² For absolute dates, see Warren, P. and Hankey, V., Aegean Bronze Age Chronology (Bristol, 1989), 145–8, 169 (chart).Google Scholar

³ For these various motifs, see esp. Niemeier 1985, 116–20 (double axe), 120–1 (‘horns of consecration’), 124–6 (helmet), 121–4 (figure-of-eight shield), cf. 116 (rhyton).

⁴ The pieces personally examined or seen on exhibit are asterisked.

⁵ Another well-dated context is LM II tomb Z at Katsamba (Heraklion), which yielded the well-known Knossian pictorial jug with birds: Alexiou, S., Ὑστερομι νωϊκοί τάφοι λιμένος Κνωσοῦ) (Athens, 1967), 50, no. 3, 68–9, pls 20, 21, right and 22, rightGoogle Scholar; MPVP 74; Niemeier 1985, 126, Abb. 61. 6; Åkerström 1987, 121; Popham 1994, 99, pl. 10 a. See also three quite probably Knossian pictorial pieces from settlement contexts at Mallia (Pelon, O., Mallia maisons, iii: Le Quartier E (1963–1966) (Etudes Crétoises, 16; Paris, 1970), 103, no. 200, pl. 21. 3 d:Google Scholar cup or bowl fragment with bird among LM II material from house H phase III B) and Kommos (Watrous 1992, 49, 133–4, no. 849, pl. 19: fragmentary bird alabastron from LM III A1/2 deposit 44; unpublished fragmentary cup C 7058 our Fig. 8 b— from an LM III A1 context in house X; we are most grateful to Professors P. P.Betancourt and J. W. Shaw for supplying the drawing and for permission to illustrate it).

⁶ Other pictorial fragments from the Unexplored Mansion lack the security of a datable find context or diagnostic stylistic features, and may be later: MUM pl. 183 a, middle row (the 2 sherds at l.) and bottom row (5 sherds).

⁷ See Niemeier 1985, 233.

⁸ DPK 68–9; MUM 160–2, 180–1; Betancourt 1985, 150–1, 164, pl. 28 a–b (LM III A1); Watrous, L. V., AJA 85 (1981), 76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Watrous 1992, 120, 125. For cups with birds found outside Knossos, see Kommos no. A 7058 (n. 5); di Vita, A., ASA 66–7 (1988–1989), 441Google Scholar, fig. 22 (Aghia Triada); Borda, M., Arte cretese micenea nel Museo Pigorini di Roma (Roma, 1946), 108Google Scholar, no. 25h, pl. 36. 4 = d'Agata, A. L. and La Rosa, V. in Creta antica (Roma, 1984), 220, fig. 392Google Scholar (Aghia Triada or Phaistos).

⁹ The term ‘adder mark’ for this well-known Minoan motif, which goes back to MM, is used in Furumark, MP 158; Niemeier (1985, 109 with fig. 48) calls it ‘gezahnter Band’. The motif can also be seen on the lid of the Minoan pictorial pyxis from Mycenae (see n. 38).

¹⁰ See also fragments of a cup from Kommos with fish on the interior and a frieze of quirks on the exterior: Watrous 1992, 106, 126, no. 1858, pl. 47 (the original cup with its high-swung handle is described as having prototypes in metal examples, e.g. Davis, E. N., The Vaphio Cups and Aegean Gold and Silver Ware (New York and London, 1977)Google Scholar, figs. 220–1, 224–7). There is also the cup or bowl fragment—Mycenaean or Minoan—with a lively composition of fish on interior and leaf-shaped motifs on exterior, and with patterned rim, from the Argive Heraion, MPVP no. VII. 12: Demakopoulou, K. and Crouwel, J. H. 1992, Hesp. 61 (1992), 496–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 499, no. 8, fig. 6, pl. 116.

¹¹ For bowls see MUM 164–5.

¹² DPK 76; Watrous 1992, 128, 133 (new shape in LM III A1 at Kommos, more popular in LM III A2). Fragment no. 953, fig. 38, from deposit 53, considered by Betancourt (1985, 170, fig. 113 k) to be of LM II date, is here assigned to LM III A2/B early); Kanta 1980, 273–5 (Minoan amphoroid kraters). For the Minoan origins and subsequent, Mycenaean development of the shape, see Karageorghis, V., Nouveaux documents pour l'étude du Bronze Récent à Chypre (Paris, 1965), 220–4Google Scholar, and esp. Morris, C. E., The Mycenaean Chariot Krater: A Study in Form, Design and Function (Ph.D. thesis; Univ. of London, 1989).Google Scholar

¹³ DPK 76; Betancourt 1985, 170, pl. 28 i.

¹⁴ MUM 174, 59–60, s.v. H 179, M 45; Mavriyannaki, C., Arch. Eph. 1974, 54–5Google Scholar; Mountjoy 1984, 162, 167.

¹⁵ Theocharis, M. D., ‘A Knossian vase from Attica’, Antiquity, 34 (1960), 266–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar, figs. 1–2, pl. 35 a; Popham, M. R., AJA 68 (1964), 350CrossRefGoogle Scholar; MPVP no. VII J; Mountjoy 1984, 167, 213, pl. 16 e; Crouwel and Morris 1987, 43–4, fig. 8; Åkerström 1987, 76; Morris 1994, 188–91, fig. 5.

¹⁶ Deilaki, E., A. Delt. 28 (1973)Google Scholar, Chr. B 1, 93–4, pl. 90 a (tomb B); MPVP no. IX. 77 (incorrectly regarded as Mycenaean and dated considerably later); Koehl, R. B., in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. (eds), Sanctuaries and Cult in the Aegean Bronze Age (Stockholm, 1981), 181, fig. 2 b.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Another basket rhyton with fish was illustrated, without details of source, for the month of May in the 1990 calendar of Art Gallery Günter Puhze, Freiburg im Breisgau (see also Morris 1994, 192 n. 25). For a fragment such a vessel with ‘horns of consecration’ from Knossos, see Margos, R., ‘Fragment d'un vase à libation de Knossos du Minoen Récent III aux Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Bruxelles’, Aegaeum, 2 (1988), 111–14, pl. 39 a–c.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Betancourt 1985, incl. 105 (MM III), 131 (LM I); DPK 78; Niemeier, W.-D., JdI 95 (1980), 55.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Betancourt 1985, pl. 30 o; DPK 78, pl. 14 ƒ above, r.; MUM pl. 183 d, left. For this motif in Minoan vase-painting, see Niemeier 1985, 120–1.

²⁰ See esp. Niemeier 1985; also DPK 71–3; MUM 171–2; Betancourt 1985, 156–8, pls 24–5.

²¹ From Deiras, chamber tomb 6. See Vollgraff, A. W., BCH 27 (1904), 377–82Google Scholar, figs. 3–5; Evans, PM iv. 332–4, figs. 276–7; MP 195–7, 250–1 and motif 7. 1; Deshayes, J., BCH 77 (1953), 73–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar, no. 12, pls 21. 3, 22. 1–2; MPVP no. VII H; Niemeier 1985, no. XVII A 3, Abb. 61. 1–2 and Taf. 8 (no. XIII A 2, Taf. 7 is another, non-pictorial Palace Style jar from the same tomb); Åkerström 1987, 71–6; Popham 1994, 99, Pl. 9 c.

²² MPVP no. VII. 3; Crouwel, J. H. and Niemeier, W.-D., ‘Eine knossische Palaststilscherbe mit Bukranion-Darstellung aus Mykene’, AA 1989, 7–10Google Scholar, figs, 1–2. For fragments of two other Palace Style jars from Mycenae, see Niemeier 1985, nos. VII B 7 and XIII B 3, Taf. 15, 18.

²³ Popham, M. R., BSA 62 (1967), 343–4, pl. 82 bGoogle Scholar; DPK 78; Kanta 1980, 276–7.

²⁴ Popham (n. 23), 344, has tentatively suggested a Mycenaean origin for this shape.

²⁵ From chamber tomb 19 (Italian excavations). See Maiuri, A., ASA 6–7 (1923–1924), 130–1Google Scholar, no. 6, figs. 50, 52; CVA Rodi 2, II Ac, pl. 5. 2–4; MP 198 and motif 7 i (reversed); MPVP no. XII. 1; Mee, C., Rhodes in the Bronze Age (Warminster, 1982), 9Google Scholar; Niemeier 1985, 126, fig. 61. 5; Benzi, M., Rodi e la civiltà micenea (Incunabula Graeca, 94; Roma, 1992), 9–10, pl. 32 a.Google Scholar

²⁶ Charitonidis, S., A. Delt. 17 (1961–1962), Chr. A, 43–5Google Scholar, no. 21, figs. 4–6, pl. 17 a, c, e; MPVP no. XII. 26; Melas, E. M., The Islands of Karpathos, Saros and Kasos in the Neolithic and Bronze Age (SIMA 68; Göteborg, 1985), 167Google Scholar, no. C 21, pls 118, 140.

²⁷ Alexiou, S., A. Delt. 19 (1964), Chr. B 3, 437–8, pl. 514 aGoogle Scholar; Niemeier 1985, 26 with n. 147, fig. 5 (2) 28.

²⁸ For collared jugs, see MUM 169 (LM II).

²⁹ See n. 3.

³⁰ DPK 77–8; Niemeier (n. 18), 55; Betancourt 1985, pls 21 d, 23 g, 29 b.

³¹ Both from chamber tomb 11. 1 (taller); Savignoni, L., MA 14 (1904), 534, 567–8, no. 25, pls 37. 1Google Scholar; 38; PM iv. 335–6; MP 197–8 and motif 7 j; Zervos 1956, figs. 737–8; Popham (n. 23), 346, fig. 5. 14; Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, pl. 127; Betancourt 1985, 167–8, pl. 28 d; Niemeier 1985, 126, Abb. 61. 10; Äkerström 1987, 73–6; Popham 1994, 99, pl. 10 b. 2: Savignoni (see no. 1), 534, 568–9, no. 26, pl. 37. 2–2 a; MP 197 and motif 7 b, e; Zervos 1956, fig. 734; Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, pl. 126; Popham (see n. 23), 345, pl. 85 c; Betancourt 1985, 167–8, pl. 28 c; Åkerström 1987, 72–3.

³² See n. 3.

³³ Levi, D., ASA 39–40 (1961–1962), 34, 36–7Google Scholar, fig. 32 a–ƒ, MPVP 151 n. 3; La Rosa, V. in Creta antica (Roma, 1984), 199Google Scholar, fig. 314; Niemeier 1985, 126, fig. 61. 11.

³⁴ For a Mycenaean origin of this variety of the squat alabastron, see Popham (n. 23), 344; DPK 77–8; MUM 174; Betancourt 1985, 155. For the less squat, LM I B variety, see Mountjoy 1984, 162.

³⁵ DPK 77; MUM 172–3; Kanta 1980, 281–3.

³⁶ Hawes, H. Boyd, Gournia (Philadelphia, 1904), 46, pl. 10, no. 40Google Scholar; MP motif 7 m; Zervos 1956, fig. 741; Betancourt 1985, 167, fig. 120 B; Niemeier 1985, 126, fig. 61. 9.

³⁷ Alexiou, S., Kr. Chron. 8 (1954), 403–9, pl. ζGoogle Scholar; Zervos 1956, figs. 739–40; Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, pl. 128, above (lid).

³⁸ From Asprochoma–Agriosikia, chamber tomb 7. Tsountas, G., Arch. Eph. (1888), 138Google Scholar; DPK 77; MPVP no. VII 1; Xénaki-Sakellariou, A., Οι θαλαμωτοί τάøοι τάφοι των Μυϰηνών (Athens, 1985), 61–2Google Scholar, no. 2257, pl. 4; Popham 1994, 99, pl. 10 e. From Nauplia there is the body of a non-pictorial Minoan pyxis with a running spiral pattern (unpublished; on display in Athens, NM 3471).

³⁹ Courtois, J.-C. and Courtois, L., in Ugaritica, 7 (Paris, 1978), 318Google Scholar, no. 5, fig. 41.

⁴⁰ The concentric banding on one side argues against a different shape, a larnax. Besides, the body wall would be unusually thick for a larnax.

⁴¹ Drawings by B. Niemeier, in Niemeier 1985, Abb. 61.

⁴² There are some rather similar, unpublished bird representations from P. M. Warren's excavations in the area of the Stratigraphical Museum (P 1869, 191; we are most grateful to him for this information).

⁴³ See n. 37 (Pachyammos pyxis). For the Kamilari vase, see Levi, D., ASA 39–40 (1960–1961), 38–9Google Scholar, fig. 37 a–d, cf. fig. 34 a–b (non-pictorial ‘stamnos’); for earlier, non-pictorial examples of this shape, see inter alios Zervos 1956, figs. 439, 441 (LM I A, Gournia); Marinatos, S., Thera, vi (Athens, 1974), col. pl. 10, below, r.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ See n. 21.

⁴⁵ KSM (A II, #129, autopsy; atribution to larnax on basis of eoarse fabric and thick straight wall); DPK pl. 39 d, left.

⁴⁶ MPVP no. V.72.1 (Louvre AM 833). The vase shape and bird design (viz. also the fan-shaped tail) are Minoan, whereas the fine, hard, buff clay suggests a mainland Mycenaean product (autopsy). For Minoan globular flasks, which first appear in LM II, see DPK 76; Tzedakis, I., ‘Minoan globular flasks’, BSA 66 (1971), 363–8Google Scholar; Kanta 1980, 287; MUM 172.

⁴⁷ The elaborate frieze on the flat alabastron 54 is unique in showing only one idiosyncratic bird among a great variety of motifs.

⁴⁸ See nn. 33, 36, 38–9. Aghia Triada cup and two fragments: see n. 8 and La Rosa, V., ASA 57–8 (1979–1980), 137, fig. 90 c and 149–50Google Scholar, fig. 104 b. Karpathos double vase, from Anemomilioi Makelli cemetery: Charitonides (n. 26), 68, no. 97, pl. 26 a–b, d, i; MPVP no. XII. 25; Melas (n. 26), 167, no. C 97, pl. 138; Niemeier 1985, 126, Abb. 61. 7.

⁴⁹ La Rosa (n. 48), 137, fig. 90 c.

⁵⁰ Chania double vase, from chamber tomb 11. See Kreta: das Erwachsen Europas (exhibition Duisburg, 1990), no. 143; Chatzidaki, E., Κρητική εστία, 2 (1988), 278–80, fig. c.Google Scholar

⁵¹ See MUM182, pls 122 e, 174. 49, and 175. 1 (cup from LM III A2 context); Betancourt 1985, pls 30 m and 31 a (both from Palaikastro), pl. 26 e (the Vasilika Anogia larnax, for which see also Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, pl. 130, below; Åkerström 1987, 72, 76; Morgan, L., BSA 82 (1987), 182–3Google Scholar; Watrous, L. V., Hesp. 60 (1991), 296, 298, pl. 83 ƒ)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also MP 197 and motif 7 a–g; Åkerström 1987, 72–3.

⁵² See nn. 31 (no. 1), 48, 5.

⁵³ PM ii. 109–16, figs. 49, 51–4 and frontispiece; MP 195–6; Hood, S., The Arts of Prehistoric Greece(Harmondsworth, 1979), 58 (dating)Google Scholar, figs. 40–1; Immerwahr 1990, 78–9, Kn no. 20, pl. 30; Niemeier 1985, 126, Abb. 61. 12–13.

⁵⁴ Arsenal sealing: PM iii, fig. 67 = PM iv, fig. 602; for related seals and sealings, see PM iii, fig. 66 a–b; PM iv, fig. 597 c. For bird designs in Minoan glyptics and other arts, see also Onassoglou, O., Die ‘talismanische’ Siegel (Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel, Beiheft 2; Berlin, 1985), 138–54Google Scholar, pls 50–5; Morgan, L., The Miniature Wall Paintings from Thera (Cambridge, 1985), 63–7Google Scholar; Niemeier 1985, 126.

⁵⁵ Shaft Graves dagger: inter alios Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, pls 49 above, 51 above. East Frieze: Morgan (n. 54), 146–50, esp. colour pl. B, pls 91–2 (waterfowl); Doumas, C., Wall Paintings of Thera (Athens, 1992)Google Scholar, pls 30–4; Televantou, C. A., in Hardy, D. (ed.), Thera and the Aegean World iii. 1 (London, 1990), 322Google Scholar, fig. 13 (additional fragments, including three ducks and one other bird). For discussion of ‘Nilotic scenes’, see also PM iii. 113–18; iv. 329–39; MP 194–7; MPVP 74 s.v. VII H; Åkerström 1987, 76; Watrous (n. 51), 296–8.

⁵⁶ See Betancourt 1985, 164, 167. Cf. also the taller of the two Kalyvia–Phaistos alabastra with birds, fish and vegetation (Fig. 6 i) and later larnakes from Vasilika Anogia (see n. 51) and Milatos (Xanthoudides, S., A. Delt. 6 (1920–1921)Google Scholar, Chr., 156–7, fig. 4; Zervos 1956, fig. 776). Watrous (n. 51), 296–8, interprets such scenes on larnakes as Egyptian-inspired representations of the afterworld.

⁵⁷ MPVP no. VII. 6 (Louvre CA 2958; excellent hard, buff Mycenaean fabric, autopsy).

⁵⁸ Åkerström 1987, 25, 38, nos. 204, 206, 64–5, 76, 115, 136, pl. 37. 1 and 3, cf. also no. 205, pl. 37. 2 (on p. 38 no. 204 is said to be from a krater, on p. 115 more correctly from small bowl). In contrast, there are no obvious Minoan prototypes for what remains of the birds, their dark bodies overpainted in white, on a fragmentary LH II B/III A1 piriform jar found at Amman in Jordan: Hankey, V., Levant, 6 (1974), 145Google Scholar, no. 2, fig. 1, below and pl. 30 b.

⁵⁹ Karageorghis, V., CVA Cyprus i. 1, pl. 1Google Scholar; id. (n. 12), 222, pl. 20. 3; MPVP no. III. 1; Åkerström 1987, 94–6, fig. 58 (inspiration for the decoration sought—incorrectly in the Near East rather than Crete). Personal examination suggests that the fabric stands in marked contrast with the gritty, more Minoan-looking clay of a closely related, non-pictorial amphoroid krater from a tomb at Pyla–Verghi, not far away in SE Cyprus: see Dikaios, P., Enkomi Excavations 1948–58, ii (Mainz, 1971), 916Google Scholar, no. 37, pl. 232. 2; Karageorghis (n. 12), 221–2, pl. 20. 1; Buchholz, H.-G. and Karageorghis, V., Altägäis und Altkypros (Tübingen, 1971), pl. 1622 (fabric very clear)Google Scholar; MPVP no. III. B; Åkerström 1987, 93–4, fig. 57. 2.

⁶⁰ See inter alios Åkerström 1987, 65, 76, 115, 121–2; Crouwel, J. H., in Brijder, H. A. G. (ed.), Enthousiasmos: Essays on Greek and Related Pottery presented to J. M. Hemelrijk (Allard Pierson Series, 6; Amsterdam, 1986), 6–11Google Scholar, nos. 1–2, figs. 1–9 (both quite probably from Enkomi, Cyprus; the birds on no. 1 still have fan-shaped ends to their tails, a Minoan feature); id., OJA 10 (1991), 49–51, no. 5, figs. 8–10 (from Arpera Chiftlik, Cyprus).

⁶¹ Marinatos, N., Art and Religion in Thera (Athens, 1984), 85–96Google Scholar; ead., Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image and Symbol (Columbia, SC, 1993), 36–7, 138–9, 232; Morgan (n. 54), 63, 66; ead. (n. 51), 183–4; cf.Niemeier, W.-D., in Laffineur, R. and Crowley, J. L. (eds), Είϰων (Aegaeum, 8; Liège, 1992), 102–4.Google Scholar

⁶² Kommos C 7058 from house X, see n. 3.

⁶³ Immerwahr 1990, Kn no. 1, pls 10–11 (‘Saffron gatherer’), Am no. 2 (Amnisos; see also Cameron, M. A. S., in Doumas, C. and Puchelt, H. C. (eds), Thera and the Aegean World, i (London, 1978), 581–4Google Scholar, pl. 2 b–c), Ak no. 10 (Akrotiri, window jambs in West House, room 4; see also Doumas (n. 55), pls 63–4), cf. Ak no. 6, fig. 20 (see also Doumas (n. 55), pls 116–18, 122–3, (Akrotiri, Xeste 3: baskets for gathering saffron-crocus stigmas). See also inlaid metal cup from shaft grave IV at Mycenae, Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, pl. 208. For recent discussion, Shaw, M., ‘The Aegean garden’, AJA 97 (1993), 661–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 670–1, 673–5.

⁶⁴ Platonos, M., ‘Γλάστηρες ϰαὶ ἀνθοδεχεῖα στὸ Μινωϊϰὸ ϰὸσμο’. In Εἰλαπινή (Festschrift N. Platon; Herakleion, 1987); 227–34Google Scholar; M. Shaw (n. 63), 663 n. 15.

⁶⁵ For Minoan gardens, see Shaw (n. 63); Schäfer, J., in Karageorghis, V. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium ‘The Civilizations of the Aegean and their Diffusion in the Eastern Mediterranean, 2000–600 BC’ (Larnaca, 1991), 84–7.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ See n. 15. For the type of fish, see Morris 1994, esp. 189–91; also Mountjoy 1984, 167; Crouwel and Morris 1987, 43–4.

⁶⁷ Pair of pear-shaped rhyta from Pseira: Mountjoy 1984, 195–6, Pseira 3–4, pl. 24 i–j.

⁶⁸ KSM (Q III, no. 1501). See Morris 1994.

⁶⁹ Morris 1994, 191; Gill, M. A. V., in Darque, P. and Poursat, J.-C. (eds), L'Iconographie minoenne (BCH supp. 11; Paris, 1985), 691.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ On the well-known dolphin fresco from Knossos, dolphins and fish are shown together: see PM i, fig. 251; Immerwahr 1990, Kn no. 6, pl. 31. For this and dolphin representations in Aegean art, see also Kaiser, B., Untersuchungen zum minoischen Relief (Bonn, 1976), 79–98Google Scholar; Gill (n. 69), 65–9, figs. 4, 7 (for fish see 64–5, 69–73, figs. 1–3, 8–17); Morgan (n. 54), 60–3; Stebbins, E. B., The Dolphin in Literature and Art of Greece and Rome (Menasha, Wis., 1929), 19–51Google Scholar; Sakellarakis, J. A., ‘Le thème du pêcheur dans l'art préhistorique de l'Égée‘, AAA 7 (1974), 370–90Google Scholar; Czernohaus, K., Delphindarstellungen von der minoischen bis zur geometrischen Zeit (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology Literature, Pocket-book 66; Göteborg, 1988)Google Scholar (no distinction made between dolphins and fish, which are both included).

⁷¹ MPVP no. IX. 117; Crouwel and Morris 1987, 42–4, 46, no. 3, fig. 5, pl. 4 a.

⁷² From Maroni–Tsaroukas tomb 2. See MPVP no. III. 9; Crouwel and Morris 1987, figs. 1–4, pls 3–4.

⁷³ MPVP no. VII. 8; Crouwel and Morris 1987, 42, 44, nos. 4–5, pl. 4 b. There is also the cup or bowl fragment from Argive Heraion with differently rendered fish in a marine setting; even if not actually Minoan, its lively design must hark back to marine representations on vases of LM II–III A2 early (see n. 10). For other early (LH III A1) Mycenaean vase representations of fish, see Crouwel and Morris 1987, 41–4; Karageorghis, V., RDAC 1988 (1), 332–3.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Birds and fish are also shown together on the taller of the two alabastra from Kalyvia Phaistos and on the LM III A2 larnax from Vasilika Anogia (see n. 51), as well as on piriform jar found on Karpathos (see n. 26). On the Phaistos alabastron the birds and fish are not necessarily to be regarded as predators and prey, pace Åkerström 1987, 74 with n. 6 and Betancourt 1985, 168; where the creatures overlapping, this may be simply due to lack of space, see MP 197–8. Noteworthy is a later, LM III A2 amphoroid krater from Lygortino, where a fish is added to an elaborate goat design, see Mavriyannaki, C., Arch. Eph. (1974), 51–4Google Scholar, no. 6, pls 21–2; Betancourt 1985, 173, pl. 30 a–b.

⁷⁵ Hogarth, D. G., BSA 6 (1899–1900), 103, fig. 30Google Scholar; Zervos 1956, figs. 575–6.

⁷⁶ See n. 16.

⁷⁷ Animals incompletely preserved. Pro goats: Cameron, M. A. S., in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. (eds), The Function he Minoan Palaces (Stockholm 1987), 325Google Scholar, fig. 10 (reconstruction, reversed). Pro deer: Smith, W. S., Interconnections in the Ancient Near East (New Haven London, 1965), 77–9Google Scholar, fig. 110; Morgan (n. 54), 147, pl. 183; Immerwahr 1990, 49, A. T. no. 1 c.

⁷⁸ Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, fig. 20, pls 108–10. E. F. Bloedow's interpretation of the building not as a mountain shrine but as part of the palace at Zakros (Aegaeum, 6 (1990), 66–7) is unlikely, see M. Shaw (n. 63), 678 n. 70.

⁷⁹ MPVP no. III. 26; Åkerström 1987, 37, no. 193, 60–1, pl. 35. 1 a–b.

⁸⁰ For quite different, later vase representations of goats from Crete itself, see the LM III A2 amphoroid krater from Ligortyno (n. 74) and an LM III A2–III B sherd from Mallia: Driessen, J. and Farnoux, A., BCH 117 (1993), 679, fig. 16.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Cf. the human figures, engaged in cult activities, on a few MM II B Kamares style vases from Phaistos: Immerwahr 1990, 33–4, fig 11 ƒ pls 2–3.

⁸² Immerwahr 1990, Kn no. 33, pl. 49 (Shield Frieze, Knossos). For the motif, see Niemeier 1985, 121–4; Rehak, P., ‘Minoan vessels with figure-eight shields’, Op. Ath. 19 (1992), 115–24.Google Scholar

⁸³ Immerwahr 1990, Kn no. 26, fig. 26 e and pl. 44 (‘La Parisienne’) and Kn no. 24, fig. 26 ƒ and pl. 43 (‘Dancing Lady’; cf. Niemeier's, W.-D. reconstruction as the epiphany of deity, AM 102 (1987), 87–8, 97–8Google Scholar, pl. 10. 2). Cf. the female figures depicted on the LM III A1 fragmentary larnax from the N. Cemetery at Knossos: Morgan (n. 51), 171–200, figs. 1–10, pls 27–30 (chamber tomb 107).

⁸⁴ MPVP 74, s.v. no. VII. 1.

⁸⁵ For the painter, see Morris 1994; also Crouwel and Morris 1987, 43–4.

⁸⁶ See n. 58. It is important to note that there were no other pictorial pieces in this LH III A1 deposit in the ‘Potter's Quarter’.

⁸⁷ For Minoan painted larnakes, see recently Watrous (n. 51), 285–307; Betancourt 1985, 161–3; Marinatos (n. 61), 36–7, 229–41. For early LM III A, pre-destruction pictoral examples from Knossos, see nn. 45, 68, 83. Cf. the elaborate pictorial chest-type larnax, possibly of LM III A1, from Palaikastro: Bosanquet, R. C., BSA 8 (1901–1902), 297–300Google Scholar, pls 18–19; MP 193–4, 199; 199; Marinatos and Hirmer 1973, pl. 131, above; Watrous (n. 51), 291–2, 302, pl. 82 a–b.

⁸⁸ See Crouwel, J. H., Chariots and Other Means of Land Transport in Bronze Age Greece (Allard Pierson Series, 3; Amsterdam, 1981)Google Scholar, nos. W 70–4, 75; Immerwahr 1990, 95, 124, 149, Kn no. 25, fig. 27; ead. in Zerner, C. (ed.), Wace and Blegen: Pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939–1989 (Amsterdam, 1993), 220.Google Scholar It is to be noted that chariot kraters first appear to be produced in the potter's quarter at Berbati in LH III A2, there being no such pieces in LH III A1 deposits at the site, see Åkerström 1987, 110, 137.

⁸⁹ For Knossian pottery of this period and its stylistic innovations, see DPK esp. 68–81; MUM 160–82; Betancourt 1985, 163–71; Watrous 1992, 150–1.

⁹⁰ For Chania see Tzedakis, I., ‘L'atelier de céramique postpalatiale à Kydonia’, BCH 93 (1968), 396–418CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kanta 1980, 288–9; Watrous 1992, 152. Pictorial examples: inter alios Kanta 1980, 225–6, fig. 93. 2–3 (bottle-like alabastron with chariot-scene and bird protomes, Chania), 283, fig. 93. 8–10 (pyxis with lyre-player and birds, Kalami), 238, fig. 94. 3–5 (double vase with bird protomes, Kalami), 283, fig. 96. 5 (pyxis fragment with birds and lyre, found at Knossos); Kreta (n. 50), no. 92 (bird protomes, Armeni). For E. Cretan workshop, see Kanta 1980, 289.

⁹¹ For other, non-pictorial LM III A1 (and later) pottery found outside Crete, again mainly in tombs, see DPK 82–4, Kanta 1980, 298–313; Hallager, B. Pålsson, in French, E. B. and Wardle, K. A. (eds), Problems in Greek Prehistory (Bristol, 1988), 180Google Scholar; also Melas (n. 26), 109–14 (Karpathos); Benzi (n. 25), 9–10 (Rhodes); Aström, P., The Late Cypriote Bronze Age: Architecture and Pottery (The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, iv. 1 C; Stockholm, 1972), 403–6Google Scholar; Popham, M. R. ‘Crete, Cyprus and the south-eastern Mediterranean, 1400–1200 BC’, in Karageorghis, V. (ed.), Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium ‘The Relations between Cyprus and Crete, c.2000–500 BC’ (Nicosia, 1979), 178–91 (Cyprus)Google Scholar; V. Hankey (n. 58), 144–55 (Levant).

⁹² Contra Watrous (n. 51), 298, who speaks of ‘funerary vases, such as amphoroid kraters and alabastra’; N. Marinatos 1993 (n. 61), 37, 138–9 (on the Kalami pyxis, bove, n. 90).

⁹³ See inter alios Åkerström 1987, 119–20; Crouwel, J. H., OJA 10 (1991), 52–3.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ PM 605–8; iv. 295.

⁹⁵ For other new features, mainly to do with funerary practices in newly used burial grounds, see inter alios Popham, M. R., E. A., and Catling, H. W., BSA 69 (1974), 252–7Google Scholar; Macdonald, C., BSA 79 (1994), esp. 57–68Google Scholar; Matthäus, H., ‘Minoische Kriegergräber’, in Krzyszkowska, O. and Nixon, L. (eds), Minoan Society (Bristol, 1983), 203–15Google Scholar; Popham 1994, 92–5, 98–9, 101 (pottery, including vases with birds and other pictorial representations). But cf. Kilian-Dirlmeier, I., Jahrbuch des römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 32 (1985), esp. 209, 211Google Scholar; Niemeier 1985, 213–16.