¹ The field-work for this study was carried out between 1974 and 1978 and was funded by a grant from the Office of International Programs at the University of Minnesota. The author wishes to thank the Managing Committee of the British School at Athens for permission to publish the Protogeometric sherds from Amyclae and Sparta now housed in the Sparta Museum and in the British School at Athens. In this he was helped greatly by George Steinhauer, former Ephor at Sparta, and by C. B. Mee at the British School. He is indebted to James McCredie, former Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens for permission to publish the sherds from Amyclae in the School's collection. He is also indebted to Professor A. M. Snodgrass for permission to publish the sherds in the collection of the Museum of Classical Archaeology at Cambridge and to R. V. Nicholls, Keeper of the Antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum. He was also helped by Ann Brown and Michael Vickers at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and has benefited greatly from advice given by Paul Cartledge on the improvement of this manuscript.

² In addition to the standard abbreviations, the following are used:

AO Droop, J. P., ‘The Laconian Pottery’, in Dawkins, R. M., The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta (London 1929) 52–116.Google Scholar

DAG Snodgrass, A. M., The Dark Age of Greece (Edinburgh 1971).Google Scholar

Early Sparta Cartledge, P. A., ‘Early Sparta ca. 950–650 B.C.: An Archaeological and Historical Study’, D.Phil, thesis, Oxford (1975).Google Scholar

GDA Desborough, V. R. d'A., The Greek Dark Ages (London 1972).Google Scholar

GG Coldstream, J. N., Geometric Greece (London 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LSTS Desborough, , The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors (Oxford 1964).Google Scholar

Nichoria III McDonald, W. A., Coulson, W. D. E., and Rosser, J., Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece III, Dark Age and Byzantine Occupation (Minneapolis 1983).Google Scholar

SL Cartledge, , Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History 1300–362 B.C. (London 1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

VA (Buschor, E. and) von Massow, W., ‘Von Amyklaion’, AM 52 (1927) 46–9.Google Scholar

³ Amyclae is situated on the right bank of the Eurotas River some three miles south of Sparta.

⁴ GDA 11–12, 242–3. Desborough was, of course, con strained by the time limits set by the series in which his work was published, specifically by the fact that his book is followed by Coldstream's Geometric Greece which begins c. 900 BC. There are various provincial sites, such as Nichoria, where DA characteristics continue well into, the eighth century BC.

⁵ Lane, in fact, dismisses Spartan PG with the words, ‘… nor do I think the mass of characterless fragments would yield much to the most patient investigator’; cf. Lane, E. A., ‘Lakonian Vase-Painting’, BSA 34 (1933–1934) 101.Google Scholar

⁶ Tsountas, Ch., ‘From the Amyklaion’, AE 1892, 1–26.Google Scholar Tsountas's material is now located in Trays 550, 693, 794, 796–802 in the Sparta Museum. Eleven sherds from Tray 798 are DA (5, 57, 134–6, 200–5). The miniature hydria (Sparta Museum, no. 791 (i)) is a stray find from Amyclae; cf. VA 47 fig. 27.

⁷ Fiechter, E., ‘Amyklae’, Jdl 33 (1918) 107 ff.Google Scholar

⁸ Ibid. 125–8; also, Skias, N., ‘Excavation at Amyklae’, PAE 1907, 52, 60–1, 104–7.Google Scholar There is now no record in the Sparta Museum of the location of the sherds excavated by Furtwängler and Fiechter. Tray 162, whose contents are labelled as coming from Amyclae, contains twenty-one clearly recognizable DA sherds (15, 182, 184–99, 404–5, 478), and these may well have been a product of the 1904 and 1907 excavations.

⁹ VA 46–9. The DA sherds from these excavations are now located in Trays 2637 and 2640 α–γ. Over 1,000 were excavated, but only some 700 now remain. The majority are monochrome black-coated body sherds. Tray 2637 contains sixty-eight diagnostic pieces, consisting of monochrome-coated rims, handles, and bases. Tray 2640 γ contains forty-three similar diagnostic sherds, and 2640 α holds two decorated DA rims (38, 137). Of those published in VA pls. 2–3, only 7, 12, and 18 can now be found in Tray 2637 and 13 in Tray 2640 α. The rest can either no longer be found or are in unnumbered trays (pls. 2.9–11, 14–16, 19–23; 3.3, 10–11). It is possible that the sherds published in CVA Heidelberg 3 pl. 134. 1–2, and CVA Mainz 1 pl. 22 may also come from either the 1904–7 or the 1925 excavations, although this is uncertain. Earlier, in the summer of 1894, Wide had picked up some supposedly PG sherds at Amyclae; cf. Wide, S., ‘Geometric Vasen aus Greichenland’, Jdl 14 (1899) 84.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Furtwängler had earlier suggested that some of the material excavated in 1904 might be PG; cf. Jdl 33 (1918) 127.

¹¹ VA 24–33.

¹² Early Sparta 85–7; SL 81–3 and fig. 10. Also, GDA 240–1.

¹³ VA 14. Also, AO 66 n. 16.

¹⁴ For a discussion of the pottery from the Acropolis, see Droop, J. P. ‘Sparta. Pottery from the Acropolis’, BSA 28 (1926–1927) 49–81, esp. 50–5.Google Scholar Both Desborough, PGP 318 and GDA 377, and Coldstream, GGP 407, consider the Acropolis a settlement, but Cartledge, Early Sparta 85 n. 12 believes the excavated material to be almost certainly entirely cultic in nature. If so, this material might be related in some way with the Sanctuary of Athena Chalkioikos on the western spur. For the excavations at the sanctuary, see Dickins, G., ‘Sparta. The Hieron of Athena Chalkioikos’, BSA 13 (1906–1907) 137–54.Google Scholar The majority of the sherds from Dickins's 1907 campaign at the Sanctuary of Athena Chalkioikos are located in Tray 2455 in the Sparta Museum. This tray is labelled ‘Athena Chalkioikos, S.E. corner of terrace wall (13/iv/07)’, and contains, amongst some Geometric material, five DA sherds (120, 259–62). Tray 2459 is labelled ‘Athena Chalkioikos, above and below terrace wall’, but no date is given, so it is unclear whether its contents are from the season of 1907 or the supplementary one of 1908. For the 1908 season, see Dickins, , ‘Excavations at Sparta, 1908’, BSA 14 (1907–1908) 142–6.Google Scholar Amongst some Geometric material, Tray 2459 contains three recognizable DA sherds (119, 175, 293). The later 1924–7 seasons on the Acropolis produced much Geometric material contained in twenty-five trays in the Sparta Museum, of which Tray 2944 contains five DA sherds (52, 67, 75, 143, 265). Tray 3066 from the theatre (SW) on the Acropolis contains one DA sherd (284) which may be considered as a stray from the Acropolis. A second tray, now unlabelled, was found stacked above Tray 3058 whose contents are also from the theatre (SW). The proximity of the two trays suggests that the unlabelled one may also contain sherds from the theatre. It contains one fine DA sherd (17); if from the theatre, it, too, may be considered as a stray from the Acropolis. For the 1924–7 seasons on the Acropolis, see Woodward, A. M. and Hobling, M. B., ‘Sparta. The Acropolis’, BSA 26 (1923–1925) 240–52Google Scholar (seasons of 1924 and 1925); Woodward, , ‘Sparta. The Acropolis’, BSA 28 (1926–1927) 37–48Google Scholar (seasons of 1926–7).

¹⁵ For excavations at the Heroön, see Wace, A. J. B., ‘Sparta, The Heroön’, BSA 12 (1905–1906) 288–94.Google Scholar Wace mentions that the pottery comprised, in part, ‘Geometric’ sherds. Desborough, ‘What is Protogeometric?’ BSA 43 (1948) 268, first identified as PG a large skyphos fragment (13) from the Heroön, subsequently published by Coldstream, GGP pl. 46c. This is now located in Tray 2577 in the Sparta Museum. The same tray also holds four other DA sherds (20, 251–2, 311). The Museum has on display the well-known oinochoe (452) from the Heroön first illustrated by Droop, in AO 58 fig. 32, and subsequently by Coldstream, GGP pl. 46b, and Snodgrass, DAG 88 fig. 45.

¹⁶ In 1950, Sylvia Benton identified two sherds said to be found at the Orthia sanctuary as unquestionably PG; cf. Benton, S., ‘Dating of Horses and Stands and Spectacle Fibulae’, JHS 70 (1950) 22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Droop had already identified ‘Amyklaion’ ware at Orthia but thought that this ‘Amyklaion’ style was the earliest form taken by the Geometric ware in Laconia; cf. Droop, , BSA 13 (1906–1907) 123–4Google Scholar; AO 60–3 and 65 fig. 39a–b. Tray 2349 in the Sparta Museum contains, amongst other Geometric material, three DA sherds (50, 142, 154). Likewise, Tray 2360 contains seven DA sherds (15, 49, 51, 170, 254–5, 380), and an unnumbered tray contains two DA sherds (253, 312) from Orthia.

¹⁷ BSA 43 (1948) 268. On pp. 267–8 Desborough, for the first time, discusses the decoration on the pottery from Amyclae. He calls it, in effect, a simple linear system which is geometric in spirit. Since it does foreshadow to a certain extent the succeeding Geometric style, he feels justified in calling it PG, although it has no obvious relation to other PG styles.

¹⁸ The Menelaion has, as yet, produced no DA, or PG, material. Cartledge, Early Sparta 85, does, however, identify one piece among the Geometric material from the Menelaion in Tray 2431 in the Sparta Museum that could conceivably be classified as PG, but this sherd could equally well be LG or even possibly have been misplaced from other trays. Drawer C 01 of the collection of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens contains three sherds reputedly from the Menelaion (ASCS site 0–001); one is a rim fragment with cross-hatching on the exterior, the second is a body fragment with linked cross-hatched diamonds, and the third is also a body fragment with a wavy line between black bands. These sherds are housed in a drawer which is partitioned, and an adjacent section holds sherds of similar type from Amyclae. It is likely, therefore, that these three sherds have somehow become misplaced from the Amyclae section. The Menelaion section at the American School also contains seven fragmentary ribbed kylix stems, but these could equally well be considered Late Mycenaean as Dark Age. For a discussion of the survival of ribbed kylixes into DA times, see Nichoria III 69–70, 82–3, 94.

¹⁹ PGP 283–90, esp. 290.

²⁰ GDA 241.

²¹ PGP pl. 38, I–II (Ashmolean) and 12–15 (MCA, Cambridge). Earlier, in 1930, Lamb had published the material in the Fitzwilliam Museum and had tentatively suggested that one sherd from the Orthia sanctuary might be PG; cf. CVA Cambridge 1 pl. 3.1. Additional DA in the Fitzwilliam from Orthia can now be identified in pl. 3.2–3; and, from Amyclae in pl. 3.80–5, 87–95. In addition, the Fitzwilliam has a miniature skyphos from Amyclae (180) which was not published by Lamb.

²² Hampe, R. and Simon, E., CVA Mainz 1 (Deutschl. 15, 1959) pl. 2.2Google Scholar, rim fragment of a cup.

²³ Canciani, F., CVA Heidelberg 3 (Deutschl. 27, 1966) pl. 134.1–11Google Scholar, 13–19, 21–2. Nos. 12, 20, and 23 are Geometric. Nos. 1–2, 4, 6–9, 11, 14, 17, 19 are illustrated with profiles; cf. pp. 95–9, figs. 23–33. Subsequently, Coldstream published profiles of VA pls. 2.9; 3.10–11 (GGP pl. 46a) and pl. 2.13 (GGP pl. 46d); these are reused by Cartledge, Early Sparta figs. 8, 9.

²⁴ GGP 212–13. For other accounts, see DAG 87–9, 130–1; GDA 240–3; GG 157–60.

²⁵ Early Sparta 87–94; a briefer account appears in SL 82–6.

²⁶ Hitherto only thirteen profiles have been published, eleven by Canciani and two by Coldstream (see n. 23 above).

²⁷ Nichoria III ch. 3.

²⁸ For the location of the sherds in the Spartan Museum, see nn. 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16 above.

²⁹ Box 0.3 in the sherd collection of the British School contains 116 DA sherds from Amyclae, of which ninety have been catalogued. Tray no. 7 of the Museum at the British School contains an additional fifty-two sherds from Amyclae, of which fifty have been catalogued, and two sherds (266, 267) of unknown provenience in Sparta and one ribbed stem (358) from the Orthia sanctuary.

³⁰ The American School in its collection has ninety-four sherds from Amyclae, of which eighty-five have been cata logued. The Amyclae material is located in drawer C 01 of the sherd collection. The ASCS site number for Amyclae is 0–003.

³¹ The Museum of Classical Archaeology (MCA) in Cambridge houses eight sherds from Amyclae and one of unknown provenience in Sparta in drawer 6. A further forty-seven sherds from Amyclae are located in drawer 31. All sherds from Amyclae have a general inventory number of 57. Drawer 31 also contains seven sherds from Artemis Orthia, eight from Athena Chalkioikos, and one from the Heroön. All these sherds were transferred to the MCA in 1923 from the Fitzwilliam and thus have the same general inventory numbers (57 for Amyclae; 1/23 O:g for Orthia; 1/23 CH:g for Chalkioikos, and 1/23 CH for the Heroön) as those in the Fitzwilliam. Those from Orthia in drawer 31 with nos. SP. 1. and SP.7. were published by Desborough, PGP pl. 38, 12 (SP.1), 14 (SP.7).

³² For the publication of the sherds in the Fitzwilliam, see n. 21 above. Of these, sixteen are from Amyclae and were given to the Museum by Wace in 1907, shortly after his excavations at the Heroön. All have the general inventory number of 57 as do the ones which were later transferred to the MCA. Three sherds are from Artemis Orthia; these have 1923 inventory numbers. Evidently, 1923 was the year when some sherds were transferred and others inventoried; it was also the year when the majority of the Spartan DA sherds in the Ashmolean were also inventoried. Whether or not this is a coincidence or reflects some further distribution of the Spartan material is now impossible to tell (see also n. 33, below).

³³ The Ashmolean's collection contains two DA sherds from Amyclae with a 1909 inventory number, two with a 1922 number, and six with a 1962 number. A greater number of sherds, however, fifteen in all, come from Athena Chalkioikos and have a 1923 inventory number. These may have perhaps been from Dickins's 1907–8 campaigns. There are also three sherds from Orthia and two of unknown provenance in Sparta with a 1923 number.

³⁴ Waterhouse, H. and Simpson, R. Hope, ‘Prehistoric Laconia: Part II’ BSA 56 (1961) 115Google Scholar fig. 2a–b. Fig. 2a is a neck-handled amphora, and Fig. 2b a hydria. These vases are also discussed in GGP 213, and illustrated in Early Sparta 85 fig. 2 and SL 85 fig. 11.

³⁵ Waterhouse and Simpson, Hope, ‘Prehistoric Laconia: Part I’, BSA 55 (1960) 87 pl. 22b.10.Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid. pl. 22b.12. DA sherds may also have been found at the Temple of Apollo Hyperteleatas at Phoiniki; cf. Skeat, T. C., The Dorians in Archaeology (London 1934) 34 n. 4Google Scholar; Early Sparta 85.

³⁷ McDonald, W. A. and Simpson, R. Hope, ‘Prehistoric Habitation in the Southwest Peloponnese’, AJA 65 (1961) 255 no. MCrossRefGoogle Scholar; also mentioned in GDA 254; Early Sparta 85.

³⁸ The material from Volimnos will be included in a forthcoming study by the author on the DA pottery of Messenia.

³⁹ Early Sparta 87–8; for Canciani, see n. 23 above.

⁴⁰ Colours identified according to the Munsell Soil Color Charts (Baltimore 1975).

⁴¹ These figures accord well with those estimated by Cartledge, although he puts the proportion of slipless pieces at Orthia at 7 per cent; cf. Cartledge, Early Sparta 87. These percentages correspond roughly with the proportions found in the Geometric pottery from the Acropolis and Orthia. It must be kept in mind, however, that the number of DA sherds from the Acropolis and Orthia is considerably less than that from Amyclae, and that these estimated percentages are based on the random accident of preservation and thus may not be wholly accurate.

⁴² BSA 12 (1905–6) 291; also PGP 284; Early Sparta 87. Wace and other scholars use the term ‘glaze’, but this is an incorrect use of the word. True glaze, in the modern sense, was not used until Byzantine times, and the application on the Spartan DA sherds should rather be called a paint. For a good general discussion of glazes, see Nelson, E. G., Ceramics ⁴ (New York 1978) 165–92.Google Scholar

⁴³ Droop AO 66 n. 16. Cartledge, Early Sparta 87, suggests that the reason for such hard firing was to ensure that the paint did not crack or rub off. This would be of special concern if the vases were not slipped, since the slip prepares the surface for the paint and forms a protective covering against the clay itself.

⁴⁴ The term ‘skyphos’ has been derived from the ancient Greek σκύθος meaning a cup or can (cf. LSJ, s.v. σκύθος. The use of this name to refer to a two-handled cup-like vase is a modern one. Likewise, the other names (bowls, kraters, cups) used throughout are also modern and by no means always correspond to the uses made of these vases in antiquity.

⁴⁵ The best example from Nichoria is P1584; cf. Nichoria III fig. 3–28. This vase is from Burial B of the small DA tholos in the area of Lakkoules. For its initial publication, see Choremis, A., ‘Mycenaean and Protogeometric Tombs in Karpofora’, AE 1973, 25–74Google Scholar no. 623 pl. 35 ξ.

⁴⁶ This deep shape is not to be confused with the deep bellied skyphos described by both Coldstream, GGP 213 and pl. 46a, and Cartledge, Early Sparta 88–9 and fig. 8. This latter has a tall upper body which makes a sharp bend, or carination, inwards just below the handles and, accordingly, is classified here as a carinated skyphos and discussed under section II.

⁴⁷ Type A1 rims are similar to those of Type A of DA I at Nichoria, most especially Type A3 there. Those of A2 are paralleled by Type B of DA I at Nichoria, and those of Types B1 and B2 by Type C of DA I; cf. Nichoria III fig. 3–2. Type A and B rims of DA II at Nichoria are also similar; cf. Nichoria III fig. 3–16.

⁴⁸ Nichoria III, 66–7.

⁴⁹ Cf. FS 285, 286. FS = Furumark shape; cf. Furumark, A., The Mycenaean Pottery: Analysis and Classification (Stockholm 1941; reprinted 1972) 49 fig. 14.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Nichoria: the best examples are Shapes 1–2 of DA I and Shapes 3, 6, and 8 of DA II; cf. Nichoria III figs. 3–6 to 3–7 and 3–23 to 3–27. Ramovouni-Dorion: Karageorga, T., ‘Excavations in the Region of Ancient Dorion’, AE 1972, 18 pl. 20.2.Google Scholar Aëtos: Heurtley, W. A., ‘Excavations in Ithaca I’, BSA 33 (1932–1933) 40–1.Google Scholar Polis Cave: Benton, , ‘Excavations in Ithaca III: The Cave at Polis II’, BSA 39 (1938–1939) 8–17Google Scholar, M20. Lakkithra: Marinatos, S., ‘The Excavations Geokoop in Kephallenia’, AE 1932, 1–47 pl. 11.Google Scholar Mazarakata: Argostolion Museum nos. 68 and 77 (unpublished). Other examples occur at Malthi; cf. Valmin, N., The Swedish Messenia Expedition (Lund 1938) 325 fig. 69Google Scholar (now lost). These deep bowls are ultimately descended from the Granary Class at Mycenae; cf. BSA 25 (1921–3) 33 fig. 9; LMTS, pl. 12.

⁵¹ Nichoria III 67–8, 76–9.

⁵² Cross-hatched diamonds by themselves are found at Nichoria, Kaphirio, and Aëtos, but it is the specific combination of the diamond with the triangle that is an especial Spartan feature; cf. Nichoria III 78, motif 13.

⁵³ Nichoria III 78, fig. 3–25.

⁵⁴ Cf. esp. to P600, 677 8, 922, 971, and 1005 at Nichoria; cf. Nichoria III 78 motif 10. The device of the metopal panel also occurs at Nichoria; sec P629 pl. 3–67.

⁵⁵ For Kaphirio, see McDonald, and Simpson, Hope, AJA 65 (1961) 248 no. 75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; GGP 222. In 1959 McDonald and Yalouris conducted at Kaphirio a test excavation which yielded a good group of sherds now housed in the Kalamata Museum. These will be published in a forthcoming work by the author on the DA Pottery of Messenia.

⁵⁶ Nichoria III 77, motif 58 and the illustrations cited there.

⁵⁷ Elsewhere in Laconia, double wolf's tooth (with fragments of vertical lines of a triglyph (?) above) also appears on a sherd from Apidia; cf. BSA 55 (1960) pl. 22b.12.

⁵⁸ PGP 289. The clay of 13 is rather flaky and does not have the hard, brittle texture of so much of the material from Amyclae and Sparta; neither does the paint have the usual metallic character.

⁵⁹ VA pl. 3.19 (now lost) also has the decorative motif of linked hatched triangles and in shape appears to belong to the group represented by Type B2, as do VA pl. 3.22–4 which have linked cross-hatched triangles (3.22), a cross-hatched triangle in a larger diamond (?) (3.23), and the fragment of a metopal panel (3.24). The motif of linked triangles (i.e. in a row and not in metopal panels) appears particularly suited to the curved and rather squat shape represented by 38 and VA pl. 3.19.

⁶⁰ FS 305. A good summary of the development of bowls and skyphoi is given in GDA 39 and fig. 9. See also Nichoria III 66–7.

⁶¹ Such bevelled rims are straight in shape with a grooved lip. Examples come from Amyclae and can be found in Tray 2640 at the Sparta Museum and in Tray no. 7 of the Museum of the British School (no. 103 and two others unnumbered). These have alternating thin blackish-brown bands below the rim; on BSA no. 103, below these black bands are the fragments of four vertical lines (part of triglyph?).

⁶² The groove on 42 is also undecorated, thus emphasizing its position as a divider. Grooves are usually filled with black paint and not left undecorated.

⁶³ Nichoria III fig. 3–29.

⁶⁴ Nichoria III fig. 3–23.

⁶⁵ For Kaphirio, see n. 55, above.

⁶⁶ In the present classification, it is Type E which is called by Coldstream and Cartledge a deep-bellied skyphos. For discussion, see n. 46, above.

⁶⁷ A detailed discussion of the development and spread of such decorative motifs occurs in Nichoria III 78. 9, and Table 3–7.

⁶⁸ The Tegea fragment has preserved only the upper register of cross-hatching which extends to the first groove; cf. Dugas, C., ‘Le sanctuaire d'Aléa Athéna à Tégée’, BCH 45 (1921) 408CrossRefGoogle Scholar no. 261 and 410 fig. 56.261. Previously published fragments from Amyclae in German collections include:

(a) Type E1: CVA Heidelberg 3, pl. 134.17 and p. 99 fig. 32.

(b) Type E2: CVA Heidelberg 3 pl. 134.6 and p. 97 fig. 26; Fiechter, , ‘Amyklae’, JdI 33 (1918) 121 fig. 11Google Scholar; VA pls. 2.9 and 3.2, 6, 8, 10–11, 14–15 (pl. 3.10–11 = GGP pl. 46a). From Athena Chalkioikos comes AO 65 fig. 39a b. (c) Type E3: CVA Heidelberg 3 pl. 134.2 and p. 96 fig. 24.

⁶⁹ For the Aetolian sausage motif, see Mastrokostas, E., ADelt 17B (1961–1962) 183 pl. 212.9.Google Scholar For variations at Nichoria, see Nichoria III 78, motif 17.

⁷⁰ This class of vessels was previously recognized by Coldstream and Cartledge: cf. GGP 212 and pl. 46d; Early Sparta 89.

⁷¹ FS 295.

⁷² For Kaphirio, see n. 55 above. The sherd from the Argive Heraeum has preserved a broad black band, followed by a thinner reserved one at the rim; below are three vertical lines of a triglyph which has been extended by a vertical panel of cross-hatching; cf. Caskey, J. L. and Amandry, P., ‘Investigations at the Heraion of Argos, 1949’, Hesperia 21 (1952) pl. 50.69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Previously published fragments from Amyclae in German collections include:

(a) Type G: CVA Heidelberg 3 pls. 134.8; 134.19 and pp. 97 fig. 28; 99 fig. 33; VA pl. 3.18.

(b) Type H1: CVA Heidelberg 3 pls. 134.1, 7, 11, 14 and pp. 95 fig. 23; 97. fig. 27; 98 figs. 30. 31; VA pl. 3.1, 9, 13.

(c) Type H2: CVA Heidelberg 3 pls. 134.4, 9 and pp. 96 fig. 25; 97 fig. 29; VA pl. 3.4, 12.

⁷³ A pendent hatched triangle appears on a fragment from Amyclae, but this may belong to a wheel-made statuette; cf. Early Sparta fig. 24f.

⁷⁴ Alternating pendent and accumbent hatched triangles appear on a kantharos from Derveni; cf. GGP pl. 48a.

⁷⁵ The terminology for these small vases has become confusing. Desborough, PGP 286, first calls them two-handled cups. One (VA 48 fig. 28), he says, has the shape of a saucer, but most have the shape of the kalathos. Cartledge, Early Sparta 89, subsequently divides this group into miniature saucers and kalathoi. All have two horizontal handles and should rather be considered as small examples of the skyphos type. Cups have one vertical handle only, saucers presumably none at all, and kalathoi are usually somewhat larger with a curved and flaring upper body; for such kalathoi, cf. GDA 53 pl. 5. Thus, all small open vessels with two horizontal handles have been classed here as miniature skyphoi.

⁷⁶ These are from Amyclae; cf. PGP 286. For the vessel with the cross on the underside of the base, see VA 48 fig. 28 = Sparta Museum, no. 799 (9). A similar cross also occurs on the underside of a cup from Nichoria; cf. Nichoria III pl. 3–71 (P815). Cartledge mentions additional examples of votive skyphoi from Artemis Orthia and the Acropolis, (a) Orthia: Early Sparta fig. 13c (Sparta Museum, Tray 2348); fig. 14d (Sparta Museum, Tray 2353). (b) Acropolis: ibid. 89, n. 67 (Sparta Museum, Tray 2943). These appear to be similar in shape to 178 and 179. Similar handmade votives have been found at Tiryns, Argos, and the Argive Heraeum. (a) Tiryns: Müller, W., Tiryns i (Berlin 1912) 95–9 figs. 29–32Google Scholar; (b) Argos: Courbin, P., La céramique géométrique de l' Argolide (Paris 1966) 244 pl. 99 no. C.358Google Scholar; (c) Argive Heraeum: Waldstein, C., The Argive Heraeum ii (Harvard 1905) 96.Google Scholar For a comprehensive history of coarse ware in PG contexts, including Attic, see DAG 104 n. 69.

⁷⁷ This motif is usually found horizontally; cf. Nichoria III pl. 3–65 (P926).

⁷⁸ Nichoria III fig. 3–55 (P1245); here, however, the ribbing appears on the upper body.

⁷⁹ Previously published body fragments from Amyclae in German collections include: CVA Heidelberg 3 pl. 134.3 (row of linked triangles), 10 (piled triangles with black coating below), 13 (fragment of triglyph and handle lining), 14–16 (fragment of cross-hatched triangle in metopal panel), 18 (cross-hatching above with fragment of cross-hatched triangle below), 19 (black coating), 20 (alternating black and reserved bands), 21 (fragment of cross-hatching), and 22–3 (fragment of reserved band). VA pl. 3.5 and 16 (fragments of concentric circles) can no longer be located.

⁸⁰ FS 282.

⁸¹ Coldstream, GGP 213, and Cartledge, Early Sparta 89, have also recognized the krater shape at Sparta.

⁸² Cf. Nichoria III figs. 3–16 (P635), 3–48 (P1369).

⁸³ Previously published krater fragments not presented here include:

(a) Type N: VA pl. 3.7 (cross-hatching above and cross-hatching in metopal panel below) and 17 (concentric circle in metopal panel).

(b) Decorated wall fragment: VA pl. 3.21 (cross-hatching and diamond with cross-hatched segments in metopal panels).

A sherd from Apidia in Laconia has the large size (d. 0.32 m) appropriate for kraters. It has a horizontal panel of cross-hatching at the rim with a groove below and, thus, has the decorative features common to Type N; cf. BSA 55 (1960) 87 n. 100 and pl. 22b.10.

⁸⁴ For the Nichoria nipple decoration, see Nichoria III 72 n. 54 and 82 n. 120. It also occurs on an amphora from the small tholos at Kokevi, near Pylos; cf. Taylour, W. D., in Blegen, et al., The Palace of Nestor at Pylos iii (Princeton 1973) fig. 298Google Scholar, no. 15. Handmade vases with nipple decoration occur in Epirus throughout the Bronze Age; cf. Papadopoulos, A. J., ‘The Bronze Age in Epirus’, Dodoni 5 (1976) 281–2.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Coldstream, GGP 213, and Cartledge, Early Sparta 89, recognize only one type of cup which they call a bellied cup or kantharos and which is probably equivalent to our Type P. The use of the term kantharos, however, is misleading, for kantharoi are usually larger with either conical or ringed feet and two vertical handles, one on each side. Our examples are shallower with probable flat bases and with only a single horizontal handle. Thus, our examples should more correctly be called cups. The kantharos is conspicuous by its absence in the repertory of shapes at Sparta.

⁸⁶ FS 216–17.

⁸⁷ Type P1 is paralleled by Shape 4 of DA II cups at Nichoria; cf. Nichoria III 80 and fig. 3–35 (P768). For Vryses, see Jantzen, M., ‘Protogeometrisches aus West Kreta’, Festschrift Eugene V. Mercklin (Waldsassen/Bayern 1964) 60–2 pl. 34.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Type P2 is paralleled by Shape 2b of DA II cups at Nichoria; cf. Nichoria III 80 and fig. 3–35 (P532, P808).

⁸⁹ Good Messenian parallels come from Antheia, Nichoria, and Rizes, and Ithacan parallels from Aëtos; all such parallels are cited in Nichoria III 80 (under Shape 1).

⁹⁰ From Modi: Chania Museum no. 1220; cf. Nichoria III fig. 3–34.

⁹¹ Nichoria III 80 (Shape 3).

⁹² Three additional cup fragments from Amyclae, previously published, have not been included in the catalogue; they belong to the group represented by Type Q and include: (a) VA pl. 2.10–11 (10 has a bipartite handle and an incision by the base of the handle at the termination of the decorative zone); (b) CVA Mainz 1 pl. 2.2 and p. 12 (piled triangles in a metopal panel).

⁹³ Nichoria III 69–70, 82–3, 94.

⁹⁴ Polis Cave M63 and M65 and three similar stems from Olympia; for discussion, illustrations, and bibliography see Nichoria III 69–70 n. 40, and figs. 3–13, 3–14. One stem from Astakos in Aetolia may also belong to this group; cf. Benton, , ‘Excavations in Ithaca, III: The Cave at Polis, II’, BSA 39 (1938–1939) 13 n. 6.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ For example, Nichoria III fig. 3–17 (P396b).

⁹⁶ For bibliography, see n. 93, above.

⁹⁷ Two ribbed stems from Amyclae, supposedly in the Sparta Museum, can no longer be found. These are VA pl. 2.22–3 and have the pointed ribs similar to 356.

⁹⁸ A similar decorative motif appears at Nichoria, but there the decoration is incised rather than painted; cf. Nichoria III pl. 3–141 (P1566).

⁹⁹ One pedestal base (VA pl. 2.19) and two fiat bases (VA pl. 2.5, 24 from Amyclae, once in the Sparta Museum, can no longer be located.

¹⁰⁰ VA pl. 2.1, 4, 6, 8, 25 illustrates fragments of oinochoai and jugs from Amyclae, once in the Sparta Museum, but now no longer available.

¹⁰¹ AO 58 fig. 32; PGP 289; GGP pl. 46b; Early Sparta 90 and fig. 1.

¹⁰² 452 can be associated with Shape 5 of DA II pouring vessels at Nichoria; parallels are cited in Nichoria III 85 and fig. 3–39 (P159, P1604).

¹⁰³ Cf. n. 102, above.

¹⁰⁴ Von Massow illustrates a number of small oinochoe/jug fragments from the 1925 excavations at Amyclae. These include VA pl. 2.7, 14–17 (handle fragments) and pl. 2.2–3 (shoulder fragments with decoration of cross-hatched triangles in metopal panels).

¹⁰⁵ Nichoria III 85–6, figs. 3–37, 3–39, 3–40, and pl. 3–88.

¹⁰⁶ VA pl. 2.8. See Early Sparta 90–1. This neck cannot now be located and, accordingly, has not been included in the catalogue.

¹⁰⁷ LMTS 11; GDA 37; Early Sparta 91.

¹⁰⁸ VA 47 fig. 27; PGP 284.

¹⁰⁹ BSA 56 (1961) 115 fig. 2b and description on p. 117 n. 11.

¹¹⁰ Ibid. fig. 2a and description on p. 115, n. 11.

¹¹¹ Early Sparta 97; SL 96.

¹¹² Early Sparta 98. Also SL 92.

¹¹³ VA, Beilage 6.

¹¹⁴ Ibid. 6.13 (twelfth century) and 14–15 (early eleventh century).

¹¹⁵ Ibid. 6.5. Cf. Nicholls, R. V., ‘Greek Votive Statuettes and Religious Continuity’, Auckland Classical Essays Presented to E. M. Blaiklock (1970) 10.Google Scholar Nicholls also cites other animal fragments from the PG level with PG ornamentation, but the only one illustrated is VA, Beilage 6.5. Cartledge, Early Sparta 95 and SL 84, feels that this example is not beyond doubt PG.

¹¹⁶ Early Sparta 95; SL 84.

¹¹⁷ Ibid. 91, 95 and n. 91. He believes that VA pl. 2.22–3 are necks, but, on analogy with the Nichoria examples, particularly P1157 (Nichoria III fig. 3–45), should be considered as short-ribbed stems.

¹¹⁸ GGP 214–15; SL 92.

¹¹⁹ Early Sparta 89.