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HISTORY FROM THE MARGINS: GEORGE FINLAY, GEORGE BANCROFT AND THE GENESIS OF NATIONAL HISTORY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2024

Thomas R. Bull*
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania

Abstract

The writings of George Finlay are usually viewed through the lenses of philhellenism and the Greek Revolution. This work seeks instead to locate them in the transnational intellectual canvas of the nineteenth century, principally in relation to the writings of George Bancroft, in whose History of the United States Finlay left extensive marginalia. Finlay's comments on Bancroft's work exemplify two disparate styles of historiography in the period. This study attributes such a divide to Finlay's and Bancroft's divergent worldviews, conflicting methodologies and contrasting motivations as historians working on either side of the Atlantic in the Age of Revolutions. The analysis of the dialogical exchange between the two scholars has much to contribute towards a global history of historical thought during a liminal period for history as a discipline. Finlay's annotations offer much for our understanding of Bancroft's reception outside of the United States, especially in ‘peripheral’ regions like the Eastern Mediterranean that are often overlooked when studying intellectual exchanges between Europe and America. Further, owing to the connection that he draws between national institutions and the writing of history, Finlay's marginalia give a clear indication of his vision for the optimal socio-political organisation of post-revolutionary states like the United States and the Kingdom of Greece. In this article, I suggest that Finlay's work was thus essentially didactic in contrast to Bancroft's teleological method of historical enquiry, giving greater insight into the different methods and purposes of historical writing in the nineteenth century.

Τα γραπτά του George Finlay αντιμετωπίζονται συνήθως μέσα από την οπτική του φιλελληνισμού και της Ελληνικής Επανάστασης. Η παρούσα μελέτη προσπαθεί αντίθετα να τα τοποθετήσει στον δια-εθνικό πνευματικό καμβά του δέκατου ένατου αιώνα, κυρίως σε σχέση με τα γραπτά του George Bancroft, στην Ιστορία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών του οποίου ο Finlay άφησε εκτενή περιθωριακά σημειώματα. Τα σχόλια του Finlay για το έργο του Bancroft αποτελούν παράδειγμα δύο διαφορετικών στυλ ιστοριογραφίας της περιόδου. Η παρούσα μελέτη αποδίδει τη διαφορά στις αποκλίνουσες κοσμοθεωρίες, τις αντικρουόμενες μεθοδολογίες και τα αντίθετα κίνητρα των Finlay και Bancroft ως ιστορικών που εργάζονταν στις δύο πλευρές του Ατλαντικού την εποχή των επαναστάσεων. Η ανάλυση της ανταλλαγής μεταξύ των δύο μελετητών έχει πολλά να συνεισφέρει προς την κατεύθυνση μιας παγκόσμιας ιστορίας της ιστορικής σκέψης κατά τη διάρκεια μιας οριακής περιόδου για την ιστορία ως επιστήμη. Τα σχόλια του Finlay προσφέρουν πολλά για την κατανόηση της υποδοχής του Bancroft εκτός των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών, ιδίως σε ‘περιφερειακές’ περιοχές όπως η Ανατολική Μεσόγειος, οι οποίες συχνά παραβλέπονται κατά τη μελέτη των πνευματικών ανταλλαγών μεταξύ Ευρώπης και Αμερικής. Περαιτέρω, λόγω της σύνδεσης που επιχειρεί ο Finlay μεταξύ των εθνικών θεσμών και της συγγραφής της ιστορίας, οι σημειώσεις στο περιθώριο του έργου του Bancroft δίνουν μια σαφή ένδειξη του οράματός του Finlay για τη βέλτιστη κοινωνικοπολιτική οργάνωση μετεπαναστατικών κρατών, όπως οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες και το Βασίλειο της Ελλάδας. Υποστηρίζοντας ότι το έργο του Finlay είχε μια διδακτική διάσταση που είχε πολλές διαφορές σε σχέση με την τελεολογική μέθοδο ιστορικής έρευνας του Bancroft, η μελέτη δίνει προσφέρει μια πιο πολύπλοκη εικόνα των διαφορετικών μεθόδων και σκοπών της πειθαρχίας της ιστορίας κατά τον δέκατο ένατο αιώνα.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Council, British School at Athens

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Footnotes

I undertook this research in addition to my duties as the Library and Archive Research Assistant of the British School at Athens, my primary academic affiliation between 2021 and 2022. Since that time, I have matriculated as a PhD student in History at the University of Pennsylvania.

References

REFERENCES

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FIN/GF/A/42/77: Col. W.M. Leake to G. Finlay (23 February 1859).Google Scholar
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FIN/GF/B/06/73: G. Grote to G. Finlay (23 November 1854).Google Scholar
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FIN/GF/B/09/58/1: R.P. Keep to G. Finlay (October 1872).Google Scholar
Harvard University, Houghton LibraryGoogle Scholar
MS Am 1172-1172.1, Box 1: 16–27: Letters sent to Cornelius Conway Felton from various correspondents: G. Finlay to CC. Felton (26 January 1854).Google Scholar
MS Am 2119 (Howe family papers), Box 4: 246–7: G. Finlay to S.G. Howe (16 February 1867)Google Scholar
Library of the British School at AthensGoogle Scholar
Fin. G 130: G. Finlay, ‘The Constitution of the Greek State 1864, translated by George Finlay with some observations’, bound in ‘ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑ: 1864’ (c. 1864).Google Scholar
Massachusetts Historical Society, Ms. N-1795, Box 40, George Bancroft papers: G. Finlay to G. Bancroft (23 November 1872).Google Scholar
National Library of Scotland, MS 2624, Correspondence and papers of Prof. John Stuart Blackie and his family, fols 254r–255v: G. Finlay to J.S. Blackie (2 February 1857).Google Scholar
Bancroft, G. 1854–7. A History of the United States of America, from the Discovery of the Continent, 9 vols (Boston, MA) [Fin. J 23–31].Google Scholar
Biot, E. 1840. De l'abolition de l'esclavage ancien en Occident: examen des causes principales (Paris) [Fin. J 68].Google Scholar
Lolme, J.L. de 1810. The English Constitution (London) [Fin. K 67].Google Scholar
Senate of the United States of America. 1854. ‘Message from the President of the United States, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, copies of the communications from Mr. Marsh, the American minister at Constantinople, relative to the case of the Reverend Mr. King’, bound in Greek Papers: United States 1854 [Fin. G 299].Google Scholar
Tocqueville, A. de 1850. De la démocratie en Amérique (Paris) [Fin. O 125].Google Scholar
Arnakis, G.G. 1960. The Historical Work of Samuel G. Howe and the Historian George Finlay (Athens).Google Scholar
Baàr, M. 2010. Historians and Nationalism: East-Central Europe in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billias, G.A. 2001. ‘George Bancroft: master historian’, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 111.2, 507–28.Google Scholar
Burwick, F. 1966. ‘The Göttingen influence on George Bancroft's idea of humanity’, Jahrbuch für Amerikastudien 11, 194212.Google Scholar
Demel, W. 2012. ‘How the “Mongoloid race” came into being: late eighteenth-century constructions of East Asians in Europe’, in Kowner, R. and Demel, W. (eds), Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions (Leiden), 5985.Google Scholar
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Frazee, C.A. 1964. ‘The historian George Finlay and correspondence with Cornelius C. Felton (1854–1859)’, Südost-Forschungen 23, 179214.Google Scholar
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Handlin, L. 1984. George Bancroft: The Intellectual as Democrat (New York, NY).Google Scholar
Heeren, A.H.L. 1834. A Sketch of the Political History of Ancient Greece (Oxford).Google Scholar
Howe, S.G. 1828. An Historical Sketch of the Greek Revolution (New York).Google Scholar
Hussey, J.M. 1973. The Finlay Papers: A Catalogue (BSA Supp. Vol. 9; London).Google Scholar
Hussey, J.M. 1975. ‘George Finlay in perspective: a centenary reappraisal’, BSA 70, 135–44.Google Scholar
Hussey, J.M. (ed.) 1995. The Journal and Letters of George Finlay, 2 vols (Camberley)Google Scholar
Innes, J. and Philip, M. (eds) 2018. Re-imagining Democracy in the Mediterranean, 1780–1860 (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Leeman, W.P. 2008. ‘George Bancroft's Civil War: slavery, Abraham Lincoln, and the course of history’, The New England Quarterly 81.3, 462–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazower, M. 2021. The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe (London).Google Scholar
Miller, W. 1924. ‘The Finlay papers’, EHR 39.155, 386–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, L. 2005. ‘British philhellenism and the historiography of Greece: a case study of George Finlay (1799–1875)’, The Historical Review / La Revue Historique 1, 183206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, L. 2009. ‘“Two thousand years of suffering”: George Finlay and the “History of Greece”’, in Llewellyn Smith, M., Kitromilides, P.M. and Calligas, E. (eds), Scholars, Travels, and Archives: Greek History and Culture through the British School at Athens (BSA Studies 17; London), 1326.Google Scholar
Ramos, R. 2018. ‘Democracy without the people: the rise of democratic liberalism in Portugal’, in Innes and Philip 2018, 77–97.Google Scholar
Robertson, J. 2007. The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680–1760 (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Ross, D. 1984. ‘Historical consciousness in nineteenth-century America’, AHR 89.4, 909–28.Google Scholar
Sotiropoulos, M. 2022. Liberalism after the Revolution: The Intellectual Foundations of the Greek State, c. 1830–1880 (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sotiropoulos, M. forthcoming. ‘Scottish Enlightenment and transnational liberalism in revolutionary Europe: George Finlay and the Greek Revolution of 1821’, in Beaton, R. and Gaul, N. (eds), The Greek Revolution of 1821: Contexts, Scottish Connections, the Classical Tradition (Edinburgh).Google Scholar
Sotiropoulos, M. and Hadjikyriacou, A. 2018. ‘Patris, ethnos, demos: representation and political participation in the Greek world’, in Innes and Philip 2018, 99–124.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, A. de 2003. Democracy in America, trans. Bevan, G.E. (London).Google Scholar
Trikoupis, S. 1853–7. Ιστορία της ελληνικής επαναστάσεως (Athens).Google Scholar
Wace, A.J.B. 1916–18. ‘Hastings and Finlay’, BSA 22, 110–32.Google Scholar
York, J.A. 2005. The Architecture of Address: The Monument and Public Speech in American Poetry (New York).Google Scholar
Zanou, K. 2018. Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800–1850: Stammering the Nation (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archive of the British School at AthensGoogle Scholar
George Finlay PapersGoogle Scholar
FIN/GF/A/16: G. Finlay, ‘Diploma as member of the American Antiquarian Society’ (c. 1838–52).Google Scholar
FIN/GF/A/42/77: Col. W.M. Leake to G. Finlay (23 February 1859).Google Scholar
FIN/GF/B/04: G. Finlay to C.C. Felton (26 November 1861).Google Scholar
FIN/GF/B/06/73: G. Grote to G. Finlay (23 November 1854).Google Scholar
FIN/GF/B/06/120: E.A. Freeman to G. Finlay (25 September 1864).Google Scholar
FIN/GF/B/06/149: G. Finlay to E.A. Freeman (27 September 1866).Google Scholar
FIN/GF/B/09/33/1: J.S. Mill to G. Finlay (15 September 1861).Google Scholar
FIN/GF/B/09/58/1: R.P. Keep to G. Finlay (October 1872).Google Scholar
Harvard University, Houghton LibraryGoogle Scholar
MS Am 1172-1172.1, Box 1: 16–27: Letters sent to Cornelius Conway Felton from various correspondents: G. Finlay to CC. Felton (26 January 1854).Google Scholar
MS Am 2119 (Howe family papers), Box 4: 246–7: G. Finlay to S.G. Howe (16 February 1867)Google Scholar
Library of the British School at AthensGoogle Scholar
Fin. G 130: G. Finlay, ‘The Constitution of the Greek State 1864, translated by George Finlay with some observations’, bound in ‘ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑ: 1864’ (c. 1864).Google Scholar
Massachusetts Historical Society, Ms. N-1795, Box 40, George Bancroft papers: G. Finlay to G. Bancroft (23 November 1872).Google Scholar
National Library of Scotland, MS 2624, Correspondence and papers of Prof. John Stuart Blackie and his family, fols 254r–255v: G. Finlay to J.S. Blackie (2 February 1857).Google Scholar
Bancroft, G. 1854–7. A History of the United States of America, from the Discovery of the Continent, 9 vols (Boston, MA) [Fin. J 23–31].Google Scholar
Biot, E. 1840. De l'abolition de l'esclavage ancien en Occident: examen des causes principales (Paris) [Fin. J 68].Google Scholar
Lolme, J.L. de 1810. The English Constitution (London) [Fin. K 67].Google Scholar
Senate of the United States of America. 1854. ‘Message from the President of the United States, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, copies of the communications from Mr. Marsh, the American minister at Constantinople, relative to the case of the Reverend Mr. King’, bound in Greek Papers: United States 1854 [Fin. G 299].Google Scholar
Tocqueville, A. de 1850. De la démocratie en Amérique (Paris) [Fin. O 125].Google Scholar
Arnakis, G.G. 1960. The Historical Work of Samuel G. Howe and the Historian George Finlay (Athens).Google Scholar
Baàr, M. 2010. Historians and Nationalism: East-Central Europe in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billias, G.A. 2001. ‘George Bancroft: master historian’, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 111.2, 507–28.Google Scholar
Burwick, F. 1966. ‘The Göttingen influence on George Bancroft's idea of humanity’, Jahrbuch für Amerikastudien 11, 194212.Google Scholar
Demel, W. 2012. ‘How the “Mongoloid race” came into being: late eighteenth-century constructions of East Asians in Europe’, in Kowner, R. and Demel, W. (eds), Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions (Leiden), 5985.Google Scholar
Finlay, G. 1861. History of the Greek Revolution, 2 vols (Edinburgh).Google Scholar
Finlay, G. 1877. A History of Greece from its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time (bc 146 to ad 1864), 7 vols (Oxford).Google Scholar
Finlay, G. 1995. ‘Athens 17 November 1861’, in Hussey, J.M. (ed.), The Journal and Letters of George Finlay, 2 vols (Camberley), 1.3789.Google Scholar
Frazee, C.A. 1964. ‘The historian George Finlay and correspondence with Cornelius C. Felton (1854–1859)’, Südost-Forschungen 23, 179214.Google Scholar
Gordon, T. 1832. History of the Greek Revolution (Edinburgh).Google Scholar
Handlin, L. 1984. George Bancroft: The Intellectual as Democrat (New York, NY).Google Scholar
Heeren, A.H.L. 1834. A Sketch of the Political History of Ancient Greece (Oxford).Google Scholar
Howe, S.G. 1828. An Historical Sketch of the Greek Revolution (New York).Google Scholar
Hussey, J.M. 1973. The Finlay Papers: A Catalogue (BSA Supp. Vol. 9; London).Google Scholar
Hussey, J.M. 1975. ‘George Finlay in perspective: a centenary reappraisal’, BSA 70, 135–44.Google Scholar
Hussey, J.M. (ed.) 1995. The Journal and Letters of George Finlay, 2 vols (Camberley)Google Scholar
Innes, J. and Philip, M. (eds) 2018. Re-imagining Democracy in the Mediterranean, 1780–1860 (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koubourlis, I. 2009. ‘European historiographical influences on the young Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos’, in Beaton, R. and Ricks, D. (eds), The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797–1896) (London), 5363.Google Scholar
Leeman, W.P. 2008. ‘George Bancroft's Civil War: slavery, Abraham Lincoln, and the course of history’, The New England Quarterly 81.3, 462–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazower, M. 2021. The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe (London).Google Scholar
Miller, W. 1924. ‘The Finlay papers’, EHR 39.155, 386–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, L. 2005. ‘British philhellenism and the historiography of Greece: a case study of George Finlay (1799–1875)’, The Historical Review / La Revue Historique 1, 183206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, L. 2009. ‘“Two thousand years of suffering”: George Finlay and the “History of Greece”’, in Llewellyn Smith, M., Kitromilides, P.M. and Calligas, E. (eds), Scholars, Travels, and Archives: Greek History and Culture through the British School at Athens (BSA Studies 17; London), 1326.Google Scholar
Ramos, R. 2018. ‘Democracy without the people: the rise of democratic liberalism in Portugal’, in Innes and Philip 2018, 77–97.Google Scholar
Robertson, J. 2007. The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680–1760 (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Ross, D. 1984. ‘Historical consciousness in nineteenth-century America’, AHR 89.4, 909–28.Google Scholar
Sotiropoulos, M. 2022. Liberalism after the Revolution: The Intellectual Foundations of the Greek State, c. 1830–1880 (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sotiropoulos, M. forthcoming. ‘Scottish Enlightenment and transnational liberalism in revolutionary Europe: George Finlay and the Greek Revolution of 1821’, in Beaton, R. and Gaul, N. (eds), The Greek Revolution of 1821: Contexts, Scottish Connections, the Classical Tradition (Edinburgh).Google Scholar
Sotiropoulos, M. and Hadjikyriacou, A. 2018. ‘Patris, ethnos, demos: representation and political participation in the Greek world’, in Innes and Philip 2018, 99–124.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, A. de 2003. Democracy in America, trans. Bevan, G.E. (London).Google Scholar
Trikoupis, S. 1853–7. Ιστορία της ελληνικής επαναστάσεως (Athens).Google Scholar
Wace, A.J.B. 1916–18. ‘Hastings and Finlay’, BSA 22, 110–32.Google Scholar
York, J.A. 2005. The Architecture of Address: The Monument and Public Speech in American Poetry (New York).Google Scholar
Zanou, K. 2018. Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800–1850: Stammering the Nation (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar