Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:49:09.633Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Role of trans fatty acids in the nutritional regulation of mammary lipogenesis in ruminants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2010

K. J. Shingfield ,
L. Bernard ,
C. Leroux  and
Y. Chilliard
K. J. Shingfield*
Affiliation:
MTT Agrifood Research, Animal Production Research, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland
L. Bernard
Affiliation:
INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Equipe Tissu Adipeux et Lipides du Lait, Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
C. Leroux
Affiliation:
INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Equipe Tissu Adipeux et Lipides du Lait, Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
Y. Chilliard
Affiliation:
INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Equipe Tissu Adipeux et Lipides du Lait, Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Fat is an important constituent contributing to the organoleptic, processing and physical properties of ruminant milk. Understanding the regulation of milk fat synthesis is central to the development of nutritional strategies to enhance the nutritional value of milk, decrease milk energy secretion and improve the energy balance of lactating ruminants. Nutrition is the major environmental factor regulating the concentration and composition of fat in ruminant milk. Feeding low-fibre/high-starch diets and/or lipid supplements rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids induce milk fat depression (MFD) in the bovine, typically increase milk fat secretion in the caprine, whereas limited data in sheep suggest that the responses are more similar to the goat than the cow. Following the observation that reductions in milk fat synthesis during diet-induced MFD are associated with increases in the concentration of specific trans fatty acids in milk, the biohydrogenation theory of MFD was proposed, which attributes the causal mechanism to altered ruminal lipid metabolism leading to increased formation of specific biohydrogenation intermediates that exert anti-lipogenic effects. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is the only biohydrogenation intermediate to have been infused at the abomasum over a range of experimental doses (1.25 to 14.0 g/day) and shown unequivocally to inhibit milk fat synthesis in ruminants. However, increases in ruminal trans-10, cis-12 CLA formation do not explain entirely diet-induced MFD, suggesting that other biohydrogenation intermediates and/or other mechanisms may also be involved. Experiments involving abomasal infusions (g/day) in lactating cows have provided evidence that cis-10, trans-12 CLA (1.2), trans-9, cis-11 CLA (5.0) and trans-10 18:1 (92.1) may also exert anti-lipogenic effects. Use of molecular-based approaches have demonstrated that mammary abundance of transcripts encoding for key lipogenic genes are reduced during MFD in the bovine, changes that are accompanied by decrease in sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and alterations in the expression of genes related to the SREBP1 pathway. Recent studies indicate that transcription of one or more adipogenic genes is increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue in cows during acute or chronic MFD. Feeding diets of similar composition do not induce MFD or substantially alter mammary lipogenic gene expression in the goat. The available data suggests that variation in mammary fatty acid secretion and lipogenic responses to changes in diet composition between ruminants reflect inherent interspecies differences in ruminal lipid metabolism and mammary specific regulation of cellular processes and key lipogenic enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat triacylglycerides.

Keywords

milk fattrans fatty acidsgene expressionlipogenesisruminants
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 4 , Issue 7: XIth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (ISRP), 6–9 September, 2009 Clermont-Ferrand (France) , July 2010 , pp. 1140 - 1166
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AbuGhazaleh, AA, Jenkins, TC 2004. Disappearance of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids from cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 645–651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AbuGhazaleh, AA, Schingoethe, DJ, Hippen, AR, Kalscheur, KF 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid increases in milk when cows fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1758–1766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahnadi, CE, Beswick, N, Delbecchi, L, Kennelly, JJ, Lacasse, P 2002. Addition of fish oil to diets for dairy cows. II. Effects on milk fat and gene expression of mammary lipogenic enzymes. The Journal of Dairy Research 69, 521–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, SM, Rudolph, MC, McManaman, JL, Neville, MC 2007. Key stages in mammary gland development. Secretory activation in the mammary gland: it’s not just about milk protein synthesis! Breast Cancer Research 9, 204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, GW, Zhu, Q, Metkowski, J, Stack, MJ, Gopinath, S, Mariash, CN 2009. The Thrsp null mouse (Thrsp(tm1cnm)) and diet-induced obesity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 302, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrade, PVD, Schmidely, P 2006. Effect of duodenal infusion of trans10, cis12-CLA on milk performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy goats fed high or low concentrate diet in combination with rolled canola seed. Reproduction Nutrition Development 46, 31–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, MC, Clegg, RA, Travers, MT, Vernon, RG 1997. Lipid metabolism in the lactating mammary gland. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1347, 101–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauman, DE, Davis, CL 1974. Biosynthesis of milk fat. In Lactation: a comprehensive treatise (ed. BL Larson and VR Smith), vol. 2, pp. 31–75. Academic Press, London, UK.Google Scholar
Bauman, DE, Griinari, JM 2001. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome. Livestock Production Science 70, 15–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauman, DE, Griinari, JM 2003. Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Review of Nutrition 23, 203–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauman, DE, Perfield, JW, Harvatine, KJ, Baumgard, LH 2008. Regulation of fat synthesis by conjugated linoleic acid: lactation and the ruminant model. Journal of Nutrition 138, 403–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgard, LH, Corl, BA, Dwyer, DA, Sæbø, A, Bauman, DE 2000. Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, R179–R184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgard, LH, Sangster, JK, Bauman, DE 2001. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The Journal of Nutrition 131, 1764–1769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgard, LH, Matitashvili, E, Corl, BA, Dwyer, DA, Bauman, DE 2002. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid decreases lipogenic rates and expression of genes involved in milk lipid synthesis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2155–2163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchemin, KA, McGinn, SM, Benchaar, C, Holtshausen, L 2009. Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 2118–2127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benson, JA, Reynolds, CK, Humphries, DJ, Rutter, SM, Beever, DE 2001. Effects of abomasal infusion of long-chain fatty acids on intake, feeding behavior and milk production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1182–1191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernal-Santos, G, Perfield, JW, Barbano, DM, Bauman, DE, Overton, TR 2003. Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during the transition period and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3218–3228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Bonnet, M, Leroux, C, Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y 2009a. Effect of sunflower-seed oil and linseed oil on tissue lipid metabolism, gene expression and milk fatty acid secretion in alpine goats fed maize silage based diets. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 6083–6094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Bonnet, M, Rouel, J, Martin, P, Chilliard, Y 2005a. Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in mammary gland and adipose tissues of lactating goats. The Journal of Dairy Research 72, 250–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Chilliard, Y 2006. Characterization and nutritional regulation of the main lipogenic genes in the ruminant lactating mammary gland. In Ruminant physiology: digestion, metabolism and impact of nutrition on gene expression, immunology and stress (ed. K Serjrsen, T Hvelplund and MO Nielsen), pp. 295–326. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Chilliard, Y 2008. Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in the ruminant lactating mammary gland. In Bioactive components of milk, advances in experimental medicine and biology (ed. Z Bösze), vol. 606, pp. 67–108Springer, New York, US.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Faulconnier, Y, Durand, D, Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y 2009b. Effect of sunflower-seed oil or linseed oil on milk fatty acid secretion and lipogenic gene expression in goats fed hay-based diets. The Journal of Dairy Research 76, 241–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Mouriot, J, Rouel, J, Glasser, F, Capitan, P, Pujos-Guillot, E, Chardigny, J-M, Chilliard, Y 2010. Effects of fish oil and starch added to a diet containing sunflower-seed oil on dairy goat performance, milk fatty acid composition and in vivo Δ9-desaturation of [13C]vaccenic acid. British Journal of Nutrition (in press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Rouel, J, Leroux, C, Ferlay, A, Faulconnier, Y, Legrand, P, Chilliard, Y 2005b. Mammary lipid metabolism and milk fatty acid secretion in alpine goats fed vegetable lipids. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1478–1489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Shingfield, KJ, Rouel, J, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y 2009c. Effect of plant oils in the diet on performance and milk fatty acid composition in goats fed diets based on grass hay or maize silage. The British Journal of Nutrition 101, 213–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bionaz, M, Loor, JJ 2008a. ACSL1, AGPAT6, FABP3, LPIN1, and SLC27A6 are the most abundant isoforms in bovine mammary tissue and their expression is affected by stage of lactation. Journal of Nutrition 138, 1019–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bionaz, M, Loor, JJ 2008b. Gene networks driving bovine milk fat synthesis during the lactation cycle. BMC Genomics 9, 366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobrovnikova-Marjon, E, Hatzivassiliou, G, Grigoriadou, C, Romero, M, Cavener, DR, Thompson, CB, Diehl, JA 2008. PERK-dependent regulation of lipogenesis during mouse mammary gland development and adipocyte differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 16314–16319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnet, M, Delavaud, C, Bernard, L, Rouel, J, Chilliard, Y 2009. Sunflower-seed oil, rapidly-degradable starch, and adiposity up-regulate leptin gene expression in lactating goats. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 37, 93–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botolin, D, Wang, Y, Christian, B, Jump, DB 2006. Docosahexaneoic acid (22:6 n-3) regulates rat hepatocyte SREBP-1 nuclear abundance by Erk- and 26S proteasome-dependent pathways. Journal of Lipid Research 47, 181–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bremmer, DR, Ruppert, LD, Clark, JH, Drackley, JK 1998. Effects of chain length and unsaturation of fatty acid mixtures infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 176–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castañeda-Gutiérrez, E, Overton, TR, Butler, WR, Bauman, DE 2005. Dietary supplements of two doses of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid during the transition period and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1078–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Ferlay, A 2004. Dietary lipids and forages interactions on cow and goat milk fatty acid composition and sensory properties. Reproduction Nutrition and Development 44, 467–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Ferlay, A, Mansbridge, RM, Doreau, M 2000. Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Annales de Zootechnie 49, 181–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilliard, Y, Ferlay, A, Rouel, J, Lamberet, G 2003. A review of nutritional and physiological factors affecting goat milk lipid synthesis and lipolysis. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 1751–1770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Gagliostro, G, Fléchet, J, Lefaivre, J, Sebastian-Porroche, I 1991. Duodenal rapeseed oil infusion in early and midlactation cows. 5. Milk fatty acids and adipose tissue lipogenic activities. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 1844–1854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Glasser, F, Ferlay, A, Bernard, L, Rouel, J, Doreau, M 2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 828–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilliard, Y, Martin, C, Rouel, J, Doreau, M 2009. Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed or linseed oil, and their relationship with methane output. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5199–5211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, Y, Park, Y, Pariza, MW, Ntambi, JM 2001. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in HepG2 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 284, 689–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, RA, Drackley, JK, LaCount, DW, Clark, JH 1994. Infusion of four long-chain fatty acid mixtures into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 1052–1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, SD 2001. Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription: a molecular mechanism to improve the metabolic syndrome. The Journal of Nutrition 131, 1129–1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corl, BA, Baumgard, LH, Dwyer, DA, Griinari, JM, Phillips, BS, Bauman, DE 2001. The role of Δ9-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 12, 622–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delbecchi, L, Ahnadi, CE, Kennelly, JJ, Lacasse, P 2001. Milk fatty acid composition and mammary lipid metabolism in Holstein cows fed protected or unprotected canola seeds. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1375–1381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DePeters, EJ, German, JB, Taylor, SJ, Essex, ST, Perez-Monti, H 2001. Fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk fat from lactating holstein cows in response to supplemental canola oil. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 929–936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Destaillats, F, Trottier, JP, Galvez, JMG, Angers, P 2005. Analysis of α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation intermediates in milk fat with emphasis on conjugated linolenic acids. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3231–3239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Veth, MJ, Griinari, JM, Pfeiffer, AM, Bauman, DE 2004. Effect of CLA on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows: comparison of inhibition by methyl esters and free fatty acids, and relationships among studies. Lipids 39, 365–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewhurst, RJ, Shingfield, KJ, Lee, MRF, Scollan, ND 2006. Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 168–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doege, H, Stahl, A 2005. Protein-mediated fatty acid uptake: novel insights from in vivo models. Physiology 21, 259–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doreau, M, Ferlay, A 1994. Digestion and utilization of fatty acids by ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 45, 379–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doreau, M, Laverroux, S, Normand, J, Chesneau, G, Glasser, F 2009. Effect of linseed fed as rolled seeds, extruded seeds or oil on fatty acid rumen metabolism and intestinal digestibility in cows. Lipids 44, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drackley, JK, Overton, TR, Ortiz-Gonzalez, G, Beaulieu, AD, Barbano, DM, Lynch, JM, Perkins, EG 2007. Responses to increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 5165–5175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eberlé, D, Hegarty, B, Bossard, P, Ferre, P, Foufelle, F 2004. SREBP transcription factors: master regulators of lipid homeostasis. Biochimie 86, 839–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enjalbert, F, Nicot, M-C, Bayourthe, C, Moncoulon, R 1998. Duodenal infusions of palmitic, stearic or oleic acids differently affect mammary gland metabolism of fatty acids in lactating dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition 128, 1525–1532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagliostro, G, Chilliard, Y 1991. Duodenal rapeseed oil infusion in early and midlactation cows. 2. Voluntary intake, milk production, and composition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 499–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagliostro, G, Chilliard, Y, Davicco, MJ 1991. Duodenal rapeseed oil infusion in early and midlactation cows. 3. Plasma hormones and apparent mammary uptake of metabolites. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 1893–1903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagliostro, G, Martinez, M, Rodriguez, A, Cejas, V, Cano, AV, Gatti, P, Muset, G, Castaneda, RA, Chilliard, Y 2009. Long-term effects of lipid supplementation on concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic (VA) in goat milk. In Proceedings of the 32th Argentinian Congress of Animal Production, 14–16 october 2009, Malargue Mendoza (Argentina), pp.1–2.Google Scholar
Gagliostro, G, Rodriguez, A, Pellegrini, A, Gatti, P, Muset, G, Castañeda, RA, Colombo, D, Chilliard, Y 2006. Effects of fish oil or sunflower plus fish oil supplementation on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega 3 fatty acids in goat milk. Revista Argentina de Produccion Animal 26, 71–87.Google Scholar
Gama, MAS, Gamsworthy, PC, Griinari, JM, Leme, PR, Rodrigues, PHM, Souza, LWO, Lanna, DPD 2008. Diet-induced milk fat depression: association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat. Livestock Science 115, 319–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaynor, PJ, Erdman, RA, Teter, BB, Sampugna, J, Capuco, AV, Waldo, DR, Hamosh, M 1994. Milk fat yield and composition during abomasal infusion of cis or trans octadecenoates in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 157–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gervais, R, Chouinard, PY 2008. Effects of intravenous infusion of conjugated diene 18:3 isomers on milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3568–3578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gervais, R, McFadden, JW, Lengi, AJ, Corl, BA, Chouinard, PY 2009. Effects of intravenous infusion of trans-10, cis-12 18:2 on mammary lipid metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5167–5177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gervais, R, Spratt, R, Leonard, M, Chouinard, RY 2005. Lactation response of cows to different levels of ruminally inert conjugated linoleic acids under commercial conditions. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, 231–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Givens, DI, Shingfield, KJ 2006. Optimizing dairy milk fatty acid composition. In Improving the fat content of foods (ed. C Williams and J Buttriss), pp. 252–280. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasser, F, Doreau, M, Ferlay, A, Loor, JJ, Chilliard, Y 2007. Milk fatty acids: mammary synthesis could limit transfer from duodenum in cows. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 817–827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasser, F, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y 2008a. Oilseed lipid supplements and fatty acid composition of cow milk: a meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 4687–4703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasser, F, Ferlay, A, Doreau, M, Schmidely, P, Sauvant, D, Chilliard, Y 2008b. Long-chain fatty acid metabolism in dairy cows: a meta-analysis of milk fatty acid yield in relation to duodenal flows and de novo synthesis. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2771–2785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasser, F, Schmidely, P, Sauvant, D, Doreau, M 2008c. Digestion of fatty acids in ruminants: a meta-analysis of flows and variation factors: 2. C18 fatty acids. Animal 2, 691–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez-Cortés, P, Frutos, P, Mantecón, AR, Juárez, M, de la Fuente, MA, Hervás, G 2008. Milk production, conjugated linoleic acid content, and in vitro ruminal fermentation in response to high levels of soybean oil in dairy ewe diet. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1560–1569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granlund, L, Larsen, LN, Nebb, HI, Pedersen, JI 2005. Effects of structural changes of fatty acids on lipid accumulation in adipocytes and primary hepatocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1687, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griinari, JM, Bauman, DE 2003. Update on theories of diet-induced milk fat depression and potential applications. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (ed. PC Garnsworthy and J Wiseman), pp. 115–156. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Griinari, JM, Bauman, DE 2006. Milk fat depression: concepts, mechanisms and management applications. In Ruminant physiology: digestion, metabolism and impact of nutrition on gene expression, immunology and stress (ed. K Serjrsen, T Hvelplund and MO Nielsen), pp. 389–417. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griinari, JM, Cori, BA, Lacy, SH, Chouinard, PY, Nurmela, KVV, Bauman, DE 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Δ9-desaturase. The Journal of Nutrition 130, 2285–2291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griinari, JM, Dwyer, DA, McGuire, MA, Bauman, DE, Palmquist, DL, Nurmela, KVV 1998. Trans-octadecenoic acids and milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 1251–1261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griinari, JM, Granlund, L, Pedersen, JI, Delmonte, P, Shingfield, K, Sæbø, A 2005. cis-10, trans-12 conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. In Proceedings of the International Society of Fat Research, 25–28 September 2005, Prague, Czech Republic.Google Scholar
Hansen, HO, Knudsen, J 1987. Effect of exogenous long-chain fatty acids on lipid biosynthesis in dispersed ruminant mammary gland epithelial cells: esterification of long-chain exogenous fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 70, 1344–1349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, HO, Tornehave, D, Knudsen, J 1986. Synthesis of milk specific fatty acids and proteins by dispersed goat mammary-gland epithelial cells. Biochemical Journal 238, 167–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harfoot, CG, Hazlewood, GP 1988. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. In The rumen microbial ecosystem (ed. PN Hobson), pp. 285–322. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, UK.Google Scholar
Harvatine, KJ, Bauman, DE 2006. SREBP1 and thyroid hormone responsive spot 14 (S14) are involved in the regulation of bovine mammary lipid synthesis during diet-induced milk fat depression and treatment with CLA. The Journal of Nutrition 136, 2468–2474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvatine, KJ, Boisclair, YR, Bauman, DE 2009a. Recent advances in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Animal 3, 40–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvatine, KJ, Perfield, JW, Bauman, DE 2009b. Expression of enzymes and key regulators of lipid synthesis is upregulated in adipose tissue during CLA-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows. Journal of Nutrition 139, 849–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawke, TW, Taylor, JC 1995. Influence of nutritional factors on the yield, composition and physical properties of milk fat. In Advanced dairy chemistry volume 2: lipids (ed. PF Fox), pp. 37–88. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.Google Scholar
Hervás, G, Luna, P, Mantecón, AR, Castañares, N, de la Fuente, MA, Juárez, M, Frutos, P 2008. Effect of diet supplementation with sunflower oil on milk production, fatty acid profile and ruminal fermentation in lactating dairy ewes. The Journal of Dairy Research 75, 399–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hristov, AN, Grandeen, KL, Ropp, JK, McGuire, MA 2004. Effect of sodium laurate on ruminal fermentation and utilization of ruminal ammonia nitrogen for milk protein synthesis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1820–1831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, JA, Morvan, B, Joblin, KN 1998. Hydration of linoleic acid by bacteria isolated from ruminants. FEMS Microbiology Letters 169, 277–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Invernizzi, G, Thering, BJ, Bionaz, M, Graugnard, D, Piantoni, P, Everts, RE, Lewin, HA, Savoini, G, Loor, JJ 2009. New insights on mammary tissue responses to dietary lipids using transcriptomics. In Ruminant physiology: digestion, metabolism, and effects of nutrition on reproduction and welfare (ed. Y Chilliard, F Glasser, Y Faulconnier, F Bocquier, I Veissier and M Doreau), pp. 540–541. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Jayan, GC, Herbein, JH 2000. “Healthier” dairy fat using trans-vaccenic acid. Food Science and Nutrition 30, 304–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, TC, AbuGhazaleh, AA, Freeman, S, Thies, EJ 2006. The production of 10-hydroxystearic acid and 10-ketostearic acids is an alternate route of oleic acid transformation by the ruminal microbiota in cattle. The Journal of Nutrition 136, 926–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, TC, Wallace, RJ, Moate, PJ, Mosley, EE 2008. Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem. Journal of Animal Science 86, 397–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, RG 2002. The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 295–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadegowda, AK, Bionaz, M, Piperova, LS, Erdman, RA, Loor, JJ 2009. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation and long-chain fatty acids alter lipogenic gene networks in bovine mammary epithelial cells to various extents. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4276–4289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadegowda, AKG, Piperova, LS, Delmonte, P, Erdman, RA 2008a. Abomasal infusion of butterfat increases milk fat in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2370–2379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadegowda, AK, Piperova, LS, Erdman, RA 2008b. Principal component and multivariate analysis of milk long-chain fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 749–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalscheur, KF, Teter, BB, Piperova, LS, Erdman, RA 1997. Effect of dietary forage concentration and buffer addition on duodenal flow of trans-C18.1 fatty acids and milk fat production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 2104–2114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, JK, Mackle, TR, Auldist, MJ, Thomson, NA, Bauman, DE 2004. Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 369–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, JK, Mackle, TR, Bauman, DE, Thomson, NA, Baumgard, LH 2007. Effects of a supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on bioenergetic and milk production parameters in grazing dairy cows offered ad libitum or restricted pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 721–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, JK, Roche, JR, Moore, CE, Baumgard, LH 2006. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on production and metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows grazing fresh pasture. The Journal of Dairy Research 73, 367–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, EJ, Huws, SA, Lee, MRF, Wood, JD, Muetzel, SM, Wallace, RJ, Scollan, ND 2008. Fish oil increases the duodenal flow of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans-11 18:1 and decreases 18:0 in steers via changes in the rumen bacterial community. The Journal of Nutrition 138, 889–896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, MRF, Shingfield, KJ, Tweed, JKS, Toivonen, V, Huws, SA, Scollan, ND 2008. Effect of fish oil on ruminal lipid metabolism in steers fed grass or red clover silages. Animal 2, 1859–1869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lengi, AJ, Corl, BA 2007. Identification and characterization of a novel bovine stearoyl-CoA desaturase isoform with homology to human SCD5. Lipids 42, 499–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litherland, NB, Thire, S, Beaulieu, AD, Reynolds, CK, Benson, JA, Drackley, JK 2005. Dry matter is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 632–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W, Degner, SC, Romagnolo, DF 2006. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid inhibits prolactin-induced cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. The Journal of Nutrition 136, 2743–2747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lock, AL, Rovai, M, Gipson, TA, de Veth, MJ, Bauman, DE 2008. A conjugated linoleic acid supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating goats. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3291–3299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lock, AL, Shingfield, KJ 2004. Optimizing milk composition. In Dairying – using science to meet consumers’ needs (ed. E Kebreab, J Mills and DE Beever), pp. 107–188. British society of animal science, publication no. 29, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Lock, AL, Teles, BM, Perfield, JW, Bauman, DE, Sinclair, LA 2006. A conjugated linoleic acid supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1525–1532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lock, AL, Tyburczy, C, Dwyer, DA, Harvatine, KJ, Destaillats, F, Mouloungui, Z, Candy, L, Bauman, DE 2007. Trans-10 octadecenoic acid does not reduce milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition 137, 71–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loor, JJ, Doreau, M, Chardigny, JM, Ollier, A, Sebedio, JL, Chilliard, Y 2005a. Effects of ruminal or duodenal supply of fish oil on milk fat secretion and profiles of trans-fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in dairy cows fed maize silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119, 227–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loor, JJ, Ferlay, A, Ollier, A, Doreau, M, Chilliard, Y 2005b. Relationship among trans and conjugated fatty acids and bovine milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and linseed oil. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 726–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loor, JJ, Herbein, JH 2003. Reduced fatty acid synthesis and desaturation due to exogenous trans10, cis12-CLA in cows fed oleic or linoleic oil. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 1354–1369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loor, JJ, Piperova, LS, Everts, RE, Rodriguez-Zas, SL, Drackley, JK, Erdman, RA, Lewin, HA 2005c. Mammary gene expression profiling in cows fed a milk fat-depressing diet using a bovine 13 000 oligonucleotide microarray. Journal of Dairy Science 88(Suppl. 1), 120.Google Scholar
Loor, JJ, Ueda, K, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y, Doreau, M 2004. Biohydrogenation, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in response to dietary forage concentrate ratio and linseed oil in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 2472–2485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loor, JJ, Ueda, K, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y, Doreau, M 2005d. Intestinal flow and digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with fish oil, linseed oil or sunflower oil. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119, 203–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machmüller, A, Soliva, CR, Kreuzer, M 2003. Effect of coconut oil and defaunation treatment on methanogenesis in sheep. Reproduction Nutrition Development 43, 41–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahfouz, MM, Valicenti, AJ, Holman, RT 1980. Desaturation of isomeric trans-octadecenoic acids by rat liver microsomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 618, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, C, Rouel, J, Jouany, JP, Doreau, M, Chilliard, Y 2008. Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2642–2650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matitashvili, E, Bauman, DE 2000. Effect of different isomers of C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids on lipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Dairy Science 83(Suppl. 1), 165.Google Scholar
Matitashvili, E, Baumgard, LH, Bauman, DE 2001. The effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) infusion on milk fat synthesis and expression of lipogenic enzymes in the mammary gland of lactating cows. Journal of Animal Science 79, 310.Google Scholar
McFadden, JW, Corl, BA 2009. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications 390, 388–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFadden, JW, Mullarky, IK, Corl, BA 2008. Inhibitory effect of unsaturated fatty acids on de novo fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Animal Science 86(Suppl. 1), 566.Google Scholar
McKain, N, Shingfield, KJ, Wallace, RJ 2010. Metabolism of conjugated linoleic acids and 18:1 fatty acids by ruminal bacteria: products and mechanisms. Microbiology 156, 579–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, CE, Hafliger, HC, Mendivil, OB, Sanders, SR, Bauman, DE, Baumgard, LH 2004. Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1886–1895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosley, EE, McGuire, MA 2007. Methodology for the in vivo measurement of the delta9-desaturation of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in lactating dairy cattle. Lipids 42, 939–945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosley, EE, Powell, GL, Riley, MB, Jenkins, TC 2002. Microbial biohydrogenation of oleic acid to trans isomers in vitro. Journal of Lipid Research 43, 290–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosley, EE, Shafii, B, Moate, PJ, McGuire, MA 2006. Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized directly from vaccenic acid in lactating dairy cattle. The ournal of Nutrition 136, 570–575.Google ScholarPubMed
Odongo, NE, Or-Rashid, MM, Kebreab, E, France, J, McBride, BW 2007. Effect of supplementing myristic acid in dairy cow rations on ruminal methanogenesis and fatty acid profile in milk. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 1851–1858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ollier, S, Leroux, C, Bernard, L, de la Foye, A, Rouel, J, Chilliard, Y 2009. Whole intact rapeseeds or sunflower oil in high-forage or high-concentrate diets affects milk yield, milk composition, and mammary gene expression profile in goats. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5544–5560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ottou, JF, Doreau, M, Chilliard, Y 1995. Duodenal infusion of rapeseed oil in midlactation cows. 6. Interaction with niacin on dairy performance and nutritional balance. Journal of Dairy Science 78, 1345–1352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmquist, D, Beaulieu, AD, Barbano, DM 1993. Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 1753–1771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmquist, DL, Lock, AL, Shingfield, KJ, Bauman, DE 2005. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. In Advances in food and nutrition research (ed. S. Taylor), vol. 50, pp. 179–217. Elsevier Academic Press, USA.Google Scholar
Park, Y, Pariza, MW 2001. The effects of dietary conjugated nonadecadienoic acid on body composition in mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1533, 171–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, Y, Storkson, JM, Liu, W, Albright, KJ, Cook, ME, Pariza, MW 2004. Structure-activity relationship of conjugated linoleic acid and its cognates in inhibiting heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase and glycerol release from fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 15, 561–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennington, JA, Davis, CL 1975. Effects of intra-ruminal and intra-abomasal additions of cod liver oil on milk fat production in the cow. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 49–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perfield, JW, Delmonte, P, Lock, AL, Yurawecz, MP, Bauman, DE 2006. Trans-10, trans-12 conjugated linoleic acid does not affect milk fat yield but reduces Δ9-desaturase index in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 2559–2566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perfield, JW, Lock, AL, Griinari, JM, Saebo, A, Delmonte, P, Dwyer, DA, Bauman, DE 2007. Trans-9, cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 2211–2218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perfield, JW, Sæbø, A, Bauman, DE 2004. Use of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) enrichments to examine the effects of trans-8, cis-10 CLA, and cis-11, trans-13 CLA on milk-fat synthesis. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1196–1202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, DG, Matitashvili, EA, Bauman, DE 2003. Diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results in increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in milk fat and coordinate suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis. The Journal of Nutrition 133, 3098–3102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, DG, Matitashvili, EA, Bauman, DE 2004. The inhibitory effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1. The Journal of Nutrition 134, 2523–2527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piperova, LS, Sampugna, J, Teter, BB, Kalscheur, KF, Yurawecz, MP, Ku, Y, Morehouse, KM, Erdman, RA 2002. Duodenal and milk trans octadecenoic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers indicate that postabsorptive synthesis is the predominant source of cis-9-containing CLA in lactating dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition 132, 1235–1241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piperova, LS, Teter, BB, Bruckental, I, Sampugna, J, Mills, SE, Yurawecz, MP, Fritsche, J, Ku, K, Erdman, RA 2000. Mammary lipogenic enzyme activity, trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are altered in lactating dairy cows fed a milk fat- depressing diet. The Journal of Nutrition 130, 2568–2574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollard, MR, Gunstone, FD, James, AT, Morris, LJ 1980. Desaturation of positional and geometric isomers of monoenoic fatty acids by microsomal preparations from rat liver. Lipids 15, 306–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulina, G, Nudda, A, Battacone, G, Cannas, A 2006. Effects of nutrition on the contents of fat, protein, somatic cells, aromatic compounds, and undesirable substances in sheep milk. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 255–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, CK, Cannon, VL, Loerch, SC 2006. Effect of forage source and supplementation with soybean and marine algal oil on milk fatty acid composition of ewes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 333–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rindsig, RB, Schultz, LH 1974. Effects of abomasal infusions of safflower oil or elaidic acid on blood lipids and milk fat in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 57, 1459–1466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romo, GA, Casper, DP, Erdman, RA, Teter, BB 1996. Abomasal infusion of cis or trans fatty acid isomers and energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 79, 2005–2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, A, Ferlay, A, Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y 2006. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to plant oils in cows given different basal diets, with particular emphasis on trans-C18:1 fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Animal Science 82, 479–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rulquin, H, Hurtaud, C, Lemosquet, S, Peyraud, JL 2007. Effet des nutriments énergétiques sur la production et la teneur en matière grasse du lait de vache. INRA Productions Animales 20, 163–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sæbø, A, Perfield, JW, Delmonte, P, Yurawecz, MP, Lawrence, P, Brenna, JT, Bauman, DE 2005a. Milk fat synthesis is unaffected by abomasal infusion of the conjugated diene 18:3 isomers cis-6, trans-10, cis-12 and cis-6, trans-8, cis-12. Lipids 40, 89–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sæbø, A, Sæbø, P, Griinari, JM, Shingfield, KJ 2005b. Effect of abomasal infusion of geometric isomers of 10,12 conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. Lipids 40, 823–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidely, P, Morand-Fehr, P 2004. Effects of intravenous infusion of trans-10, cis-12 or cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on milk fat synthesis and composition in dairy goats during mid-lactation. South African Journal of Animal Science 34, 195–197.Google Scholar
Seal, CJ, Reynolds, CK 1993. Nutritional implications of gastrointestinal and liver metabolism in ruminants. Nutrition Research Reviews 6, 185–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shingfield, KJ, Ahvenjärvi, S, Toivonen, V, Ärölä, A, Nurmela, KVV, Huhtanen, P, Griinari, JM 2003. Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows. Animal Science 77, 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Ahvenjärvi, S, Toivonen, V, Vanhatalo, A, Huhtanen, P 2007. Transfer of absorbed cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid into milk is biologically more efficient than endogenous synthesis from absorbed vaccenic acid in the lactating cow. The Journal of Nutrition 137, 1154–1160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Ahvenjärvi, S, Toivonen, V, Vanhatalo, A, Huhtanen, P, Griinari, JM 2008a. Effect of incremental levels of sunflower-seed oil in the diet on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows. British The Journal of Nutrition 99, 971–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shingfield, KJ, Ärölä, A, Ahvenjärvi, S, Vanhatalo, A, Toivonen, V, Griinari, JM, Huhtanen, P 2008b. Ruminal infusions of cobalt-EDTA reduce mammary Δ9-desaturase index and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows. The Journal of Nutrition 138, 710–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shingfield, KJ, Beever, DE, Reynolds, CK, Gulati, SK, Humphries, DJ, Lupoli, B, Hervás, G, Griinari, JM 2004. Effect of rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid on energy metabolism of dairy cows during early to mid-lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 87(Suppl. 1), 307.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y, Toivonen, V, Kairenius, P, Givens, DI 2008c. Trans fatty acids and bioactive lipids in ruminant milk. In Bioactive components of milk, advances in experimental medicine and biology (ed. Z. Bösze), vol. 606, pp. 3–65. Springer, New York, US.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Griinari, JM 2007. Role of biohydrogenation intermediates in milk fat depression. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 799–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Reynolds, CK, Hervás, G, Griinari, JM, Grandison, AS, Beever, DE 2006a. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid responses to fish oil and sunflower oil in the diet of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 714–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shingfield, KJ, Reynolds, CK, Lupoli, B, Toivonen, V, Yurawecz, MP, Delmonte, P, Griinari, JM, Grandison, AS, Beever, DE 2005. Effect of forage type and proportion of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition in cows given sunflower oil and fish oil. Animal Science 80, 225–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Rouel, J, Chilliard, Y 2009a. Effect of calcium salts of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acids containing trans-10, cis-12 in the diet on milk fat synthesis in goats. The British Journal of Nutrition 101, 1006–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shingfield, KJ, Sæbø, A, Sæbø, P-C, Toivonen, V, Griinari, JM 2009b. Effect of abomasal infusions of a mixture of octadecenoic acids on milk fat synthesis in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4317–4329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shingfield, KJ, Toivonen, V, Vanhatalo, A, Huhtanen, P, Griinari, JM 2006b. Short communication: indigestible markers reduce the mammary Δ9-desaturase index and alter the milk fatty acid composition in cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 3006–3010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinclair, LA, Lock, AL, Early, R, Bauman, DE 2007. Effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on ovine milk fat synthesis and cheese properties. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3326–3335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorensen, BM, Kazala, EC, Murdoch, GK, Keating, AF, Cruz-Hernandez, C, Wegner, J, Kennelly, JJ, Okine, EK, Weselake, RJ 2009. Effect of CLA and other C18 unsaturated fatty acids on DGAT in bovine milk fat biosynthetic systems. Lipids 43, 903–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, JD, Dhanoa, MS, Morant, SV, France, J, Napper, DJ, Schuller, E 2003. Rates of production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen of lactating dairy cows given normal and low-roughage diets. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3620–3633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tacken, PJ, Hofker, MH, Havekes, LM, van Dijk, KW 2001. Living up to a name: the role of the VLDL receptor in lipid metabolism. Current Opinion in Lipidology 12, 275–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thering, BJ, Graugnard, DE, Piantoni, P, Loor, JJ 2009. Adipose tissue lipogenic gene networks due to lipid feeding and milk fat depression in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4290–4300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timmen, H, Patton, S 1988. Milk fat globules: fatty acid composition, size, and in vivo regulation of fat liquidity. Lipids 23, 685–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyburczy, C, Lock, AL, Dwyer, DA, Destaillats, F, Mouloungui, Z, Candy, L, Bauman, DE 2008. Uptake and utilization of trans octadecenoic acids in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3850–3861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, RJ, McKain, N, Shingfield, KJ, Devillard, E 2007. Isomers of conjugated linoleic acids are synthesized via different mechanisms in ruminal digesta and bacteria. Journal of Lipid Research 48, 2247–2254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wąsowska, I, Maia, M, Niedźwiedzka, KM, Czauderna, M, Ramalho Ribeiro, JMC, Devillard, E, Shingfield, KJ, Wallace, RJ 2006. Influence of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. The British Journal of Nutrition 95, 1199–1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, PA, Maiguel, D, Zhenzhen, J, Pevsner, J 2007. Evidence for 26 distinct acyl-coenzyme A synthetase genes in the human genome. Journal of Lipid Research 48, 2736–2750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yonezawa, T, Haga, S, Kobayashi, Y, Katoh, K, Obara, Y 2008. Regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase expression by saturated fatty acids and hormones in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Biochemica Biophysica Research Communication 376, 36–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yonezawa, T, Haga, S, Kobayashi, Y, Katoh, K, Obara, Y 2009. Short-chain fatty acid signaling pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Regulatory Peptides 153, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, Q, Anderson, GW, Mucha, GT, Parks, EJ, Metkowski, JK, Mariash, CN 2005. The Spot 14 protein is required for de novo lipid synthesis in the lactating mammary gland. Endocrinology 146, 3343–3350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar