Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T04:27:15.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrient restriction and realimentation in beef cows during early and mid-gestation and maternal and fetal hepatic and small intestinal in vitro oxygen consumption

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2015

L. D. Prezotto ,
L. E. Camacho ,
C. O. Lemley ,
F. E. Keomanivong ,
J. S. Caton ,
K. A. Vonnahme  and
K. C. Swanson
L. D. Prezotto
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
L. E. Camacho
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
C. O. Lemley
Affiliation:
Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
F. E. Keomanivong
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
J. S. Caton
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
K. A. Vonnahme
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
K. C. Swanson*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Objectives were to determine the effects of advancing gestation, maternal nutrient restriction during early and mid-gestation, and realimentation on fetal liver and jejunal mass and energy use in both dams and fetuses. On day 30 of pregnancy, multiparous, non-lactating beef cows (initial BW=621±11.3 kg and body condition score=5.1±0.1) were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments: control (CON; 100% requirements; n=18) and restricted (R; 60% requirements; n=28). On day 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n=6; R, n=6), and remaining cows continued on control (CC; n=12) and restricted (RR; n=12) diets, or were realimented to the control diet (RC; n=11). On day 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n=6; RR, n=6; RC, n=5), remaining cows continued on the control diet (CCC, n=6; RCC, n=5), or were realimented to the control diet (RRC, n=6). On day 254, all remaining cows were slaughtered. Maternal liver O2 consumption linearly increased (P⩽0.04) and jejunal weight (g/kg) linearly decreased (P=0.04) as gestation advanced in CON groups. Fetal BW, and hepatic and small intestinal absolute mass, protein content and O2 consumption linearly increased (P⩽0.04) as pregnancy advanced in CON groups. However, mass and O2 consumption relative to BW linearly decreased (P⩽0.001) in the fetal liver in CON groups. When analyzing the effects of dietary treatment, at day 85, fetal jejunal O2 consumption (mol/min per kg BW) was lower (P=0.02) in the R group when compared with the CON group. At day 140, maternal hepatic weight (g) was lower (P=0.02) in RC and RR cows when compared with CC, and fetal jejunual O2 consumption (mmol/min per mg tissue and mmol/min per g protein) was greater (P⩽0.02) in RC when compared with RR. At day 254, maternal hepatic O2 consumption (absolute and relative to BW) was lower (P⩽0.04) in the RCC cows when compared with RRC. Fetal hepatic weight was lower (P=0.05) in the CCC group when compared with RCC and RRC. The changes in response to nutrient restriction and realimentation in both the dam and fetus may indicate an adaptation to a lower amount of available nutrients by altering tissue mass and metabolism.

Keywords

bovineenergy usefetalmaternalviscera
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 10 , Issue 5 , May 2016 , pp. 829 - 837
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bauman, DE and Currie, WB 1980. Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: a review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis. Journal of Dairy Science 63, 1514–1529.Google Scholar
Bell, AW 1993. Pregnancy and fetal metabolism. Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism. CAB International, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Brameld, JM, Mostyn, A, Dandrea, J, Stephenson, TJ, Dawson, JM, Buttery, PJ and Symonds, ME 2000. Maternal nutrition alters the expression of insulin-like growth factors in fetal sheep liver and skeletal muscle. Journal of Endocrinology 167, 429–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchmiller, TL, Fonkalsrud, EW, Kim, CS, Chopourian, HL, Shaw, KS, Lam, MM and Diamond, JM 1992. Upregulation of nutrient transport in fetal rabbit intestine by transamniotic substrate administration. Journal of Surgical Research 52, 443–447.Google Scholar
Buchmiller, TL, Kim, CS, Chopourian, HL and Fonkalsrud, EW 1994. Transamniotic fetal feeding: enhancement of growth in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth retardation. Surgery 116, 36–41.Google Scholar
Burrin, DG, Ferrell, CL, Eisemann, JH, Britton, RA and Nienaber, JA 1989. Effect of level of nutrition on splanchnic blood flow and oxygen consumption in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 62, 23–34.Google Scholar
Camacho, LE, Lemley, CO, Van Emon, ML, Caton, JS, Swanson, KC and Vonnahme, KS 2014. Effects of maternal nutrient restriction followed by realimentation during early and mid-gestation on beef cows. I. Maternal performance and organ weights at different stages of gestation. Journal of Animal Science 92, 520–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, DB, Reed, JJ, Borowicz, PP, Taylor, JB, Reynolds, LP, Neville, TL, Redmer, DA, Vonnahme, KA and Caton, JS 2009. Effects of dietary selenium supply and timing of nutrient restriction during gestation on maternal growth and body composition of pregnant adolescent ewes. Journal of Animal Science 87, 669–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dandrea, J, Heasman, L, Stephenson, T and Symonds, ME 1999. Maternal nutrition and the manipulation of placental and fetal growth. Early Human Development 54, 72–73.Google Scholar
Dumas, JF, Roussel, D, Simard, G, Douay, O, Foussard, F, Malthiery, Y and Ritz, P 2004. Food restriction affects energy metabolism in rat liver mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1670, 126–131.Google Scholar
de Santa Barbara, P, van den Brink, GR and Roberts, DJ 2003. Development and differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 60, 1322–1332.Google Scholar
Ferrell, CL, Koong, LJ and Nienaber, JA 1986. Effect of previous nutrition on body composition and maintenance energy costs of growing lambs. British Journal of Nutrition 56, 595–605.Google Scholar
Ferrell, CL and Oltjen, JW 2008. ASAS centennial paper: net energy systems for beef cattle-concepts, application, and future models. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2779–2794.Google Scholar
Freetly, HC and Ferrell, CL 1997. Oxygen consumption by and blood flow across the portal-drained viscera and liver of pregnant ewes. Journal of Animal Science 75, 1950–1955.Google Scholar
Goetsch, AL 1998. Splanchnic tissue energy use in ruminants that consume forage-based diets ad libitum. Journal of Animal Science 76, 2737–2746.Google Scholar
Godfrey, KM and Barker, DJ 2000. Fetal nutrition and adult disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 1344S–1352S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, N. 1964. Energy exchanges of pregnant and lactating ewes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 127.Google Scholar
Hess, BW, Lake, SL, Scholljegerdes, EJ, Weston, TR, Nayigihugu, V, Molle, JDC and Moss, GE 2005. Nutritional controls of beef cow reproduction. Journal of Animal Science 83, E90–E106.Google Scholar
Koong, LJ, Ferrell, CL and Nienaber, JA 1985. Assessment of interrelationships among levels of intake and production, organ size and fasting heat production in growing animals. Journal of Nutrition 115, 1383–1390.Google Scholar
Meyer, AM, Reed, JJ, Neville, TL, Taylor, JB, Reynolds, LP, Redmer, DA, Vonnahme, KA and Caton, JS 2012. Effects of nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation on visceral organ and indices of intestinal growth and vascularity in primiparous ewes at parturition and during early lactiation. Journal of Animal Science 90, 2733–2749.Google Scholar
Meyer, AM, Reed, JJ, Vonnahme, KA, Soto-Navarro, SA, Reynolds, LP, Ford, SP, Hess, BW and Caton, JS. 2010. Effects of stage of gestation and nutrient restriction during early to mid-gestation on maternal and fetal visceral organ mass and indices of jejunal growth and vascularity in beef cows. Journal of Animal Science 88, 2410–2424.Google Scholar
NRC 2000. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Osgerby, JC, Wathes, DC, Howard, D and Gadd, TS 2002. The effect of maternal undernutrition on ovine fetal growth. Journal of Endocrinology 173, 131–141.Google Scholar
Prezotto, LD, Lemley, CO, Camacho, LE, Doscher, FE, Meyer, AM, Caton, JS, Awda, BJ, Vonnahme, KA and Swanson, KC 2014. Effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation on maternal and foetal hepatic and small intestinal energy utilization. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98, 797–807.Google Scholar
Reynolds, CK and Huntington, GB 1988. Partition of portal-drained visceral net flux in beef steers. 1) Blood flow and net flux of oxygen, glucose and nitrogenous compounds across stomach and post-stomach tissues. British Journal of Nutrition 60, 539–551.Google Scholar
Reynolds, CK, Tyrrell, HF and Reynolds, PJ 1991. Effects of diet forage-to-concentrate ratio and intake on energy metabolism in growing beef heifers: whole body energy and nitrogen balance and visceral heat production. Journal of Nutrition 121, 994–1003.Google Scholar
Reynolds, LP, Millaway, DS, Kirsch, JD, Infeld, JE and Redmer, DA 1990. Growth and in-vitro metabolism of placental tissues of cows from day 100 to day 250 of gestation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 89, 213–222.Google Scholar
Rosso, P and Streeter, MR 1979. Effects of food or protein restriction on plasma volume expantion in pregnant rats. Journal of Nutrition 109, 1887–1892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sangild, PT 2006. Gut responses to enteral nutrition in preterm infants and animals. Journal of Experimental Biology 231, 1695–1711.Google Scholar
Sangild, PT, Schmidt, M, Elnif, J, Bjornvad, CR and Buddington, RK 2002. Prenatal development of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs and the effect of fetal gut obstruction. Pediatric Research 52, 416–424.Google Scholar
Scheaffer, AN, Caton, JS, Bauer, ML, Redmer, DA and Reynolds, LP 2003. The effect of pregnancy on visceral growth and energy use in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1853–1861.Google Scholar
Scheaffer, AN, Caton, JS, Redmer, DA and Reynolds, LP 2004. The effect of dietary restriction, pregnancy, and fetal type in different ewe types on fetal weight, maternal body weight, and visceral organ mass in ewes. Journal of Animal Science 82, 1826–1838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, PK, Krohn, RI, Harmanson, GT, Mallia, AK, Gartner, FH, Provenzano, MD, Fujimoto, EK, Goeke, NM, Olson, BJ and Klenk, DC 1985. Analytical Biochemistry 150, 76–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soto-Navarro, SA, Lawler, TL, Taylor, JB, Reynolds, LP, Reed, JJ, Finley, JW and Caton, JS 2004. Effect of high-selenium wheat on visceral organ mass, and intestinal cellularity and vascularity in finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 82, 1782–1793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stock, MJ and Metcalfe, J 1994. Maternal physiology during gestation. In The physiology of reproduction. (ed. E Knobil and JD Neill), pp. 947–983. Raven Press, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Thomas, VM and Kott, RW 1995. A review of Montana winter range ewe nutrition research. Sheep Goat Research Journal 11, 17–24.Google Scholar
Underwood, MA, Gilbert, WM and Sherman, MP 2005. Amniotic fluid: not just fetal urine anymore. Journal of Perinatology 25, 341–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verstegen, MWA 1989. Energy metabolism of farm animals. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Vonnahme, KA, Hess, BW, Hansen, TR, McCormick, RJ, Rule, DC, Moss, GE, Murdoch, WJ, Nijland, MJ, Skinner, DC, Nathanielsz, PW and Ford, SP 2003. Maternal undernutrition from early- to mid-gestation leads to growth retardation, cardiac ventricular hypertrophy, and increased liver weight in the fetal sheep. Biology of Reproduction 69, 133–140.Google Scholar
Wood, KM, Awda, BJ, Fitzsimmons, C, Miller, SP, McBride, BW and Swanson, KC 2013. Effect of moderate dietary restriction on visceral organ weight, hepatic oxygen consumption, and metabolic proteins associated with energy balance in mature pregnant cows. Journal of Animal Science 91, 4245–4255.Google Scholar
Wu, G, Bazer, FW, Wallace, JM and Spencer, TE 2006. Intrauterine growth retardation: implications for the animal sciences. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2316–2337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yunusova, R, Neville, TL, Vonnahme, KA, Hammer, CJ, Reed, JJ, Taylor, JB, Redmer, DA, Reynolds, LP and Caton, JS 2013. Impacts of maternal selenium supply and nutritional plane on visceral tissues and intestinal biology in 180-day-old offspring in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 91, 2229–2242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaret, KS 2002. Regulatory phases of early liver development: paradigms of organogenesis. Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 499–512.Google Scholar