Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T13:41:26.961Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Saturated fat supplemented in the form of triglycerides decreased digestibility and reduced performance of dairy cows as compared to calcium salt of fatty acids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2019

A. Oyebade ,
L. Lifshitz ,
H. Lehrer ,
S. Jacoby ,
Y. Portnick  and
U. Moallem
A. Oyebade
Affiliation:
Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel Department of Animal Science, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot76100, Israel
L. Lifshitz
Affiliation:
Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
H. Lehrer
Affiliation:
Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
S. Jacoby
Affiliation:
Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
Y. Portnick
Affiliation:
Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
U. Moallem*
Affiliation:
Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The two most popular rumen-protected fatty acid supplements in dairy cow rations are calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid (CSFA) and prilled saturated fatty acids (SFAs). The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of supplementing SFA in the form of triglycerides (TSFA), as compared to CSFA, on yields, efficiency and diet digestibility in high-yielding dairy cows. Twenty-eight (14 cows in each group) multiparous cows were fed a basal diet supplemented (on DM basis) with either 12 g/kg TSFA (~350 g/cow per day – contained 980 g/kg fat; 882.3 g/kg SFAs) or 14 g/kg CSFA (~440 g/cow per day – contained 800 g/kg fat; 566.4 g/kg SFAs). The supplement amounts in the diet were balanced according to fat content. Rumen samples were taken for measurements of ammonia and volatile fatty acids concentrations, and fecal samples were taken for digestibility measurements. The CSFA cows produced 3% higher milk yields (47.6 v. 46.2 kg/day; P < 0.0001) and 4.7% higher 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM; 44.7 v. 42.7 kg/day; P = 0.02) than the TSFA cows. No difference in milk-fat content was observed, but milk-protein content was higher in the TSFA than CSFA cows. Yields of fat and protein were similar, but lactose yields were higher in TSFA cows. There were no differences in dry matter intake or efficiency calculations between groups. The ruminal ammonia concentrations were similar between groups, whereas acetate concentrations and acetate : propionate ratio were greater for CSFA than TSFA cows. The apparent total-tract digestibility of dry (P < 0.0007) and organic matters (P < 0.0003), fat (P < 0.0001), NDF and ADF (P = 0.02) were lower in the TSFA v. CSFA cows. In conclusion, the CSFA-supplemented cows produced 3% higher milk and 4.7% higher 4% FCM than the TSFA cows. However, TSFA supplementation did not depress milk-protein content. The apparent total-tract digestibility was lower for all dietary components in the TSFA cows, which was probably due to the effects of both degree of saturation and triglyceride form of the TSFA supplement. Considering that diets were balanced according to the fat content of the supplements, the lower yields of milk and FCM observed in the TSFA than CSFA cows were likely due to the lower digestibility of the fat and other nutrients in the TSFA cows, which might have negatively influenced the dietary energy content.

Keywords

dairy cowsfat supplementssaturated fatty acidstriglyceridesnutrient digestibility
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 14 , Issue 5 , May 2020 , pp. 973 - 982
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Present address: Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

References

Allen, MS 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1598–1624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990. Official methods of analysis, volume 1, 15th edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Ashes, JR, Gulati, SK, Cook, LJ, Scott, TW and Donnelly, JB 1979. Assessing the biological effectiveness of protected lipid supplements for ruminants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56, 522–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boerman, JP, de Souza, J and Lock, AL 2017. Milk production and nutrient digestibility responses to increasing levels of stearic acid supplementation of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 2729–2738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalupa, W, Vecchiarelli, B, Elser, AE, Kronfeld, DS, Sklan, D and Palmquist, DL 1986. Ruminal fermentation in vivo as influenced by long-chain fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 1293–1301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaney, AL and Marbach, EP 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clinical Chemistry 8, 130–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Souza, J. and Lock, AL 2018. Short communication: Comparison of a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement and calcium salts of palm fatty acids supplement on production responses of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 3110–3117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eastridge, ML and Firkins, JL 1991. Feeding hydrogenated fatty acids and triglycerides to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 2610–2616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, JP, Drackley, JK, Beaulieu, AD, Aldrich, CG and Merchen, NR 1999. Effects of saturation and esterification of fat sources on site and extent of digestion in steers: digestion of fatty acids, triglycerides, and energy. Journal of Animal Science 77, 1919–1929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, JP, Overton, TR and Drackley, JK 1994. Digestibility and effects of three forms of mostly saturated fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 789–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y and Doreau, M 1992. Effects of calcium salts differing in fatty acid composition on duodenal and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cows. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 60, 31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firkins, JL and Eastridge, ML 1994. Assessment of the effects of iodine value on fatty acid digestibility, feed intake, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 2357–2366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garton, GA, Lough, AK and Vioque, E 1961. Glyceride hydrolysis and glycerol fermentation by sheep rumen contents. Journal of General Microbiology 25, 215–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grummer, RR 1988. Influence of prilled fat and calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 117–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grummer, RR, Hatfield, ML and Dentine, MR 1990. Acceptability of fat supplements in four dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 852–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvatine, KJ and Allen, MS 2005. The effect of production level on feed intake, milk yield, and endocrine responses to two fatty acid supplements in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 4018–4027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvatine, KJ and Allen, MS 2006a. Effects of fatty acid supplements on ruminal and total tract nutrient digestion in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1092–1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvatine, KJ and Allen, MS 2006b. Effects of fatty acid supplements on milk yield and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1081–1091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klusmeyer, TH and Clark, JH 1991. Effects of dietary fat and protein on fatty acid flow to the duodenum and in milk produced by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3055–3067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lock, AL, Preseault, CL, Rico, JE, DeLand, KE and Allen, MS 2013. Feeding a C16:0-enriched fat supplement increased the yield of milk fat and improved conversion of feed to milk. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 6650–6659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moallem, U, Folman, Y and Sklan, D 2000. Effects of somatotropin and dietary calcium soaps of fatty acids in early lactation on milk production, dry matter intake, and energy balance of high-yielding dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 2085–2094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosley, SA, Mosley, EE, Hatch, B, Szasz, JI, Corato, A, Zacharias, N, Howes, D and McGuire, MA 2007. Effect of varying levels of fatty acids from palm oil on feed intake and milk production in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 987–993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (NRC) 1989. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 6th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Oyebade, A, Lifshitz, L, Lehrer, H, Jacoby, H, Portnick, Y and Moallem, U 2018. Saturated fat supplemented in the form of triglycerides decreased digestibility and reduced performance of dairy cows as compared to calcium salt of fatty acids. Paper presented at the ADSA annual meeting, 24–27 June 2018, Knoxville Tennessee, Abstract no 105, p. 157.Google Scholar
Pantoja, J, Firkins, JL and Eastridge, ML 1995. Site of digestion and milk production by cows fed fats differing in saturation, esterification, and chain length. Journal of Dairy Science 78, 2247–2258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pantoja, J, Firkins, JL and Eastridge, ML 1996. Fatty acid digestibility and lactation performance by dairy cows fed fats varying in degree of saturation. Journal of Dairy Science 79, 429–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piantoni, P, Lock, AL and Allen, MS 2013. Palmitic acid increased yields of milk and milk fat and nutrient digestibility across production level of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 7143–7154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piantoni, P, Lock, AL and Allen, MS 2015. Milk production responses to dietary stearic acid vary by production level in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 1938–1949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabiee, AR, Breinhild, K, Scott, W, Golder, HM, Block, E and Lean, IJ 2012. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 3225–3247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Relling, AE and Reynolds, CK 2007. Feeding rumen-inert fats differing in their degree of saturation decreases intake and increases plasma concentrations of gut peptides in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 1506–1515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAS 2002. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
Sinclair, LA., Garnsworthy, PC, Newbold, JR and Buttery, PJ 1993. Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein-synthesis in sheep. Journal of Agriculture Science. 120, 251–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukhija, PS and Palmquist, DL 1990. Dissociation of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids in rumen fluid. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 1784–1787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Soest, PJ, Robertson, JB and Lewis, BA 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, WP, Pinos-Rodriguez, JM and Wyatt, DJ 2011. The value of different fat supplements as sources of digestible energy for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 931–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, WP and Wyatt, DJ 2004. Digestible energy values of diets with different fat supplements when fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1446–1454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weld, KA and Armentano, LE 2017. The effects of adding fat to diets of lactating dairy cows on total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility: a meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 1766–1779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, DE 1969. Fermentation of glycerol by rumen micro–organisms. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 12, 281–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Z, Ohajuruka, OA and Palmquist, DL 1991. Ruminal synthesis, biohydrogenation, and digestibility of fatty acids by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3025–3034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed