Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T18:59:38.479Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrition-induced differences in body composition, compensatory growth and endocrine status in growing pigs*,**

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2008

H. R. Martínez-Ramírez ,
E. A. Jeaurond  and
C. F. M. de Lange
H. R. Martínez-Ramírez
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutritional Modeling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
E. A. Jeaurond
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutritional Modeling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
C. F. M. de Lange*
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutritional Modeling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

In this experiment, we assessed the effect of amino acid (AA) intake restriction in entire male Yorkshire pigs between 15 and 38 kg BW (restriction phase) on BW gain, body composition and plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cortisol, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH) and leptin during the subsequent re-alimentation phase. During the restriction phase, 36 pigs were allotted to one of two dietary treatments: adequate AA intake (control) or AA-limiting diets (AA-30%). Thereafter, pigs were fed common non-limiting diets up to 110 kg BW. Throughout the experiment, pigs were scale-fed at 90% of the estimated voluntary daily digestible energy intake. At the end of the restriction phase, pigs on AA-30% had lesser BW gain (650 v. 784 g/day; P < 0.001), loin area (LA; 12.2 v. 14.2 cm2; P < 0.001), BUN (4.6 v. 6.3 mg/dl; P < 0.02), lesser plasma levels of IGF-I (440 v. 640 ng/m; P < 0.001) and cortisol (8.2 v. 19.2 μg/dl; P < 0.001), greater backfat thickness (BF; 7.56 v. 6.56 mm; P < 0.02), and greater plasma levels of leptin (2.7 v. 1.8 ng/ml; P = 0.027) and GH (3.3 v. 2.0 ng/ml; P = 0.05) than pigs on control. During the re-alimentation phase, previously restricted pigs showed full compensatory growth (CG) in terms of BW gain (1170 v. 1077 g/day; P < 0.002), whole-body protein deposition (Pd) (179 v. 163 g/day; P < 0.001) as well as physical and chemical body composition (whole-body lipid to body protein mass ratio, LB/PB; 1.14 v. 1.15; P > 0.10). Besides GH at 45 kg BW (4.2 v. 2.4 ng/ml; P = 0.066), there were no effects of previous AA intake restriction on leptin, IGF-I and BUN during the re-alimentation phase (P > 0.10). Plasma cortisol and IGF-I levels may act as an indicator of AA-induced restriction in Pd in growing pigs. Plasma BUN level does not appear as a sensitive indicator for compensatory Pd. Plasma leptin and GH levels allow for the involvement of the brain in controlling chemical body composition. Full CG was observed during the energy-dependent phase of Pd in growing pigs and might be driven by a target LB/PB, possibly mediated via plasma leptin, IGF-I and GH levels.

Keywords

amino acid restrictionbody compositioncompensatory growthendocrine statuspigs
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , February 2009 , pp. 228 - 236
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Presented in part at the ADSA/CSAS/ASAS Annual Joint Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2005, Abstract 295, Volume 83, Supplement 1.

**

The animal utilization protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Care Committee of the University of Guelph.

References

Anonymous 1986. Hog carcass grading regulations SOR/86. 393. Canada Gazette Part II. 1990. Department of Agriculture, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.Google Scholar
Barb, CR, Yan, X, Azain, MJ, Kraeling, RR, Rampacek, GB, Ramsay, TG 1998. Recombinant porcine leptin reduces feed intake and stimulates growth hormone secretion in swine. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 15, 77–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, SR, Uhlmann, K, Haidan, A, Ehrhard-Bornstein, M, Scherbaum, WA 1997. Evidence for a novel peripheral action of leptin as a metabolic signal to the adrenal gland. Leptin inhibits cortisol release directly. Diabetes 46, 1235–1238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodsky, IG 2006. Hormones and growth factors. In Modern nutrition in health and disease (ed. ME Shils, M Shike, AC Ross, B Caballero and RJ Cousins), 10th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Buonomo, FC, Lauterio, TJ, Baile, CA, Campion, DR 1987. Determination of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein levels in swine. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 4, 23–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, RG, Dunkin, AC 1983. The influence of nutrition early in life on growth and development of the pigs. I. The effects of protein nutrition to and subsequent to 6.5 kg on growth and development to 45 kg. Animal Production 36, 415–423.Google Scholar
Campfield, LA, Smith, FJ, Guisez, Y, Devos, R, Burn, P 1995. Recombinant mouse ob protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 269, 546–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiba, L, Kuhlers, D, Frobish, L, Jungst, S, Huff-Lonergan, E, Lonergan, S, Cummins, K 2002. Effect of dietary restrictions on growth performance and carcass quality of pigs selected for lean growth efficiency. Livestock Production Science 74, 93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chua, SC Jr, Chung, WK, Wu-Peng, S, Zhang, Y, Liu, S-M, Tartaglia, L, Leibel, RL 1996. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science 271, 994–996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clemmons, DR, Underwood, LE 1991. Nutritional regulation of IGF-I and IGF binding proteins. Annual Review of Nutrition 11, 393–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Greef, KH, Kemp, B, Verstegen, M 1992. Performance and body composition of fattening pigs of two strains during protein deficiency and subsequent realimentation. Livestock Production Science 30, 141–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lange, CFM, Sauer, WC, Mosenthin, R, Souffrant, WB 1989. The effect of feeding different protein-free diets on the recovery and amino acid composition of endogenous protein collected from the distal ileum and feces in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 67, 746–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabian, J, Chiba, LI, Kuhlers, DL, Frobish, K, Nadarajah, K, Kerth, C, McElhenney, W, Lewis, A 2002. Degree of amino acid restriction during the grower phase and compensatory growth in pigs selected for lean growth efficiency. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2610–2618.Google ScholarPubMed
Fabian, J, Chiba, LI, Kuhlers, DL, Frobish, K, Nadarajah, K, McElhenney, WH 2003. Growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities, serum profile, and carcass and meat quality of pigs with distinct genotypes. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1142–1149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, NS, Theeruth, BK 2002. Protein and lipid deposition rates in growing pigs following a period of excess fattening. South African Journal of Animal Science 32, 97–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrando A, Sheffield-Moore M, Wolf S and Wolfe R 2001. Interventions to improve muscle protein metabolism during stress. Bioastronautics Investigators’ Workshop, USRA. Division of Space Life Sciences, January 17–19, 2001, Galveston, Texas.Google Scholar
Frederich, RC, Hamann, A, Anderson, S, Lollmann, B, Lowell, BB, Flier, JS 1995. Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. Nature Medicine 1, 1311–1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halaas, JL, Boozer, C, Blair-West, J, Fidahusein, N, Denton, DA, Friedman, JM 1997. Physiologic response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, 8878–8883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handel, SE, Strickland, NC 1988. Catch-up growth in pigs: a relationship with muscle cellularity. Animal Production 47, 291–295.Google Scholar
Hornick, J, van Eenaeme, C, Gérard, O, Dufrasne, I, Istasse, L 2000. Mechanisms of reduced and compensatory growth. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 19, 121–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houseknecht, KL, Baile, CA, Matteri, RL, Spurlock, ME 1998. The biology of leptin: a review. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1405–1420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyriazakis, I, Stamataris, C, Emmans, G, Whittemore, C 1991. The effects of food protein content on the performance of pigs previously given foods with low or moderate protein content. Animal Production 52, 165–173.Google Scholar
Lodge, GA, Sarker, NK, Friend, DW 1977. Hyperplasic and hypertrophic growth in brain, liver and muscle of undernourished suckled pigs. Journal of Animal Science 45, 1346–1352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchant-Forde, JN, Lay, DC Jr, Pajor, EA, Richert, BT, Schinckel, AP 2003. The effects of ractopamine on the behavior and physiology of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 416–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martínez-Ramírez HR, Jeaurond EA and de Lange CFM 2008a. Dynamics of body protein deposition and changes in body composition following sudden changes in amino acid intake: I. Barrows. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2156–2167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Ramírez HR, Jeaurond EA and de Lange CFM 2008b. Dynamics of body protein deposition and changes in body composition following sudden changes in amino acid intake: II. Entire males. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2168–2179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougald, OA, Hwang, C, Fan, H, Lane, MD 1995. Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92, 9034–9037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millward, DJ 1990. The hormonal control of protein turnover. Clinical Nutrition 9, 115–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Pork Producers Council 1991. Procedures to evaluate market hogs. National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, IA, USA.Google Scholar
National Research Council 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th revised edition. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Novakofski, J, McCusker, RH 1993. Physiology and principles of muscle growth. In The growth of the pig (ed. GR Hollis), pp. 33–48. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Okere, C, Hacker, RR, Werchola, G 1997. Relationships between serum IGF-I concentrations and piglet development or neonatal viability following porcine somatrotopin (pST) and insulin administration to gestation gilts. Theriogenology 47, 1403–1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, PC, Gatford, KL, Walton, PE, Morley, W, Campbell, RG 1999. The relationship between endogenous insulin-like growth factors and growth in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 77, 2098–2103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parlow, AP 2004. National Hormone and Peptide Program (NHPP): new recombinant hormones, hypothalamic peptides, natural hormones, new antisera, and expanded hormone assay services available. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89, 3618–3620.Google ScholarPubMed
Pralong, FP, Roduit, R, Waeber, G, Castillo, E, Mosimann, F, Thorens, B, Gaillard, RC 1998. Leptin inhibits directly glucocorticoid secretion by normal human and rat adrenal gland. Endocrinology 139, 4264–4268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAS 2003. Statistical Analysis Software Institute Inc., version 9.1. Statistical Analysis Software Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
Smith, WJ, Underwood, LE, Clemmons, DR 1995. Effects of caloric or protein restriction on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins in children and adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80, 443–449.Google ScholarPubMed
Straus, DS, Takemoto, CD 1990. Effect of dietary protein deprivation on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II, IGF binding protein-2, and serum albumin gene expression in rat. Endocrinology 127, 1849–1860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whang, K, Donovan, S, Easter, R 2000. Effect of protein deprivation on subsequent efficiency of dietary protein utilization in finish pigs. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Science 13, 659–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whang, K, Kim, S, Donovan, S, McKeith, F, Easter, R 2003. Effects of protein deprivation on subsequent growth performance, gain of body components, and protein requirements in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 705–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wyllie, D, Speer, VC, Ewan, RC, Hays, VW 1969. Effects of starter protein level on performance and body composition of pigs. Journal of Animal Science 29, 433–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed