholar; Malten loc. cit. 136–7 n. 157; Persson, A., The Religion of Greece in Prehistoric Times (1948) 91 ff.Google Scholar; Deonna, Le symbolisme de l'acrobacie antique 96 ff.; A. Ward, loc. cit. n. 154 above. A good general discussion from a different view point is to be found in Evans, J. D., Cretan Cattle Cults and Bull Sports, Occasional Paper 18 of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1963) 138 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Meyer, , ‘Mykenische Beiträge i: Stierfang’, Jdl xviii (1892) 72 ff.Google Scholar especially 72.

¹⁶¹ Nilsson, M.MMR ² (1950) 374.Google Scholar

¹⁶² Reichel, , ‘Die Stierspiele in der kretisch-mykenische Kultur’, AM xxxiv (1909) 85 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁶³ PM iii. 209 ff. Diagrammatic sketch of acrobat's course ibid. 223 fig. 156.

¹⁶⁴ (a) Sakellariou 1958, 85 ff.; (b) Sakellariou 1966, 57 ff.

¹⁶⁵ The list is in Sakellariou 1958, 85–6. No. 18 is now CMS vii no. 108; no. 20 is CMS i 1 no. 152; nos. 21, 22 are CMS i nos. 200, 201; no. 23 is CS no. 209 pl. 9; no. 25 is CMS i no. 82.

¹⁶⁶ CMS i nos. 82, 152.

¹⁶⁷ Ibid., nos. 305, 370.

¹⁶⁸ Sakellariou 1958, 87 and Sakellariou 1966, 58; no. 2 is GGFR pl. 92; no. 5 is CMS i no. 7g; no. 7 is CMS vii no. 108; nos. 8–11 are CS 246, 248, 24g, 341. The scene on the gem from Dimini, CMS i no. 408, also belongs to this type.

¹⁶⁹ Tamvaki, A., ‘A Late Minoan seal in the N. Metaxas Collection’, AAA vi (1973) 308 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁰ CMS vii no. 257.

¹⁷¹ Biesantz, H., AA 1959, 106 fig. 25.Google Scholar

¹⁷² AGDS i, München, no. 45 pl. 6.

¹⁷³ Gem in New York, CMS xii no. 284.

¹⁷³ Sakellariou 1958, 87.

¹⁷⁴ Ibid. 87–9.

¹⁷⁵ CMS i nos. 95, 137, 342; PM iii fig. 162.

¹⁷⁶ CMS i no. 274.

¹⁷⁷ CMS i no. 199.

¹⁷⁸ Crete and Mycenae pl. 107.

¹⁷⁹ PA iii. 231 fig. 61 pl. xix.

¹⁸⁰ Rodenwaldt, G., Tiryns ii (1912) pl. xviii.Google Scholar

¹⁸¹ Furtwängler-Loeschke, Mykenische Vasen no. 424 pl. xli.

¹⁸² Meyer, loc. cit. n. 160 above, 80.

¹⁸³ Crete and Mycenae pl. xviii.

¹⁸⁴ CS no. 246 pl. 10.

¹⁸⁵ CS no. 300 pl. 12 (GGER pl. 108).

¹⁸⁶ (a) AGDS ii, Berlin no. 22 pl. 6; (b) CS no. 242 pl. 10.

¹⁸⁷ CS no. 320 pl. 12; cf. GGFR pl. 122.

¹⁸⁸ Crete and Mycenae pls. 178–85.

¹⁸⁹ S. Alexiou, Hysterominoïkoi taphoi Katsampa Knosou,pl. 33.

¹⁹⁰ CS no. 247.

¹⁹¹ Ibid., no. 208, 11g pl. 9.

¹⁹² Ibid., no. 209, 120 pl. 9.

¹⁹³ Ibid., no. 226 pl. 9.

¹⁹⁴ Ibid., no. 249, 125 pl. 10.

¹⁹⁵ CMS i no. 314.

¹⁹⁶ Tzedakis, J., ‘Larnakes hysterominoïkou nekrotapheiou Armenon Rethymnes’, AAA iv (1971) 216 ff.Google Scholar, colour pl. iii. 1–3, figs. 4–6.

¹⁹⁷ Spyropoulos, Th., ‘Anaskaphe eis to mykenaïkon nekrotapheion tes Tanagras’, AAA (1970) 184 ff. figs. 15–17.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁸ Op. cit. n. 196 above, colour pl. iii. 1–3, figs. 5–6.

¹⁹⁵ Ibid., colour pl. iii. 3 fig. 4.

²⁰⁰ Kanta, A., ‘Hysterominoïke sarkophagos apo to chorion Maroulas Rethymnes’, AAA vi (1973) 315 ff.Google Scholar

²⁰¹ Op. cit. n. 197 above, figs. 15–17.

²⁰² See above p. 269.

²⁰³ For Early Oriental cylinders see H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, esp. pls. X i, XIVd, XIVg; Delaporte, Catalogue des cylindres orientales du Louvre, pl. 29 nos. 6—16; pl. 30 nos. 416, 419–22, 425–8; Ward, The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia 141–9; E. Porada, Corpus of Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections (Bollingen Series XIV), i (Plates); D. J. Wiseman, The Cylinder Seals of Western Asia (London); Weber, O., Altorientalische Siegelbilder ii (Leipzig, 1920)Google Scholar; Buchanan, B., Catalogue of Ancient and Near Eastern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum, i, Cylinder Seals (Oxford, 1966).Google Scholar

²⁰⁴ For a catalogue of these representations see: M. P. Nilsson MMB ² 357–9; also Sakellariou 1958, 82–5, and no. 358 pls. xii, xxvii; Spartz, , Das Wappenbild des Herrn und der Herrin der Tiere in der minoisch-mykenischen Kunst (München, 1962) 101–4.Google Scholar

²⁰⁵ Folded arms: no. 8 in Nilsson's list; nos. 4 and 9 in Sakellariou's list.

²⁰⁶ Sealing from Pylos: CMS i no. 356; folded arms on the sides: nos. 23, 30, 31 in Spartz's list.

²⁰⁷ Spartz, op. cit. n. 204 above, nos. 28, 103; Furtwängler, A., Beschreibung der geschnittenen Steine im Antiquarium (Berlin, 1896), nos. 2, 9, 10, 17.Google Scholar

²⁰⁸ Biegen, C. W., Prosymna i (1937) 274Google Scholar; ii fig. 581 (now unfortunately lost).

²⁰⁹ CMS i no. 89.

²¹⁰ Higgins, R., ‘The Aegina Treasure Reconsidered’, BSA lii (1957) 45 ff.Google Scholar

²¹¹ CMS vii no. 173.

²¹² PM iv 2, 608, 697 fig. 597 Ah; Spartz, op. cit. n. 204 above, no. 22, 102.

²¹³ PM ii 2, 765 fig. 485; iv 2, 580 ff. fig. 566; Spartz, op. cit. n. 204, nos. 34. 104.

²¹⁴ Seyrig, H., Syria xxxii (1955) 29 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar pl. 3, 1; Spartz, op. cit. n. 204, no. 19, 101.

²¹⁵ CMS i no. 223.

²¹⁶ CS no. 293.

²¹⁷ CS no. 294.

²¹⁸ pM iv 2, 413 ff. fig. 343; Demargne, P., BCH lxx (1946) 148 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹⁹ Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9 in Nilsson's list; nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9 in Sakellariou's list; nos. 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, (23a, 23a, 25a), 6, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35 in Spartz's list.

²²⁰ e.g. Spartz, op. cit. n. 215 above; Amandry, P., Collection Hélène Stathatou: Les bijoux antiques (Strasbourg 1953) 20 pl. vi. 7.Google Scholar

²²¹ Spartz, op. cit. n. 204, no. 29, 103; Xanthoudides, St. A., AE 1907, 180 no. 136 pl. 8.Google Scholar For a list of representations with the ‘Master of the Animals’ flanked by griffins, see also Delplace, Christiane, ‘Le griffon crétomycénien’, Antiquité classique xxxvi (1967) 52–3.Google Scholar

²²² Delplace, 52; see above 274–5.

²²³ For representations of the ‘Mistress of the Animals’ with griffins see Spartz nos. 10, n, 12, 13, 16. The majority of examples with the ‘Mistress of the Animals’ flanked by griffins are Minoan, while almost all with the Master in the same composition appear to be Mycenaean.

²²⁴ Nos. 3, 5 in Sakellariou's list. See also the other examples discussed here, i.e. no. 11 and CMS i nos. 163,356.

²²⁵ Op. cit. n. 213.

²²⁶ Op. cit. n. 134.

²²⁷ No. 8 in Nilsson's list. See also Betts, J. H., ‘Notes on a possible Minoan forgery’, BSA lx (1965) 203 ff. pl. 55.Google Scholar

²²⁸ See Sakellariou 1958, 83–4 n. 3.

²²⁹ Hall, E., Excavations in Eastern Crete, Sphoungaras (Philadelphia, 1912) 52 ff.Google Scholar fig. 25A; PM i 95 fig. 65; Matz, , Die frühkretischen Siegel (Berlin, 1928) pl. ii. 25Google Scholar; CS 15 fig. 16.

²³⁰ Demargne, P., ‘Le Maître des animaux sur une gemme Crétoise du M.M.I’, Mélanges syriens offerts à M. R. Dussaud, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique xxx (1939) 124 n. 5.Google Scholar

²³¹ Matz, loc. cit. n. 229 above, 107.

²³² Spartz, op. cit. n. 204 above, 9.

²³³ On this seal from Tel Asmar see Frankfort, H., Oriental Institute Discoveries, 1933/4, Fourth Preliminary Report, in OIC xix (1935) 29–30, fig. 30Google Scholar; Homes Fredericq, D., Les cachets mésopotamiens protohistoriques (Leiden, 1970) 147Google Scholar fig. 317e, pl. xxiv.

²³⁴ Spartz, op. cit., n. 204, 19–21.

²³⁵ Sakellariou 1958, 85.

²³⁶ See in particular Sakellariou 1958, 84–5, also Nilsson, MMR ² 2 382–8.

²³⁷ Nilsson, ibid.

²³⁸ P. Demargne, op. cit. n. 230 above; also, La Crète dédalique 289–90.

²³⁹ L. Curtius, Studien zur Geschichte der altorientalischen Kunst i: Gilgamish und Heabani (München, 1912), Abh. 7. See also Curtius, E., Über Wappengebrauch und Wappenstil im griechischen Altertum: Gesammelte Abhandlungen ii (Berlin, 1874) 77 ff. (esp. 110).Google Scholar

²⁴⁰ JHS xxi (1901) 152 ff.

²⁴¹ Jdl 1904, 52.

²⁴² Nilsson, op. cit. n. 236 above, 383 ff.

²⁴³ PM i 505 fig. 363c, Nilsson, MMR ² 355 fig. 164.

²⁴⁴ PM i 505 flg. 363Ä; Nilsson, MMR? 354 fig. 163.

²⁴⁵ From Zakro, , BSA xvii (1910/1911) 265 fig. 2Google Scholar; from Knossos, , PM i 505 fig. 363aGoogle Scholar; Nilsson, MMR² 355, fig. 165.

²⁴⁶ This identification should not be made too hastily when a man and an animal appear on a seal in a position vaguely recalling that of the ‘Master of the Animals’. There are other elements in the composition, e.g. the relation of the man to the animal and the posture of both, which should be taken in consideration before proposing such an interpretation.

²⁴⁷ No. 11 shows the ‘Master of the Animals’ with raised arms. On CMS i no. 163 his arms are touching the heads of the two animals, while on CMS i no. 356 they are at the sides.

²⁴⁸ Chittenden, J., ‘The Master of Animals’, Hesperia xvi (1947) 89 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar pls. xv–xxi.

²⁴⁹ Kenna, V. E. G., ‘Seals and Script I’, Kadmos i (1962) 1 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁵⁰ Ibid. 14.

²⁵¹ Gill, Margaret A. V., ‘Seals and Sealings: Some Comments’, Kadmos v (1966) 1 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Catalogue 5–10.

²⁵² Ibid. 12–14 figs. 6–7.

²⁵³ Ibid. 14.

²⁵⁴ Kenna, V. E. G., ‘Seals and Script, III: Cretan Seal Use and the Dating of Linear Script B’, Kadmos iii (1964) 29 ff.Google Scholar

²⁵⁵ Ibid. 55–7.

²⁵⁶ For a list of these representations see Nilsson, MME ², 358 ff. figs. 162, 169, 170; also Spartz, op. cit. n. 204.

²⁵⁷ CMS vii no. 134; CMS viii no. 118; JHS xlv (1925) 66 fig. 56.

²⁵⁸ e.g. nos. 2, 17 in Spartz's list.

²⁵⁹ Bulls and daemons, CMS i no. 379; Birds CMS vii no. 134; HM 1753; CMS i no. 233; dolphins: CMS i no. 344; HM 944.

²⁶⁰ Spartz, op. cit. n. 204 above, 32.

²⁶¹ Ibid. 36.

²⁶² Comparison of the number of representations involving the ‘Master of the Animals’ and of those involving the ‘Mistress of the Animals’does not show a significant preference for the female figure either in the Minoan or in the Mycenaean examples. Therefore Nilsson's statement that the Aegean representations of the theme show a predilection for the female figure, unlike the Oriental ones (MMR² 382), may not be justified.

²⁶³ On these views see Nilsson, MMR ² 356; Sakellariou 1966, 70, 71.

²⁶⁴ An account of the proposed interpretations for the theme is found in J. Sakellarakis, op. cit. n. 138 above, 250–1. See also ibid. 245 nos. 1–5, and 246 nos. 1–11 for various representations of a woman with an animal or animals.

²⁶⁵ Sakellarakis, op. cit. n. 138 above, 247 ff.

²⁶⁶ ASAtene, no. 128, 134–5 fig. ‘44 pl. ix.

²⁶⁷ Ibid., no. 129, 135 fig. 145 pl. xii.

²⁶⁸ Ibid., no. 130, 135 fig. 146. A sealing from Zakro (ibid., no. 191, 181 fig. 229 pl. xviii showing a woman walking to right leading an ibex probably to sacrifice, may be connected with the subject of nos. 14, 15.

²⁶⁹ Dessenne, A., ‘Le griffon crétomycénien: Inventaire et remarques’, BCH lxxxi (1957) 203 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁷⁰ Ibid. 213.

²⁷¹ Frankfort, H., ‘Notes on the Minoan griffin’, BSA xxxviii (1936–1937) 106 ff.Google Scholar; on the Syrian influence in Minoan griffins see also Kantor, H., The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium B.C. (1947), 90.Google Scholar

²⁷² R. Dussaud, L' Art phénicien 96–107.

²⁷³ PM i. 709 fig. 530.

²⁷⁴ Leibovitch, J., ‘Le griffon dans le Moyen Orient antique’, Atiqot i (1955) 75 ff.Google Scholar: on the Egyptian griffins see also Leibovitch, J., ‘Quelques éléments de la décoration égyptienne sous le Nouvel Empire’, Bull. de l'lnst. d'Égypte xxv (1942–1943) 183 ff.Google Scholar, xxvi (1943–4) 231 ff., xxvii (1944–5) 379 ff.

²⁷⁵ Goldman, B., ‘The Development of the Lion Griffin’, AJA lxiv (1960) 319 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar pls. 88–91; Benson, , AJA 1959, 186.Google Scholar

²⁷⁶ Bisi, A. M., ‘Il grifone: Storia di un motivo iconografico nell'antico Oriente mediterraneo’, Studi Semitici xiii (1965).Google Scholar Typology of the griffin in the various areas where it appears. See esp. 247 ff. On the griffin in Cyprus, Bisi, A. M., ‘L'iconografia del grifone a Cipro’, Oriens Antiquus i (1962) 219 ff.Google Scholar pls. liii—lv.

²⁷⁷ Ibid.

²⁷⁸ See Tzavella-Evjen, Chara, Ta pterota onta tes proïstorikes epoches tou Aigaiou (Athens, 1970) 19–40Google Scholar: Catalogue 65 ff., 92 ff., 105 ff. On the association with the cherub see Barnett, R. D., ‘Phoenicia and the Ivory Trade’, Archaeology 1956, 88.Google Scholar Also op. cit. n. 143 above.

²⁷⁹ See Webster, T. B. L., From Mycenae to Homer (London, 1956) 31–2, 53Google Scholar; on the union of the kingdom by Egyptian analogy see: Marinatos, S., Praktika 1956, 407–10.Google Scholar

²⁸⁰ Op. cit. n. 278, 130–1.

²⁸¹ Sakellariou 1966, 4 ff.

²⁸² Biesantz, Siegelbilder 53 ff. Biesantz's divisions correspond to Sakellariou's ‘naturalistic’, ‘palatial-decorative’, ‘stylized’, and ‘magical’styles. See Sakellariou 1958, xvi–xviii.

²⁸³ Sakellariou 1966, 117–18.