Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:55:55.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2014

P. K. Theil ,
C. Lauridsen  and
H. Quesnel
P. K. Theil*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
C. Lauridsen
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
H. Quesnel
Affiliation:
INRA, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
*
† E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Piglet survival is a major problem, especially during the first 3 days after birth. Piglets are born deficient of energy, but at the same time they have a very high energy requirement because of high physical activity, high need for thermoregulation (because of their lean body with low insulation) and high heat production in muscle tissues. To be able to survive, newborn piglets may rely upon three different sources of energy, namely, glycogen, colostrum and transient milk, which orchestrate to cover their energy requirements. Piglets are born with limited amounts of energy in glycogen depots in the liver and muscle tissues and these depots are sufficient for normal activity for ∼16 h. Intake and oxidation of fat and lactose from colostrum must supply sufficient amount of energy to cover at least another 18 h until transient milk becomes available in the sow udder ∼34 h after the first piglet is born. Selection for large litters during the last two decades has challenged piglets even further during the critical neonatal phase because the selection programs indirectly decreased birth weight of piglets and because increased litter size has increased the competition between littermates. Different attempts have been made to increase the short-term survival of piglets, that is, survival until day 3 of lactation, by focusing on improving transfer of vital maternal energy to the offspring, either in utero or via mammary secretions. Thus, the present review addresses how sow nutrition in late gestation may favor survival of newborn piglets by increasing glycogen depots, improving colostrum yield or colostrum composition, or by increasing production of transient milk.

Keywords

colostrumglycogen depotimmunoglobulinsperiparturient periodsow nutrition
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 8 , Issue 7 , July 2014 , pp. 1021 - 1030
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amdi, C, Krogh, U, Flummer, C, Oksbjerg, N, Hansen, CF and Theil, PK 2013. Intrauterine growth restricted piglets defined by their head shape ingest insufficient amounts of colostrum. Journal of Animal Science 91, 5605–5613.Google Scholar
Bjørnvad, CR, Thymann, T, Budek, AZ, Nielsen, DH, Mølgaard, C, Michaelsen, KF and Sangild, PT 2007. Gastrointestinal and body growth in colostrum-deprived piglets in response to whey, casein or soy protein diets. Livestock Science 109, 30–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, RD, Moser, BD, Peo, ER and Cunningham, PJ 1978. Effect of energy-source prior to parturition and during lactation on tissue lipid, liver-glycogen and plasma-levels of some metabolites in newborn pig. Journal of Animal Science 47, 874–882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, RD, Moser, BD, Peo, ER, Lewis, AJ and Johnson, RK 1982. Effect of tallow and choline chloride addition to the diet of sows on milk composition, milk yield and preweaning pig performance. Journal of Animal Science 54, 1–7.Google Scholar
Butler, JE 1974. Immunoglobulins of the mammary secretions. In Lactation: a comprehensive treatise (ed. BL Larson and VR Smith). vol. 3, pp. 217–255. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Butler, JE and Kehrli, ME Jr 2005. Immunoglobulins and immunocytes in the mammary gland and its secretions. In Mucosal immunology (ed. J Mestecky, ME Lamm, W Strober, J Bienenstock, JR McGhee and L Mayer), pp. 1763–1793. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cordero, G, Isabel, B, Morales, J, Menoyo, D, Piñeiro, C, Daza, A, Lopez-Bote, CJ 2011. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during last week of gestation and lactation alters colostrum and milk fat composition and performance of reproductive sows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 168, 232–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corino, C, Pastorelli, G, Rosi, F, Bontempo, V and Rossi, R 2009. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in sows on performance and immunoglobulin concentration in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2299–2305.Google Scholar
Csapó, J, Martin, TG, Csapó-Kiss, ZS and Házas, Z 1996. Protein, fats, vitamin and mineral concentrations in porcine colostrum and milk from parturition to 60 days. International Dairy Journal 6, 881–902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devillers, N, Le Dividich, J and Prunier, A 2011. Influence of colostrum intake on piglet survival and immunity. Animal 5, 1605–1612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devillers, N, van Milgen, J, Prunier, A and Le Dividich, J 2004. Estimation of colostrum intake in the neonatal pig. Animal Science 78, 305–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodd, SC, Forsyth, IA, Buttle, HL, Gurr, MI and Dils, RR 1994. Milk whey proteins in plasma of sows: variation with physiological state. Journal of Dairy Research 61, 21–34.Google Scholar
Farmer, C and Quesnel, H 2009. Nutritional, hormonal, and environmental effects on colostrum in sows. Journal of Animal Science 87 (suppl. 1), 56–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flummer, C and Theil, PK 2012. Effect of β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate supplementation of sows in late gestation and lactation on sow production of colostrum and milk and piglet performance. Journal of Animal Science 90 (suppl. 4), 372–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foisnet, A, Farmer, C, David, C and Quesnel, H 2010. Relationships between colostrum production by primiparous sows and sow physiology around parturition. Journal of Animal Science 88, 1672–1683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foxcroft, GR, Dixon, WT, Dyck, MK, Novak, S, Harding, JC and Almeida, FC 2009. Prenatal programming of postnatal development in the pig. Society for Reproduction and Fertililty Supplement 66, 213–231.Google ScholarPubMed
Guillemet, R, Hamard, A, Quesnel, H, Père, M-C, Etienne, M, Dourmad, J-Y and Meunier-Salaun, M-C 2007. Dietary fibre for gestating sows: effects on parturition progress, behaviour, litter and sow performance. Animal 1, 872–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, AV, Lauridsen, C, Sørensen, MT, Bach Knudsen, KE and Theil, PK 2012. Effects of nutrient supply, plasma metabolites and nutritional status of sows during transition on performance in the following lactation. Journal of Animal Science 90, 466–480.Google Scholar
Hartmann, PE, McCauley, I, Gooneratne, A and Whitely, J 1984. Inadequacies of sow lactation: survival of the fittest. In Physiological stategies in lactation (ed. M Peaker, RG Vernon and CH Knight.), pp. 301–326. Academic Press, London, UK.Google Scholar
Herpin, P, Damon, M and Le Dividich, J 2002. Development of thermoregulation and neonatal survival in pigs. Livestock Production Science 78, 25–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, PE and van Wettere, WHEJ 2013. Effects of late gestation nutrition on sow farrowing and piglet performance. Proceeding of the 9th International Conference on Pig Reproduction, Olsztyn, Poland, 9–12 June, 126pp.Google Scholar
Hurley, WL and Theil, PK 2011. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients 3, 442–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilsley, SE and Miller, HM 2005. Effect of dietary supplementation of sows with quillaja saponins during gestation on colostrum composition and performance of piglets suckled. Animal Science 80, 179–184.Google Scholar
Jackson, JR, Hurley, WL, Easter, RA, Jensen, AH and Odle, J 1995. Effects of induced or delayed parturition and supplemental dietary fat on colostrum and milk composition in sows. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1906–1913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jean, KB and Chiang, SH 1999. Increased survival of neonatal pigs by supplementing medium-chain triglycerides in late-gestating sow diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 76, 241–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansen, M 2013. Diarrhea in newborn piglets caused by E-coli infections, Danish ‘Colidiarré hos spædgrise’, report, The Danish Pig Research Centre, Axelborg, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Kammersgaard, TS, Pedersen, LJ and Jørgensen, E 2011. Hypothermia in neonatal piglets: interactions and causes of individual differences. Journal of Animal Science 89, 2073–2085.Google Scholar
Klobasa, F, Werhahn, E and Butler, JE 1987. Composition of sow milk during lactation. Journal of Animal Science 64, 1458–1466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krakowski, L, Krzyzanowski, J, Wrona, Z, Kostro, K and Siwicki, AK 2002. The influence of nonspecific immunostimulation of pregnant sows on the immunological value of colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 87, 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krogh, U, Flummer, C, Jensen, SK and Theil, PK 2012. Colostrum and milk production of sows is affected by dietary conjugated linoleic acid. Journal of Animal Science 90, 366–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauridsen, C and Danielsen, V 2004. Lactational dietary fat levels and sources influence milk composition and performance of sows and their progeny. Livestock Production Science 91, 95–105.Google Scholar
Le Dividich, J, Rooke, JA and Herpin, P 2005. Nutritional and immunological importance of colostrum for the new-born pig. Journal of Agricultural Science 143, 469–485.Google Scholar
Le Dividich, J, Herpin, P, Paul, E and Strullu, F 1997. Effect of fat content of colostrum on voluntary colostrum intake and fat utilization in newborn pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75, 707–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, SG, Sweeney, T, Bahar, B and O’Doherty, JV 2012. Effect of maternal seaweed extract supplementation on suckling piglet growth, humoral immunity, selected microflora, and immune response after an ex vivo lipopolysaccharide challenge. Journal of Animal Science 90, 505–514.Google Scholar
Loisel, F, Farmer, C, Ramaekers, P and Quesnel, H 2013. Effect of high fibre intake during late pregnancy on sow physiology, colostrum production and piglet performance. Journal of Animal Science 91, 5269–5279.Google Scholar
Mei, J, Zhang, Y, Wang, T, Sangild, PT and Xu, RJ 2006. Oral ingestion of colostrum alters intestinal transforming growth factor-beta receptor intensity in newborn pigs. Livestock Science 105, 214–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middowson, EM 1985. Development of the digestive system: comparative animal studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 384–390.Google Scholar
Mitre, R, Etienne, M, Martinais, S, Salmon, H, Allaume, P, Legrand, P and Legrand, AB 2005. Humoral defence improvement and haematopoiesis stimulation in sows and offspring by oral supply of shark-liver oil to mothers during gestation and lactation. British Journal of Nutrition 94, 753–762.Google Scholar
Newcomb, MD, Harmon, DL, Nelssen, JL, Thulin, AJ and Allee, GL 1991. Effect of energy source fed to sows during late gestation on neonatal blood metabolite homeostasis, energy stores and composition. Journal of Animal Science 69, 230–236.Google Scholar
Nissen, S, Faidley, TD, Zimmerman, DR, Izard, R and Fisher, CT 1994. Colostral milk fat percentage and pig performance are enhanced by feeding the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate to sows. Journal of Animal Science 72, 2331–2337.Google Scholar
Noblet, J and Etienne, M 1987. Body composition, metabolic rate and utilization of milk nutrients in suckling piglets. Reproduction Nutrition Development 27, 829–839.Google Scholar
Noblet, J, Dourmad, JY, Etienne, M and Le Dividich, J 1997. Energy metabolism in pregnant sows and newborn pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75, 2708–2714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odle, J, Lyvers-Peffer, P and Lin, X 2005. Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in young pigs. In Biology of metabolism in growing animals (ed. DG Burrin and HJ Mersmann), pp. 221–234. Elsevier Limited, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Okai, DB, Wyllie, D, Aherne, FX and Ewan, RC 1978. Glycogen reserves in fetal and newborn pig. Journal of Animal Science 46, 391–401.Google Scholar
Oliviero, C, Kokkonen, T, Heinonen, M, Sankari, S and Peltoniemi, O 2009. Feeding sows with high fibre diet around farrowing and early lactation: impact on intestinal activity, energy balance related parameters and litter performance. Research in Veterinary Science 86, 314–319.Google Scholar
Pastorelli, G, Neil, M and Wigren, I 2009. Body composition and muscle glycogen contents of piglets of sows fed diets differing in fatty acids profile and contents. Livestock Science 123, 329–334.Google Scholar
Pedersen, LJ, Berg, P, Jørgensen, E, Bonde, MK, Kongsted, AG, Lauridsen, C, Oksbjerg, N, Poulsen, HD, Sorensen, DA, Su, G, Sørensen, MT, Theil, PK, Thodberg, K and Jensen, KH 2010. Possibilities of reducing piglet mortality in Denmark (In Danish: Muligheder for reduktion af pattegrisedødeligheden i Danmark), DJF-Report No. 86, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, pp. 1–77.Google Scholar
Père, MC 2003. Materno-foetal exchanges and utilisation of nutrients by the foetus: comparison between species. Reproduction Nutrition Development 43, 1–15.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, JE 1981. Supplemental dietary fat for peripartal sows: a review. Journal of Animal Science 53, 107–117.Google Scholar
Quesnel, H 2011. Colostrum production by sows: variability of colostrum yield and immunoglobulin G concentrations. Animal 5, 1546–1553.Google Scholar
Quesnel, H, Farmer, C and Devillers, N 2012. Colostrum intake: influence on piglet performance and factors of variation. Livestock Science 146, 105–114.Google Scholar
Quesnel, H, Gondret, F, Merlot, E, Loisel, F and Farmer, C 2013. Sow influence on neonatal survival: a special focus on colostrum. In Control of pig reproduction IX (ed. H Rodriguez-Martinez, JL Vallet and AJ Ziecik), pp. 117–128. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Quesnel, H, Meunier-Salaün, M-C, Hamard, A, Guillemet, R, Etienne, M, Farmer, C, Dourmad, J-Y and Père, M-C 2009. Dietary fiber for pregnant sows: influence on sow physiology and performance during lactation. Journal of Animal Science 87, 532–543.Google Scholar
Quiniou, N 2005. Effect of feed allowance during late gestation on farrowing progress, piglets’ vitality and lactation performance. Journées de la Recherche Porcine 37, 187–194.Google Scholar
Rekiel, A, Wiecek, J and Beyga, K 2011. Analysis of the relationship between fatness of late pregnant and lactating sows and selected lipid parameters of blood, colostrum and milk. Annals of Animal Science 11, 487–495.Google Scholar
Rutherford, KMD, Baxter, EM, D’Eath, RB, Turner, SP, Arnott, G, Roehe, R, Ask, B, Sandoe, P, Moustsen, VA, Thorup, F, Edwards, SA, Berg, P and Lawrence, AB 2013. The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig I: biological factors. Animal Welfare 22, 199–218.Google Scholar
Seerley, RW, Pace, TA, Foley, CW and Scarth, RD 1974. Effect of energy-intake prior to parturition on milk lipids and survival rate, thermostability and carcass composition of piglets. Journal of Animal Science 38, 64–70.Google Scholar
Siggers, J, Sangild, PT, Jensen, TK, Siggers, RH, Skovgaard, K, Støy, AC, Jensen, BB, Thymann, T, Bering, SB and Boye, M 2011. Transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition induces immediate diet-dependent gut histological and immunological responses in preterm neonates. American Journal of Physiology and Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 301, G435–G445.Google Scholar
Theil, PK, Jørgensen, H and Jakobsen, K 2002. Energy and protein metabolism in pregnant sows fed two levels of dietary protein. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 86, 399–413.Google Scholar
Theil, PK, Jørgensen, H and Jakobsen, K 2004. Energy and protein metabolism in lactating sows fed two levels of dietary fat. Livestock Production Science 89, 265–276.Google Scholar
Theil, PK, Nielsen, MO, Sørensen, MT and Lauridsen, C 2012. Lactation, milk and suckling. In Nutritional physiology of pigs (ed. KE Bach Knudsen, NJ Kjeldsen, HD Poulsen and BB Jensen), pp. 1–47. Danish Pig Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
Theil, PK, Sejrsen, K, Hurley, WL, Labouriau, R, Thomsen, B and Sørensen, MT 2006. Role of suckling in regulating cell turnover and onset and maintenance of lactation in individual mammary glands of sows. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1691–1698.Google Scholar
Theil, PK, Cordero, G, Henckel, P, Puggaard, L, Oksbjerg, N and Sørensen, MT 2011. Effects of gestation and transition diets, piglet birth weight, and fasting time on depletion of glycogen pools in liver and 3 muscles of newborn piglets. Journal of Animal Science 89, 1805–1816.Google Scholar
Theil, PK, Flummer, C, Hurley, WL, Kristensen, NB, Labouriau, R and Sørensen, MT 2014. Mechanistic model to predict colostrum intake based on deuterium oxide dilution technique and impact of gestation and lactation diets on piglet intake and sow yield of colostrum. Journal of Animal Science (submitted).Google Scholar
Tuchscherer, M, Puppe, B, Tuchscherer, A and Tiemann, U 2000. Early identification of neonates at risk: traits of newborn piglets with respect to survival. Theriogenology 54, 371–388.Google Scholar
Zheng, HC, Liu, JX, Yao, JH, Yuan, Q, Ye, HW, Ye, JA and Wu, YM 2005. Effects of dietary sources of vegetable oils on performance of high-yielding lactating cows and conjugated linoleic acids in milk. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 2037–2042.Google Scholar