Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-lvwk9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-19T14:32:40.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Quelle a été Exactement la Contribution de L'Aristocratie Britannique au Progrès de L'Agriculture Entre 1688 et 1789 ?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2017

Patrick K. O'Brien
Patrick K. O'Brien*
Affiliation:
St. Antony's College, Oxford
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Les historiens continuent à louer l'aristocratie de Grande-Bretagne d'avoir résisté au XVIIe siècle aux prétentions absolutistes de la monarchie. Cependant la Guerre Civile et la Glorieuse Révolution sont présentées moins comme une lutte entre un monarque réactionnaire et une aristocratie progressiste décidée à conduire le système politique vers la liberté et la démocratie, que comme la défense couronnée de succès par les familles dirigeantes de Grande-Bretagne de leurs droits traditionnels contre les tendances innovatrices et centralisatrices des Stuarts dont elles refusaient aussi l'autorité pour des raisons personnelles et religieuses. En faisant nettement pencher l'équilibre du pouvoir en faveur du Parlement, les aristocrates assuraient leur propre contrôle dans les comtés, garantissaient leurs revenus contre les impôts royaux et préservaient leur autonomie de gestion de leurs propriétés terriennes et de leurs métairies. Ils s'assuraient surtout de solides positions d'ordre constitutionnel, qui leur permirent (pendant presque 150 ans à partir de 1688) d'écarter avec succès les revendications des autres groupes sociaux désireux de partager le pouvoir politique.

Summary

Summary

Historians seem to be in broad agreement that, in their capacity as owners and managers of a very considerable and probably increasing share of their country's cultivable land, Britain's aristocracy made a far greater contribution to agricultural progress over the 18th century than the aristocracies of continental Europe. This bibliographical survey of recent research in British agrarian history suggests that agricultural growth from 1688 to 1789 had only limited connexions with the steps taken by the larger aristocratic landowners to enclose their estates, to consolidate land into larger farms, to diffuse better techniques of cultivation—by shortening leases and inserting covenants of an improving kind into the contracts their stewards made with farmers for the use of land. Furthermore, the proportions of their rents reinvested in agriculture were on the available evidence pretty paltry. Basically what the aristocracy did, with style, was to make agriculture fashionable and to preside over the work foresight and innovations of Britain's farmers and smaller gentry.

Type
Histoire Rurale
Information
Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales , Volume 42 , Issue 6 , December 1987 , pp. 1391 - 1409
Copyright
Copyright © Copyright © École des hautes études en sciences sociales Paris 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliographie

Abel, W., Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries, Londres, 1980.Google Scholar
Allen, R.C., Enclosure and English Agricultural Development, 1450-1850 : the Case of the South Midlands, dactyl., UBC, Vancouver, 1983.Google Scholar
Allen, R.C., Enclosure Capitalist Agriculture and the Growth of Corn Yields in Early Modem England (mimio. n° 86-39, UBC, Vancouver, 1986).Google Scholar
Allen, R.C., Enclosure and Dépopulation and Inequality in the South Midlands, 1377-1801 (mimio. n° 86-36, Vancouver, 1986).Google Scholar
Arnold, R.C., Northern Lights : the Story of Lord Derwentwater, Londres, 1959.Google Scholar
Baker, A.R.H. et Gregory, D. éds, Explorations in Historical Geography, Cambridge, 1984.Google Scholar
Beastal, T., A North Country Estate : the Lawleys and Sandersons as Landowners, 1600-1900, Chichester, 1975.Google Scholar
Beckett, J.V., « English Landownership in the Later Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries : the Debate and Problems », Economie History Review, XXX, 1977a.Google Scholar
Beckett, J.V., « The Lowthers at Holker : Marriage, Inheritance and Debt in the Fortunes of an Eighteenth-Century Landowning Family », Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 127, 1977b.Google Scholar
Beckett, J.V., « Absentée Landownership in the Later Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries : the Case of Cumbria », Northern History, XIX, 1977c.Google Scholar
Beckett, J.V., « The Décline of the Small Landowner in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century England : Some Régional Considérations », Agricultural History Review, XXX, 1981.Google Scholar
Beckett, J.V., « The Pattern of Landownership in England and Wales, 1660-1880 », Economie History Review, XXXVII, 1984.Google Scholar
L., Bonfield, « Marriage Settlements and the “ Rise of Great Estâtes “ : the Démographie Aspect », Economie History Review, XXXII, 1979.Google Scholar
Boserup, M., « Agrarian Structure and Take-Off », dans Rostow, W.W. éd, The Economies of Take-Off into Sustained Growth, Londres, 1963.Google Scholar
Brooke, J., King George III, Londres, 1972.Google Scholar
Brown, P.D., William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, Londres, 1978.Google Scholar
Browning, R., The Duke of Newcastle, Londres, 1975.Google Scholar
Bush, M., The English Aristocracy, Manchester, 1984.Google Scholar
Campbell, R.H., « The Scottish Improvers and the Course of Agrarian Change in the Eighteenth Century », dans Cullen, L.M. et Smout, T.C. éds, Comparative Aspects of Scottish and Irish Social History, 1600-1900, Edimbourg, 1977.Google Scholar
Cannadine, D. « Aristocratie Indebtedness in the Nineteenth Century : the Case Re-Opened », Economie History Review, XXX, 1977.Google Scholar
Cannon, J., Aristocratie Century, Cambridge, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J.D. et Mingay, G.E., The Agricultural Révolution, 1750-1880, Londres, 1966.Google Scholar
Chapman, J., « The Chronology of English Enclosure », Economie History Review, XXXVII, 1984.Google Scholar
Chapman, V., « The Aukside Estate of Anthony Todd », Transactions of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, 111, 1974.Google Scholar
Clay, C., « Marriage Inheritance and the Rise of Large Estâtes in England, 1660-1815 », Economie History Review, XXI, 1968.Google Scholar
Clay, C., « The Price of Freehold Land in the Later Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries », Economie History Review, XXVII, 1974.Google Scholar
Clay, C., « Property Settlements, Financial Provision for the Family, and Sale of Land by the Greater Landowners, 1660-1790 », Journal of British Studies, XXI, 1981a.Google Scholar
Clay, C., « Life Leasehold in the Western Counties ofEngland, 1650-1750 », Agricultural History Review, XXIX, 1981b.Google Scholar
Collins, E.T.J., A History ofthe Orsett Estate, 1743-1914, Thurrock (Essex), 1978.Google Scholar
Colyer, R.J., « The Hafod Estate under Thomas Johnes and Henry Pelham, Fourth Duke of Newcastle », Welsh Historical Review, VIII, 1977.Google Scholar
Copeland, B.M., Whittington : the Story of a Country Estate, 1981.Google Scholar
Crafts, N.F.R., British Economie Growth during the Industrial Révolution, Oxford, 1985.Google Scholar
Devine, T.M., « Glasgow Colonial Merchants and Land, 1770-1815 », dansWard, J.T. et Wilson, R.G. éds, Land and Industry, Newton Abbot, 1971.Google Scholar
Lord, Ernle, English Farming Past and Présent, Londres, 1912-1961.Google Scholar
Farrant, S., « John Ellman of Glyne in Sussex », Agricultural History Review, XXVI, 1978.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T.W., « The Agrarian Révolution in Arable Lancashire », Transactions ofthe Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, 72, 1962.Google Scholar
Forster, R. et Forster, E., European Society in the Eighteenth Century, 1969.Google Scholar
Griggs, D.B., The Agricultural Révolution in South Lincolnshire, Cambridge, 1966.Google Scholar
Habakkuk, H.J., « Economie Functions of Landowners in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century », Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, VI, 1953.Google Scholar
Habakkuk, H.J., « England », dans Goodwin, A. éd., The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century, Londres, 1967.Google Scholar
Habakkuk, H.J., « The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families, 1600-1800 », Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 29, 1979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, J., Viscount Bolingbroke, Londres, 1965.Google Scholar
Havinden, M.A., « Agricultural Progress in Open-Field Oxfordshire », Agricultural History Review, IX, 1961.Google Scholar
Hoffman, R.J.S., The Marquis : a Study of Lord Rockingham, 1730-1782, New York, 1973.Google Scholar
B.A., Holderness, « Capital Formation in Agriculture », dans Hiogins, J.P.O. et Pollard, S. éds, Aspects of Capital Investment in Great Britain, 1750-1850, Londres, 1971.Google Scholar
B.A., Holderness, « Landlord's Capital Formation in East Anglia, 1750-1850 », Economie History Review, XXV, 1972a.Google Scholar
B.A., Holderness, « The Agricultural Activities of the Massingberds of South Ormsby, Lincolnshire, 1638- cl750 », Midland History, I, 1972.Google Scholar
B.A., Holderness, « The English Land Market in the Eighteenth Century : the Case of Lincolnshire », Economie History Review, XXVII, 1974.Google Scholar
Horn, P., « The Contribution of the Propagandist to Eighteenth Century Agricultural Improvement », Historical Journal, XXV, 1982a.Google Scholar
Horn, P., « An Eighteenth Century Land Agent : the Career of Nathaniel Kent, 1737-1810 », Agricultural History Review, XXX, 1982b.Google Scholar
Howell, D.M., « The Economy of the Landed Estâtes of Pembrokeshire, 1680-1830 », Welsh Historical Review, 111, 1967.Google Scholar
Hughes, E., North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century, vol. 1, Londres, 1952 ; vol. 2, Londres, 1965.Google Scholar
Jarrett, D., The Begetters of Révolution : England's Involvement with France, 1759-1789, Londres, 1973.Google Scholar
Jenkins, p., The Making of a Ruling Class. The Glamorgan Gentry, 1640-1970, Cambridge, 1983.Google Scholar
Jones, E.L., « English and European Agricultural Development, 1650-1750 », dans Hartwell, R.M. éd., The Industrial Révolution, Oxford, 1970.Google Scholar
Kenyon, J.P., Révolution, Principles and the Politics of Party, 1688-1720, Cambridge, 1977.Google Scholar
Kenyon, J.P., The Nobility in the Révolution of 1688, Hull, 1963.Google Scholar
Kelch, R., Newcastle : the Duke without Money, Londres, 1974.Google Scholar
Kerridge, E., The Agricultural Révolution, Londres, 1967.Google Scholar
Kerridge, E., The Farmers of Old England, Londres, 1973.Google Scholar
Kriedte, P., Peasants, Landlords and Merchant Capitalists, Leamington Spa, 1983.Google Scholar
Mccloskey, D.N., « The Enclosure of Open Fields : Préface to a Study of its Impact on the Efficiency of English Agriculture in the Eighteenth Century » Journal of Economie History, XXXII, 1972.Google Scholar
D.N., Mccloskey, « The Economies of Enclosure : a Market Analysis », dans W.N., Parker et E.L., Jones éds, European Peasants and their Markets, Londres, 1975.Google Scholar
Macdonald, S., « The Diffusion of Knowledge Among Northumberland Farmers, 1780-1815 », Agricultural History Review, XXVII, 1979.Google Scholar
Mcfarlane, A., The Origins of English Individualism, Oxford, 1978.Google Scholar
Malet, H., Bridgewater : the Canal Duke, 1736-1803, Manchester, 1977.Google Scholar
Mantoux, P., Industrial Révolution in the Eighteenth Century, 1955.Google Scholar
Martin, J., « Estate Stewards and their Work in Glamorgan, 1660-1750 », Morgsmeseh, XXIII, 1979.Google Scholar
Mathias, P., « Concepts of Révolution in England and France in the Eighteenth Century », dans Brack, O.M. éd., Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture, Madison (Wisc), 1985.Google Scholar
Miller, J., The Glorious Révolution, Londres, 1983.Google Scholar
Milward, A.S. et Saul, S.B., The Economie Development of Continental Europe, 1880-1870, Londres, 1973.Google Scholar
Mingay, C E., « Thrumpton : a Nottinghamshire Estate in the Eighteenth Century », Thoroton Society Transactions, LXI, 1957.Google Scholar
Mingay, C E., « The Size of Farms in the Eighteenth Century », Economie History Review, XIV, 1962.Google Scholar
Mingay, C E., English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century, Londres, 1963.Google Scholar
Mingay, C E., « The Eighteenth-Century Land Steward », dans Jones, E.L. et Mingay, G.E. éds, Land, Labour and Population in the Industrial Révolution, Londres, 1967.Google Scholar
Mingay, C E., The Gentry : the Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class, Londres, 1976.Google Scholar
Mingay, C E., The Agricultural Révolution, Londres, 1977.Google Scholar
Moore, B., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Londres, 1967.Google Scholar
North, D. et Thomas, R.P., The Rise of the Western World, Cambridge, 1973.Google Scholar
O'Brien, P.K., « Agriculture and the Industrial Révolution », Economie History Review, XXX, 1977.Google Scholar
O'Brien, P.K., « Agriculture and the Home Market for British Industry », English Historical Review, 397, 1985.Google Scholar
Overton, M., « The Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations in Early Modem England : Turnips and Clover in Norfolk and Suffolk », Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 10, 1985.Google Scholar
Parker, R.A.C., Coke of Norfolk, Oxford, 1975.Google Scholar
Pawson, C.H., Robert Bakewell : Pioneer Livestock Breeder, Londres, 1957.Google Scholar
Perkins, J.A., « Tenure, Tenant Right, and Agricultural Progress in Lindsay », Agricultural History Review, XXIII, 1975.Google Scholar
PHILLIPS, A.D.M., « A Note on Farm Size and Efficiency on the North Staffordshire Estate of the Leverson-Gowers, 1714-1809 », North Staffordshire Journal of Field Studies, XIX, 1979.Google Scholar
Plumb, J.H., « The Walpoles : Father and Son », dans Plumb, J.H. éd. Studies in Social History : a Tribule to G.M. Trevelyan, Londres, 1955.Google Scholar
Plumb, J.H., Sir Robert Walpole : the Making of a Statesman, Londres, 1956.Google Scholar
Pocock, J.G.A. éd., Three British Révolutions, Princeton, 1981.Google Scholar
Porter, R., English Society in the 18th Century, Londres, 1982.Google Scholar
Powis, J., Aristocracy, Oxford, 1984.Google Scholar
Pritchard, T.W., « Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, Fourth Baronet (1749-1789) », Part 11, Denbighshire Historicat Society Transactions, XXVIII, 1979.Google Scholar
Raybould, T.J., « Systems of Management and Administration in the Dudley Estâtes, 1779- 1833 », Business History, X, 1968.Google Scholar
Raybould, T.J., The Economie Emergence of the Black Country, Londres, 1973.Google Scholar
Reilly, R., William Pitt the Younger, New York, 1979.Google Scholar
Richardson, R.C., The Debate on the English Révolution, Londres, 1977.Google Scholar
Riches, N., The Agricultural Révolution of Norfolk, Londres, 1967.Google Scholar
Roebuck, P., « Absentée Landowners in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries : a Neglected Factor in English Agrarian History », Agricultural History Review, XXI, 1973.Google Scholar
Roebuck, P., Yorkshire Baronets, 1640-1760, Oxford, 1980.Google Scholar
Rosselli, J., « An Indian Governor in the Norfolk Marshland : Lord William Bentinck as Improver, 1809-1827 », Agricultural History Review, XIX, 1971.Google Scholar
Rude, G., Europe in the Eighteenth Century, Londres, 1972.Google Scholar
Smith, E.A., Whig Phncipals and Party Politics : Earl Fitzwilliam and the Whig Party, 1748- 1833, Manchester, 1975.Google Scholar
Snell, K., The Annals of the Labouring Poor, Cambridge, 1985.Google Scholar
Soboul, A., La France à la veille de la Révolution, Paris, 1974.Google Scholar
Speck, W.A., Stability and Strife, Londres, 1977.Google Scholar
Stanes, R., « Landlord and Tenant and Husbandry Covenants in Eighteenth Century Devon », Exeter Papers in Economie History, XIV, 1981.Google Scholar
Stone, L., Social Change and Révolution in England, Londres, 1965.Google Scholar
Stone, L. et Stone, J.C.F., An Open Elite ?, Oxford, 1984.Google Scholar
Thompson, F.M.L., « The Social Distribution of Landed Property in England since the Sixteenth Century », Economie History Review, XIX, 1966.Google Scholar
Thompson, F.M.L., « Landownership and Economie Growth in England in the Eighteenth Century », dans Jones, E.L. et Woolf, S.L. éds, Agrarian Change and Economie Development, Reading, 1969.Google Scholar
Trueman, B.E.S., « Corporate Estate Management : Guy's Hospital Agricultural Estâtes », Agricultural History Review, XXVIII, 1980.Google Scholar
Tuma, E.H., Twenty-six Centuries of Agrarian Reform, Berkeley, 1965.Google Scholar
Turner, M.E., English Parliamentary Enclosure, Folkestone, 1980.Google Scholar
Turner, M., « Agricultural Productivity in England in the Eighteenth Century : Evidence from Crop Yields », Economie History Review, XXXV, 1982.Google Scholar
Whyte, I.D., « George Dundas of Dundas : the Context of an Early Eighteenth Century Scottish Improving Landowner », Scottish History Review, LX, 1981.Google Scholar
Williams, J.D., « The Finances of an Eighteenth-Century Nobleman », Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, IX, 1977.Google Scholar
Wilson, R.G., « The Denisons and the Milneses : Eighteenth-Century Merchant Landowners », dans Ward, J.T. et Wilson, R.G. éds, Land and Industry, Newton Abbot, 1971.Google Scholar
Wordie, J.R., « Rent Movements and the English Tenant Farmer, 1700-1839 », Research in Economie History, VI, 1981.Google Scholar
Wordie, J.R., Estate Management in Eighteenth Century England, Londres, 1982.Google Scholar
Wordie, J.R., « The Chronology of English Enclosure : a Reply », Economie History Review, XXXV, 1983.Google Scholar
Wyndham, H., A Family History, 1688-1837, Londres, 1950.Google Scholar
Yelling, J.A., Common Field and Enclosure in England, 1450-1850, Londres, 1977.Google Scholar