Acknowledgements. This article is derived from an MA dissertation, completed in Izmir, supervised by Dr. Güven Bakir and submitted in 1986. K. Nayir, former Director of the Manisa Museum, kindly gave his permission to study, and for the following drawings and photographs of this material to appear. I am indebted to R.M. Cook and the Managing Committee of the British School at Athens and D. French, A.S. Hall and A. Murray from the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara for allowing me to use the facilities of British School at Athens for three months in late 1985.

I should particularly like to thank E. Akurgal, R.A. Bridges Jr., H.W. Catling, D. French, E. French, K. and I. Kilian, M. Korfmann, C. Macdonald, J.A. Macgillivray, M.J. Mellink, P.A. Mountjoy, M.R. Popham, J.R. Sperling and J.A. Wright for their helpful comments and constant encouragements.

I thank also Dr. D. French and Dr. C. Lightfoot for correcting the English. The photographs are the work of Dr. G. Bakir, the drawings were made by the present author.

Abbreviations additional to those in standard use:

Achaea Papadopoulos, T., Mycenaean Achaea i–ii SIMA 55 (Göteborg 1979).Google Scholar

Alaca 1937–39 Koşay, H.Z., Les fouilles d'Alaca Höyük: rapport préliminaire sur les travaux en 1937–1939 (Ankara 1951).Google Scholar

Alaca 1940–48 Koşay, H.Z., Alaca Höyk Kazisi 1940–1948 (Ankara 1966)Google Scholar

Alt-Aegina IV: i Hiller, S., Alt-Aegina IV:i, Mykenische Keramik aus Aegina (Mainz 1974).Google Scholar

Argos Deshayes, J., Argos, Les fouilles de la Deiras (Paris 1966).Google Scholar

Athens-Agora XIII Immerwahr, S.A., The Athenian Agora XIII, The Neolithic and Bronze Ages (Princeton 1977).Google Scholar

Attica Benzi, M., Ceramica Micenea in Attica (Milano 1975).Google Scholar

Boysal, Katalog Boysal, Y., Katalog der Vasen im Museum in Bodrum I: My kenisch-Protogeometrisch (Ankara 1969).Google Scholar

ChT. Wace, A.J.B., ‘Chamber Tombs at Mycenae’, Archaeologia 82 (1932) 1–242.Google Scholar

Chronologie Müller-Karpe, H., Beiträge zur Chronologie der Urnenfeiderzeit Nördlich und Südlich der Alpen (Berlin 1959).Google Scholar

Circle B Mylonas, G.E., Ὁ τάφιϰος ϰύϰλος β τῶν Μυϰηνῶν i–ii (Athens 1972, 1973).Google Scholar

Cuirass Tomb Aström, P., The Cuirass Tomb and other finds at Dendra Part: I, The Chamber Tombs SIMA 4 (Göteborg 1977).Google Scholar

CBMW Catling, H.W., Cypriote Bronzework in the Mycenaean World (Oxford 1964).Google Scholar

Enkomi i–iii Dikaios, P., Enkomi, Excavations 1948–58 (Mainz 1969, 1971)Google Scholar

Fibeln Sundwall, J., Die Älteren Italischen Fibeln (Berlin 1943).Google Scholar

GBA Vermeule, E., Greece in the Bronze Age (Chicago 1972).Google Scholar

Hala Sultan Tekke I Aström, P., et. al., Hala Sultan Tekke Vol. I, Excavations 1897–1971 SIMA 45:i (Göteborg 1976).Google Scholar

HM Lorimer, H., Homer and the Monuments (London 1950).Google Scholar

LMTS Desborough, V.R.d'A., The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors (Oxford 1964).Google Scholar

MDP Mountjoy, P.A., Mycenaean Decorated Pottery SIMA 73 (Göteborg 1986).Google Scholar

MPL Stubbings, F.H., Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant (Cambridge 1951).Google Scholar

Mycenae Wace, A.J.B., Mycenae, an archaeological history and guide (Princeton 1949).Google Scholar

NTD Persson, A.W., New Tombs at Dendra near Midea (Lund 1942).Google Scholar

PTK Evans, A.J., The Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos (London 1906).Google Scholar

Perati i–iii Iakovidis, S.E., Πεϱατή. Τὸ νεϰϱοταφειον i–iii (Athens 1969, 1970).Google Scholar

Prosymna Blegen, C.W., Prosymna: the Helladic Settlement preceding the Argive Heraeum, i–ii (Cambridge 1937).Google Scholar

RTD Persson, A.W., Royal Tombs at Dendra near Midea (Lund 1931).Google Scholar

Rhodes Mee, C., Rhodes in the Bronze Age (Warminster 1982).Google Scholar

SCE The Swedish Cyprus Expedition i–iv (Stockholm 1934–1972).

SG Karo, G., Die Schachtgräber von Mykenai (Munich 1930).Google Scholar

Tarsus II Goldman, H., Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus (Princeton 1956).Google Scholar

Troy i–iv Blegen, C.W., et. al., Troy i–iv (Princeton 1950–1958).Google Scholar

θΤΜ Sakellariou, A., Οἱ θαλαμώτοι τάφοι τῶν Μυϰηνῶν, ἀνασϰαφῆς Χϱ. Τσουντᾱ (1887–1898) (Paris 1985).Google Scholar

ΥΜΕθ Spyropoulos, Th., Ὕσοτεϱω Μυϰηναϊϰοὶ Ἑλλαδιϰοὶ θησανϱοί (Athens 1972).Google Scholar

¹ For the brief notices of this material see MissMellink, annual series of ‘Archaeology in Asia Minor’ in AJA 86 (1982) 565CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 87 (1983) 435, 88 (1984) 451 and 89 (1985) 558 and Özgünel, C., ‘Bati Anadolu ve Içlerinde Myken Etkinlikleri’ Belleten 47 (1983) 709.Google Scholar

² Detailed surveys of the site were undertaken in 1983 and 1984 by a research team comprising Dr. Güven Bakir, Drs. Armaǧan and Hayat Erkanal, Dr. Coşkun Özgünel and the present author. Five looted tholoi (?) were identified in these researches. The structural analysis of these tombs will appear in reports of the excavation by the director, Dr. A. Erkanal. For the preliminary account of the first season at Panaztepe see Erkanal, A. and Erkanal, H., ‘A New Archaeological Excavation in Western Anatolia’ in Turkish Review Quarterly Digest Spring 1986, 67–76.Google Scholar After Colophon the Panaztepe tholoi (?) are the second example of this type of burial architecture in western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age. For the Colophon example, after detailed analysis, Dr. Bridges Jr. notes that the local builders were working outside the main-stream of the tholos-building tradition (cf. Hesperia 43 (1974) 266). See also p. 82 below.

³ Surveys undertaken by Dr. R. Meriç in the region clearly show that the earliest flat settlement in the Hermos plain belongs to the late Byzantine period.

⁴ The discovery of Trojan late VIth cemetery at Beşik Tepe, probably the harbour of Troy, by Prof. Korfmann and the recent finds at Panaztepe provide new and revealing insights for the second millenium archaeology of Western Anatolia. For Beşik Tepe cemetery see Korfmann, M., ‘Beşik Tepe, new evidence for the period of the Trojan Sixth and Seventh Settlements’ in Troy and the Trojan War (ed. Mellink, M.J.) (Bryn Mawr 1986) 17–28 figs. 14–23Google Scholar and Korfmann, M., AA 1986, 311–29.Google Scholar

⁵ For Aegean swords, see the important work of MissSandars, in AJA 67 (1963) 117–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Other more recent articles include Kilian, K., ‘Nordgrenze des agaischen Kulturbereiches in Mykenischer und Nachmykenischer Zeit’, Jahresbericht des Instituts fr Vorgeschichte der Universität Frankfurt a.M. (Münich 1976) 112–19Google Scholar; Foltiny, S., ‘Schwert, Dolch und Messer’ in ArchHom vol. 1, chapter E, part 2 (Göttingen 1980) 231–74.Google Scholar For the presence of decoration on two examples of Gi type, see BSA 79 (1984) 62, 72 and 74.

⁶ AJA 67 (1963) 126.

⁷ BSA 69 (1974) 243.

⁸ BSA 79 (1984) 64.

⁹ Avila, R.A.J., ‘Bronzene Lanzen und Pfeilspitzen der Griechischen Spätbronzezeit’, Prähistorische Bronzefunde (PBF) V: 1 (München 1983) pl. 34:40, pl. 6:40.Google Scholar

¹⁰ BSA 79 (1984) 64. However, there is no clear evidence that fragments of swords and crystal hilt plate fragments were found together with sword tablets (cf. PM IV 854–56).

¹¹ For warrior graves at Knossos, see the recent articles of Matthäus, H., ‘Minoische Kriegergräber’ in Minoan Society (eds. Krzyszkowska, O., Nixon, L.) (Bristol 1983) 203–15Google Scholar; Driessen, J.–Macdonald, C., ‘Some Military Aspects of the Aegean in the late fifteenth and early fourteenth centuries B.C.’ BSA 79 (1984) 49–74Google Scholar; Kilian-Dirlmeier, I., ‘Noch einmal zu den Kriegergräbern von Knossos’ JbZMusMainz 32 (1985) 196–214.Google Scholar

¹² ZP 36, ZP 42, ZP 43, ZP 55, ZP 98, Ayios Ioannis A.J. 1, 2, New Hospital Site T. II and V, Sellopoulo T. 4 (Two specimens), Mycenae Chamber T. 78, 81, Dendra Tholos T. (two specimens).

¹³ We may add a Di type example in the Giamalakis Collection, Crete KrChron (1950) pl. III:356), a sword from Trypes, (ADelt 19 (1964B) 177, pl. 1871)Google Scholar and the Argive Heraion T. XXV example with plain blade (Prosymna fig. 198) to this group.

¹⁴ AE 1969, 192 fig. 4, pl. 27b; BSA 74 (1979) 163 fig. 1.

¹⁵ BSA 74 (1979) 168–9.

¹⁶ AE 1969, 179ff.

¹⁷ Sakellarakis, A.J. in ‘Die Kretisch-Mykenische Glyptik und ihre Gegenwärtigen Probleme’ (Boppard 1974) 125 fig. 31–2Google Scholar; θΤΜ pl. 127:3196, 3197, fig. 8:3196, 3197. In terms of quality of workmanship these two swords must certainly have been produced in the same workshop. To judge from these examples, as Macdonald notes, it is highly likely that undecorated swords came from the Knossian workshop too (cf. BSA 79 (1984) 64 n. 79). A new example of Di type was recently found in the Uluburun wreck near Kaş. The Kaş sword has three grooves on the flat blade section and forms a transition between Panaztepe and Mycenae examples (see Pulak, C., INA Newsletter, Vol. 12 no. 4 (February 1986) 5 lower left, right).Google Scholar

¹⁸ AJA 97 (1963) 131.

¹⁹ BSA 74 (1979) 168.

²⁰ Dii type: Carpathos, BM no. 46 (AJA 67 (1963) pl. 24:26), Ialysos, , NT 4 (ASAtene 6–7 (1923–1924) 93 fig. 15 no. 18)Google Scholar; F type: Mouliana Tomb A (AJA 67 (1963) pl. 25:33, 34)Google Scholar, Siteia, (BSA 63 (1968) 89fGoogle Scholar, fig. I:1); Gii type: Perati tomb 12 (Perati ii 360 figs. 158–9), Siteia, (AJA 67 (1963) pl. 26:50)Google Scholar; Naue Type II: Graditsa (Ashmolean Mus. 1927. 1384) (Antiquity 35 (1961) pl. 16c).

²¹ On the Di type, the average width of the blade under the hilt section is about 4 cm. On the Panaztepe sword the maximum width is 3·5 cm. We may assume that the original length of our example would be c. 45 cm without hilt section.

²² CMS II:i nos. 104, 134.

²³ AJA 51 (1947) pl. 2j–f.

²⁴ AJA 89 (1985) pl. 36 fig. 23, Cat. No. 37.

²⁵ PM I 202 fig. 151, PM II.ii, 202 fig. III.

²⁶ AJA 51 (1947) pl. 2i, k–m; Pernier, L.-Banti, L., Il Palazzo Minoico di Festós (Rome 1934–1951) pl. 32Google Scholar; PM I, 257 fig. 192b.

²⁷ Hood, S., The Arts in Prehistoric Greece (Harmondsworth 1978), 174 fig. 170.Google Scholar

²⁸ SG pls. V:1428, VI:1429.

²⁹ ibid. pls. CIII:74 (grave 4, oinochoe), CXXV:629 (grave 5, bowl), CXLIII (grave 5, gold object), CXLIV (grave 5, pyxis).

³⁰ ibid. pl. LXXIV (grave 4); Circle B pl. 54b, 67b (graves gamma and delta).

³¹ R.A.J. Avila (PBF V:i) pl. 6:40.

³² PM IV 875 fig. 864; PM III pl. XXVI.

³³ PM IV fig. 884, pl. XXXII.

³⁴ PM II 202–207; PM III 30 pl. XV; PM IV 874.

³⁵ AJA 51 (1947) pl. 21-p (XVIIIth Dynasty). For an example of this design from XIXth to XXIst Dynasties, see AJA 51 (1947) 25 n. 63; Müller-Karpe, H., Handbuch der Vorgeschichte, Band IV (München 1980) pl. 22:5Google Scholar, spirals with bucraniums from the Palace of Amenophis III (1417—1379 B.C.) at Thebes.

³⁶ AJA 51 (1947) 25f. Rodenwalt, in discussing the Orchomenos ceiling, concluded that its details and those of New Kingdom architectural decorations are so different as to preclude the possibility of direct connections, but that both the Mainland and Egyptian examples must go back to a common Middle Minoan ancestry (cf. Rodenwalt, G., Tiryns II. Die Fresken des Palastes (Athens 1912) 50–1).Google Scholar

³⁷ Tiryns II 49 n. 1 pl. VII; BSA 25 (1921–23) 169 pl. 29.

³⁸ Schliemann, H., The Prehistorie Palace of the Kings of Tiryns (London 1886) pl. V.Google Scholar Similar design of fresco is also found at Mycenae from LH IIIB period, see Kritseli-Providi, I., Τοιχογϱαφίες τοῡ θϱησϰηυτιϰοῡ ϰήντϱου τῶν Μνϰηνῶν (Athens 1982) 35 fig. 5 Pl. 3.Google Scholar

³⁹ AAA I (1968) II fig. 8.

⁴⁰ BCH 28 (1904) 369 fig. 1; ADelt 27 (1972) pl. 254b. The chamber tomb VI at Argos is from LH IIIA (cf. Argos 69). Tomb I at Megalo Kastelu was also used in the Classical Ages, but the original material is from LH IIIA and IIIB.

⁴¹ Schliemann, H., Orchomenos. Bericht über meine Ausgrabungen in Böotischen Orchomenos (Leipzig 1881) pl. 1.Google Scholar

⁴² BSA 25 (1921–23) 283–402.

⁴³ Mycenae 120. E. French has stated that the sherd found under the threshold is LH IIIB in style (see BSA 58 (1963) 46).

⁴⁴ Mycenae 28–33 and especially 119–131.

⁴⁵ Pelon, O., Tholoi, tumuli et cercles funéraires (Paris 1976) 237, 482f Table IV, 488f.Google Scholar For the similar dating of Treasury of Atreus see Mylonas, G.E., Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age (Princeton 1966) 122Google Scholar; GBA 123 n. 8.

⁴⁶ Mycenae fig. 44b.

⁴⁷ BSA 49 (1954) pl. 38a; Raison, J., Catalogue des ivories Mycéniens du Musée National d'Athenes (Paris 1977) pl. XIII: 145.Google Scholar For the pottery from this house, see BSA 62 (1967) 153–157.

⁴⁸ BSA 62 (1967) 340 fig. 2:7 pls. 79c, d, 81c.

⁴⁹ ibid. 341–2. As a decorative element, the lines of dots were also used in a different manner on one-piece spearhead from Zapher Papoura, cf. R.A.J. Avila, (PBF V:i) pl. 6:43.

⁵⁰ cf. examples from Ayios Ioannis, Chamber T., A.J. 6 and 7 (BSA 51 (1956) fig. 3:6–7), and Unexplored Mansion, Knossos, (AR (1972–1973) 58 fig. 35).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Spears are more common than swords in tombs. For the representation of spears on gem cutting, frescoes, stone carving and vases, see Höckmann, O., ‘Lanze und Speer’ in ArcHom I, Chapter E, part 2 (Göttingen 1980) 277 fig. 59–62.Google Scholar

⁵² An hexagonal high midrib is seen on two spearheads of the 9th century from Delphi and Beth-Pelet, see R.A.J. Avila (PBF V:i) pl. 48:96; de Maigret, A., Le Lance Nell' Asia Anteriore Nell Eta del Bronzo (Rome 1976) 144 fig. 29:1.Google Scholar

⁵³ R.A.J. Avila (PBF V:i) pls. 1:8–9, 2:10–14, 3:16 (from Mycenae shaft graves), 3:17 (Myrsinochorion). Evans linked this type of spearhead to the Mochlos examples of MM III period (Evans, A., Shaft Graves and Beehive Tombs of Mycenae and their Interrelations (London 1924) 37f, fig. 27a—c).Google Scholar Karo and Lorimer share Evans' opinion (SG 20f; HM 255). A similar type is also seen in Kültepe from the first half of the second millenium B.C. (Erkanal, H., ’Die Axte und Beile des 2. Jahrtausends in Zentral Anatolien (PBF IX:8) (München 1977) pl. 15:15).Google Scholar

⁵⁴ As Miss Lorimer notes, there is no decoration on the Mycenaean shaft graves examples (cf. HM 256).

⁵⁵ AJA 67 (1963) 140f. There are rod-like extensions, rectangular in section, at the end of the flanged grip on all of the examples of this group. These have been claimed as the hallmark of this workshop by Sandars. Without this feature, the Panaztepe knife would be close to the group.

⁵⁶ Four examples from Rhodes, and Astypalaia, (AJA 67 (1963) pl. 27:54–55Google Scholar (Siana and Ialysos OT 27), ADell 26 (1971) pl. 559 (Astypalaia); Dietz, S., Lindos IV.i, Excavations and Surveys in Southern Rhodes: The Mycenaean Period (Odense 1984) 57 fig.Google Scholar 62:12 (Apsaktiras). Three examples from Anatolia (Archaeologia 58 (1902) 5 fig. 4 (Colophon); Dörpfeld, W., Troja und Ilion (Athens 1902) 396 fig.Google Scholar 384 (Troy); Belleten 19 (1955) 297 fig. 23 (Firaktin). A knife that is very close to Panaztepe example in shape was recently found at Beşik Tepe cemetery, without context (see AA (1986) 327 fig. 17:3).

⁵⁷ AJA 67 (1963) 140. Miss Sandars claimed that Ialysos OT 27 and Colophon examples came from the same mould. After Sandars, Ialysos OT 27 material was dated, by Mee, to LH IIIA 2–IIIB, not early IIIC (see Rhodes 60 n. 5).

⁵⁸ Dörpfeld, op. cit. 396.

⁵⁹ Dietz, op. cit. 105 n. 244.

⁶⁰ For the Italian and European bronze industry and chronology see H. Müller-Karpe Chronologie 15–99, 182–228; fig. 64; Bietti Sestieri, A.M., PPS 39 (1973) 383–424Google Scholar; Kilian, K., PZ 50 (1975) 16–20Google Scholar; Matthäus, H., JdI 95 (1980) 109–139Google Scholar; Bouzek, J., The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe, Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millenium B.C. (SIMA 29) (Göteborg 1985) 219–221.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Desborough, LMTS 56; Iakovidis, Perati 277. J. Bouzek is one of the opinion that the first fibulae originated in the East Alpine region and then spread to Italy, Greece, the Balkans, Cyprus and Syria (Bouzek, J., Homerisches Griechenland (Prague 1969) 31.Google Scholar Sundwall, Desborough and Stronach claimed an Italian origin for fibulae (Fibeln 15; LMTS 57; Iraq 21 (1959) 182). Müller-Karpe, Alexander and Hopkin, however, are of the opinion that fibulae were invented in Central Europe or in the East Alpine region (Chronologie 22–23, 34; PPS 4–8 (1982) 408–409, 414).

⁶² LMTS 56; AA 63–64 (1948–49) 16ff; Perati 276; Achaca 139; PPS 48 (1982) 406–409.

⁶³ Fibeln fig. 46 (Allgl).

⁶⁴ PPS 39 (1973) 402 fig. 19:1.

⁶⁵ ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 102 fig. 10 (Langada T.10), early IIIC.

⁶⁶ Caner, E., ‘Die Fibeln in Anatolien I’ (PBF XIV:8) (München 1983)Google Scholar pl. 1a. Similar to Allh group of Sundwall as noted by the author.

⁶⁷ Gedl, M., ‘Die Messer in Polen’ (PBF VII:4) (München 1984)Google Scholar pls. 2:23, 3:28 (Wroclaw-Grabiszyn Type, BzD-Hal). The first piece was found in Tomb 53 at Brzeg Dolny with a razor decorated with cross-hatching and vertical lines (cf. M. Gedl, op. cit. pl. 11:90). Although these groups began in the early 12th century, their popularity belongs to the 10th and gth centuries in the East Alpine region and in Poland (cf. Rihovsky, J., ‘Die Messer in Mahren und dem Ostalpengebiet’ (PBF VII:i) (München 1972)Google Scholar pls. 16:173, 17:183, 25:262; M. Gedl, op. cit. pls. 11:100, 12:112, 16:178).

⁶⁸ PPS 39 (1973) 391 fig. 5:4; Bianco-Peroni, V., ‘Die Messer in Italien’ (PBF VII:2) (München 1976) pl. 2:22.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Bianco-Peroni, PBF VII:2 pl. 2:29. This piece was found in tomb 4 together with a violin-bow fibula of Peschiera type that has been dated to early 12th century (cf. PPS 39 (1973) 385 n. 40; Chronologie 89–90; Fibeln 14–15).

⁷⁰ BSA 38 (1937–38) pl. 29:1 no. 670; Sakellarakis, E.S., ‘Die Fibeln der Griechischen Inseln’ (PBF XIV:4.) (München 1978)Google Scholar pl. 1:8. A Sicilian origin has been suggested by Milojčič for this piece (cf. JbZMusMainz 2 (1955) 162 n. 29).

⁷¹ ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 174–175 fig. 101 no. 26. The similarity to Urnfield types was first noted by Milojčič (cf. AA 63–64 (1948–49) 23–24; but Sandars places the knife in her class Ib (PPS 20 (1955) 181, 185, 193).

⁷² ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 137 fig. 122, 139 fig. 123. Catling assigned the Kos sword to his group I, which is almost certainly originating in Europe (PPS 22 (1956) 114 no. 15; Antiquity 35 (1961) 118–19. Miss Sandars argues convincingly that the Kos weapons are most closely related to types found in the thirteenth century Dragna dejos hoard from Rumania, (cf. Oxford journal of Archaeology 2 (1983) 53).Google Scholar

⁷³ ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 164 fig. 167; J. Rihovsky, PBF VII: 1 pl. 1:3. In shape, the Langada piece is very close to the Panaztepe razor (see p. 71 below, n. 93).

⁷⁴ Harding, A.F., The Mycenaeans and Europe (London 1984) 279–288.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ ibid. 144.

⁷⁶ PTK 117; ADelt 3 (1917) 140–1; Hood, , BSA 47 (1952) 262Google Scholar; Sandars, , BSA 53–54 (1958–1959) 235Google Scholar; Desborough, LMTS 59; Catling, CBMW 230; Vermeule, , Hesperia 24 (1955) 215fGoogle Scholar; Athens-Agora XIII 106, 176.

⁷⁷ Prosymna 332–334; Säflund, G., Excavations at Berbati 1936–37 (Stockholm 1965) 66–67.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Achaea 148.

⁷⁹ The latest example of this type was found in LH IIIA 2 late context at Vrysarion (see Achaea fig. 294c).

⁸⁰ BSA 53–54 (1958–59) 235.

⁸¹ PTK 117.

⁸² e.g. Blegen, Prosymna 347; Sandars, , BSA 53–54 (1958–1959) 235Google Scholar; Catling, CBMW 107; Iakovidis, Perati 341.

⁸³ BSA 53–54 (1958–59) 256 fig. 33:1.8 (LM IIIA 1–2).

⁸⁴ PTK 87 fig. 98; ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 98 fig. 15:21.

⁸⁵ Prosymna figs. 309 (T. 38), 363 (T. 41), 483 (T. 43). On the other hand, similar razors/cleavers also found in IIIB contexts at Dendra Chamber T. 2 (cf. RTD pl. 33:6).

⁸⁶ ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 181 fig. 106 (NT 32).

⁸⁷ Perati pl. 110C, 340 fig. 146: M 94 (T. Sigma 24).

⁸⁸ See n. 82 above.

⁸⁹ NTD 34 fig. 35:3–4 (Chamber T. 7); ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 214 fig. 226, 216 fig. 229.

⁹⁰ For IIIA 2–IIIB examples of this type, cf. Prosymna fig. 485:4 (T. 43); Athens-Agora XIII pl. 36:19 (T. III); ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 113 fig. 33:6, 153 fig. 76:14 (Ialysos NT 9 and 27); ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 234 figs. 234, 235 (Langada T. 52); Achaea 304 fig. 328c (Kallithea). A similar type of razor from Perati Tomb 152 can be dated by context to LH IIIC 1 (cf. Perati pl. 52b, 282 fig. 124:M 17).

⁹¹ BSA 69 (1974) 230 fig. 18:6, 7 (T. 4), 241 fig. 25:6 (T. 3).

⁹² ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 153 fig. 76:16. The type seems to be forgotten after this period. There is no close relation to the type with a long, thin butt without rivets.

⁹³ ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 112 fig. 93, 164 fig. 167; ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 181 fig. 106; Pernti 282 fig. 124 M 157, pl. 128c; Achaea 272 fig. 296b, 304 fig. 328b. Langada T. 11, Ialysos NT 32 and Perati T. 123 examples are found with distinctive bow-legged tweezers.

⁹⁴ Buchholz, H.G., JdI 77 (1962) 11 fig. 7, 22 fig. 13q.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Tarsus II fig. 427:86–91; Boehmer, R.E., Boǧazköy-Hattuša VIII, Die Kleinfunde von Boǧazköy (Berlin 1972)Google Scholar pls. 26:810–816, 27:825–829, 28:850–851; H. Erkanal, PBF IX:8 pl. 16:24–31.

⁹⁶ ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 220 fig. 142:4787; R.A.J. Avila, PBF V:i pl. 28:758a.

⁹⁷ H.G. Buchholz, op. cit. 11 fig. 7, 25 fig. 15f.

⁹⁸ ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 153 fig. 76:16.

⁹⁹ H.G. Buchholz, op. cit. 11 fig. 7.

¹⁰⁰ ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 220 fig. 142.

¹⁰¹ ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 164 fig. 167 middle row, far left.

¹⁰² Tarsus II 291 no. 83, fig. 427:83.

¹⁰³ Furumark, MP 591.

¹⁰⁴ As will be seen from the catalogues of Aström for the Late Bronze Age pottery at Cyprus, approximately 400 specimens of this type of small three-handled jar were found on the island (cf. SCE IV: IC 292ff).

¹⁰⁵ Athens-Agora XIII pls. 51:3, 65:XXXVII–I (T. 37).

¹⁰⁶ CVA Cyprus, Private Collections I pl. 25:2.

¹⁰⁷ Brants, J., Description of the Classical Collection of the Museum of Archaeology of Leiden Part:II- Greek Vases (The Hague 1930) pl. 4:9.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Athens-Agora XIII pl. 37:4.

¹⁰⁹ ChT. pl. 45:7.

¹¹⁰ Tiryns VI pl. 15:3 right.

¹¹¹ Prosymna figs. 174:296, 473:924, 516:18.

¹¹² Alt-Aegina IV: 1 pl. 26:248.

¹¹³ CVA British Museum I pl. 1:41.

¹¹⁴ ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66), figs. 37 and 40 right.

¹¹⁵ CVA Cyprus Museum I pl. 17:9; CVA Cyprus, Private Collections I pl. 15:2.

¹¹⁶ Furumark, MP 591 ff.

¹¹⁷ cf. Furumark, MP 43; Prosymna 420; Achaea 260. There seems to be regional variation in the frequency of this shape. For example, 16 specimens of LH IIIA-IIIB were found at Müskebi in 47 tombs. On the other hand, there are ten examples of FS 84/85 and eight examples of FS 94/95 in LH IIIA-IIIB at Ialysos from 126 tombs. Both in Rhodes and Kos the number greatly increases in LH IIIC (31 for Ialysos, 35 for Eleona and Langada).

¹¹⁸ For the closest parallels see CVA Cyprus, Private Collections I pl. 32:1; Boysal, Katalog pl. 26:4.

¹¹⁹ cf. ASAtene 6–7 (1923–4) 226 fig. 143:3 (Ialysos, NT 59. FS 8); ASAtene 13–14 (1930–31), 305 fig. 51 (Ialysos NT 79, FS 34); Prosymna fig. 126:234, 257 (T. 21).

¹²⁰ Tiryns VI pl. 15:2.

¹²¹ CVA British Museum I pl. 4:8, 11.

¹²² CVA Cyprus Museum I pl. 24:6.

¹²³ MPL pl. XIV: 7

¹²⁴ CVA Heidelberg 3 pl. 99:3.

¹²⁵ Furumark, MP 627 f.

¹²⁶ Over 30 specimens of tall and short varieties of this shape were found in Attica (cf. BSA 42 (1947) 27–28 pls. 4–6; Athens-Agora XIII 127–128, pls. 66–67; Attica 267–269, pl. 20.

¹²⁷ cf. Attica pl. XX:293 (Vourvatsi); Athens-Agora XIII pl. 56:1 (T. 32).

¹²⁸ Prosymna figs. 255:656, 296:715 (Tombs 34 and 37); ChT. pl. 57:11 (T. 533:11).

¹²⁹ CVA Copenhagen II pl. 53:9–12.

¹³⁰ cf. BSA 42 (1947) 27, 62–63.

¹³¹ cf. CVA Copenhagen II pl. 53:9; BSA 60 (1965) 182 fig. 8:17; Boysal, Katalog pl. 27:4, 28:2, 3; Athens-Agora XIII pl. 56:1.

¹³² See n. 128 above.

¹³³ BSA 42 (1947) pls. 4:4, 7:4; Athens-Agora XIII pls. 42:2 (T.10), 56:1 (T. 32).

¹³⁴ ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 204 fig. 127:11 (Ialysos NT 48); CVA Copenhagaen II Pl. 53:9 (Siana).

¹³⁵ For FS 256 and 257 kylikes see BSA 60 (1965) figs. 2, 3 and 7; Athens-Agora XIII pl. 67:426; MDP 88 fig. 106:1, 88 fig. 107:1, 2.

¹³⁶ BSA 59 (1964) 246 fig. 2:1–10; MDP 65 fig. 75.

¹³⁷ BSA 60 (1965) 176.

¹³⁸ prosymna figs. 103:338, 157:424 (Tombs 17 and 424). The last piece was classified in FS 255 by Mountjoy (cf. MDP 65 fig. 75:2).

¹³⁹ Tiryns VI pl. 14:1 (FS 264 according to W. Rudolph, op. cit. 31).

¹⁴⁰ ADell 23 (1968) pl. 76c (FS 257 according to K. Demakopoulou, op. cit. 173).

¹⁴¹ CVA British Museum 5 pl. 5:25 (Ialysos OT 24) (FS 255, MP 628); ASAtene 13–14 (1930–31) 298 fig. 43 (Ialysos NT 74) (FS 256 according to C. Mee, cf. Rhodes 135).

¹⁴² Furumark, MP 267; MDP 253.

¹⁴³ ASAtene 6–7 (1923–24) 146 fig. 66 (FS 35).

¹⁴⁴ They often have blob fills in each corner, but they may be solid, cf. MDP 52. For the similar example see, Prosymna fig. 724.

¹⁴⁵ Troy i fig. 386; Schliemann, H., Ilios. The City and Country of Trojans (London 1880)Google Scholar no. 348 (Troy II), nos. 1240, 1245 (Troy IV); Alaca Höyük 1940–48 pls. 110 (Level IV, c. 2000–1750 BC), 11 and 105 (Level III, 1750–1450 BC); Bilgi, Ö., Anadolu'da Matara Biçimli Kaplar (Istanbul 1982) 14Google Scholar Table 8:2 Fischer, F., Boǧazköy-Hattuša IV. Die Hethitische Keramik von Boǧazköy (Berlin 1963)Google Scholar pl. 48:471 (Büyükkale IVC, 1750–1400 BC).

¹⁴⁶ Troy iii fig. 322; AS 5 (1955) 71 fig. 14:1–3- The type with two additional small handles on same side as vertical handle from Late VI settlement (Troy iii fig. 322 nos. 34.1194, 35.608) is not found in other parts of Anatolia and seems to be local Trojan. Unfortunately, fragments of flasks from Vila and b settlements give no evidence for the whole shape (cf. Troy iv figs. 230, 273:1–8).

¹⁴⁷ Fischer, op. cit. 53.

¹⁴⁸ Fischer, op. cit. pls. 48:471 (Büyükkale IVC, 1750–1400 BC), 46:474 (Büyükkale IVA, 1300–1275 BC), 47:472, 473 (Büyükkale IVA–III, 1300–1200 BC).

¹⁴⁹ SCE iv 168 fig. 51:1.

¹⁵⁰ ibid. 190.

¹⁵¹ Schaeffer, C.F.A., Ugaritica III (Paris 1956) 234 no. 4.Google Scholar

¹⁵² Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin 5 (1969) 19.

¹⁵³ SCE i pl. 77 row 3:9 (LC IIB-C) (Enkomi T.3); Gjerstad, E., Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus (Uppsala 1926) 203Google Scholar Red Lustrous III Ware, 3b (LC IIA-B) (Enkomi T. 43); Enkomi pl. 206:34(264), 229:1(264) (belongs to burial phase III, group four, LC IIA-B) (Lnkomi 1.10); Hala Suttan lekke 1 pl. 61:139, 82:139 (includes LH IIIA 2–IIIB material) (HST T. 12).

¹⁵⁴ Such as a relatively short neck, bulbous body, a plastic ridge at the junction of two sides, and high loop handles on either side of shoulder are characteristics of Panaztepe example. Four and three body-handle fragments belonging to difTerent flasks were found in the surveys of Panaztepe cemetery before the excavation and Çirakhtepe near Pitane by Dr. Güven Bakir in 1984. For the prehistory of Pitane, see AJA 67 (1963) 189; AR (1964–65) 36.

¹⁵⁵ Troy iii figs. 357 no. 15, 429 no. 4 (Red Washed Wares).

¹⁵⁶ ibid. fig. 326 onwards. About 182 kraters were identified in fragments used as cinerary urns in this cemetery (cf. p. 375). Similar type of krater was recently found at Beşik Tepe cemetery (see AA (1986) 319 fig. 10).

¹⁵⁷ Troy iv figs. 234:37.1184, 35.461, 249:35461 (VIIa); examples of Vllb are not illustrated.

¹⁵⁸ Troy iii 16 and fig. 382.

¹⁵⁹ ibid. 209 and fig. 383.

¹⁶⁰ ibid. 16 and figs. 314–315, 324, 331.

¹⁶¹ ibid. figs. 404–405, 414, 422.

¹⁶² AS 28 (1978) 146; ‘The Mycenaeans and Troy’ in The Trojan War, its Historicity and Context (eds. Foxhall, L.–Davis, A.) (Bristol 1984) 45.Google Scholar

¹⁶³ Troy iii figs. 314:34.268, 324:34.281, 331:34.267.

¹⁶⁴ ibid. 23; AS 28 (1978) 147.

¹⁶⁵ Troy iv 8–12.

¹⁶⁶ Antiquity 37 (1963) 7; AS 28 (1978) 147; cf. Troy iv figs. 243:19–21, 244:3, 245:1–2, 246:14, 30, 34.

¹⁶⁷ Schachermeyr, F., Poseidon und die Entstehung des Griechischen Götterglaubens (Salzburg 1950) 189ffGoogle Scholar; Schachermeyr, F., Ägäische Frühzeit V, Die Levant im Zeitalter der Wanderungen (Wien 1981) 96 n. 9.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Gurney, O.B., The Hittites (London 1952) 58Google Scholar; Akurgal, E., Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey (Istanbul 1978) 60Google Scholar; Akurgal, E., Alt-Smyrna I (Ankara 1983) 3.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁹ Milojčič, V., AA 63–64 (1948–1949) 14–15Google Scholar; Starr, C.G., The Origins of Greek Civilization, 1100–650 BC (London 1962) 66 ffGoogle Scholar; Nylander, C., Antiquity 37 (1963) 9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Akurgal, E., AltSmyrna I (Ankara 1983) 4–7.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁰ Hesperia 33 (1964) 366–380; Mylonas, G., Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age (Princeton 1966) 224–229.Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ Coarse Ware in VIIb 1 settlement at Troy and Mycenaean centres after the destruction constitute only a fraction − 0.1 % – of the pottery as a whole. There is close similarity between the hand-made material decorated with piecrust cordons at Troy VIIb 1 (cf. Troy iv pls. 284, 286) and Menelaion/Sparta (cf. BSA 76 (1981) figs. 2, 4). See also Rutter, J. in AJA 79 (1975) 23 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁷² A new theory, the destructions caused by an earthquake at the end of LH IIIB 2 was proposed by Kilian, Demakopoulou and Aström after the recent excavations at Tiryns and Dendra, cf. Kilian, K., JbRGZMusMainz 27 (1980) 171, 183 and 185Google Scholar; AR 1984–85 20; Aström, P.–Demakopoulou, K., OpAth 14 (1986) 19, 20 n. 5 and 6.Google Scholar See also Taylour, W.D., French, E.B., Wardle, K.A., ‘Well Built Mycenae’ Fase. 1 (Warminster 1981) 9.Google Scholar

¹⁷³ Troy iv fig. 276a, b.

¹⁷⁴ ibid. 146, fig. 277, 18 and 27, fig. 278:12 and 18.

¹⁷⁵ ibid. 146, fig. 279:4a, b, 12–14a, c.

¹⁷⁶ Sandars, N., ‘From Bronze Age to Iron Age: a sequel to a sequel’ in The European Community in Later Prehistory, Studies in Honour of C.F.C. Hawkes (eds. Boardman, J.Brown, M.A. and Powell, T.G.E.) (London 1971) 18.Google Scholar See also Gray, , JHS 82 (1962) 196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷⁷ Podzuweit, C., ‘Die Mykenische Welt und Troja’ in Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa I (Berlin 1982) 79 fig. 34.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁸ Prosymna 120 fig. 481:938, 127 fig. 508:81 (shape), 73 fig. 307:728 (decoration); ChT. pl. 11:7 (decoration); Tiryns VI pl. 17:2 (decoration).

¹⁷⁹ C. Podzuweit, op. cit. 75–83 and fig. 4. On contrary to this suggestion see Korfmann, M., ‘Beşik Tepe: New Evidence for the Period of the Trojan Sixth and Seventh Settlements’ in Troy and the Trojan War (ed. Mellink, M.J.) (Bryn Mawr 1986) 27.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁰ For similar chronology of Troy see also Smirnova, G.I., ‘Basic Chronology of the Pre-Scythian Sites in the South-West of the USSR’ in SovArch 1985 43 fig. 4.Google Scholar

¹⁸¹ Troy iii fig. 334.

¹⁸² ibid. fig. 326:34.273 and fig. 336.

¹⁸³ Troy iv fig. 215 B 29 and fig. 229:33.136.

¹⁸⁴ ibid. 32–33; Troy iii 57–58, fig. 320:37.1052, 34.366 341:34.269.

¹⁸⁵ The Mycenaean material from the recent excavations of Clazomenae will be published by the present author, soon.

¹⁸⁶ Furumark, , MP 31, 602 (FS 114).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁷ Troy iv fig. 239 no. 5 (Tan Ware).

¹⁸⁸ ibid. 93, fig. 233:34.343.

¹⁸⁹ ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 59 fig. 31.

¹⁹⁰ Troy iv fig. 264:38.1095.

¹⁹¹ ibid. 171.

¹⁹² AS 5 (1955) 73 fig. 15:5–6.

¹⁹³ ASAtene 43–44 (1965–66) 223 fig. 239:189, 258 fig. 284, lower row, middle. Small globular amphoriskoi (FS 59–62) have a great popularity in Dodecanese (cf. LMTS 8, Rhodes 36–38).

¹⁹⁴ Furumark, MP 594–95, FS 58:6, 7; CVA British Museum 5 Pl. 9:14.

¹⁹⁵ The results of the spectrographic analysis of Mycenaean material from Rhodes and Cyprus from 14th and 13th centuries have proved that 90 % of material was imported from the Argolid. In the 12th century BC, however, the position was completely reversed. The Mycenaean material was produced on Rhodes, and Cyprus, , cf. BSA 60 (1965) 212–224Google Scholar; JFA 5 (1978) 461, 468–470; Jones, R.E., Greek and Cypriote Pottery, a Review of Scientific Studies (London 1986) 516–519.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁶ TürkArkDerg 13/2 (1964) 81–85; Anatolia XI (1967) 1–56; AS 19 (1969) 11–12; Desborough, V.R. d'A., The Greek Dark Ages (London 1972) 365.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁷ No account of the cemetery excavation has been published. The contents of the tombs, which were lost during the course of the Second World War in Berlin, have been dated to LH IIIB to IIIC by Furumark and Stubbings (cf. OpArch 6 (1950) 202; MPL 23).

¹⁹⁸ Mellaart, J., ‘Troy VII A in Anatolian Perspective’ in The Trojan War (eds. Foxhall, L.–Davies, J. K.) (Bristol 1984) 71.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁹ Anatolia XI (1967) pl. 22; AS 28 (1978) 125.

²⁰⁰ AS 19 (1969) 73 and fig. 19:18, 19.

²⁰¹ Anatolia XI (1967) 46–47 and pls. 31, 32.

²⁰² Boehlau, J.–Schefold, K., Larisa am Hermos III– Die Kleinfunde (Berlin 1942) 169 and pl. 57: 1.Google Scholar

²⁰³ BASOR 186 (1967) 25 fig. 9, 26 fig. 10:13.

²⁰⁴ LH IIIB deep bowl (FS 284 A) fragment with triglyph pattern (FM 75) has been found by Dr. R. Meriç in his surveys of Hermos plain at this site. I am very much indebted to him for allowing me to mention this find.