Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:46:25.221Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Intramuscular fat content in meat-producing animals: development, genetic and nutritional control, and identification of putative markers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2009

J. F. Hocquette ,
F. Gondret ,
E. Baéza ,
F. Médale ,
C. Jurie  and
D. W. Pethick
J. F. Hocquette*
Affiliation:
INRA, UR 1213, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
F. Gondret
Affiliation:
INRA, UMR 1079, Systèmes d’élevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine (SENAH), F-35590 Saint Gilles, France
E. Baéza
Affiliation:
INRA, UR 83, Unité de Recherches Avicoles (URA), F-37380 Nouzilly, France
F. Médale
Affiliation:
INRA, UMR 1067, Nutrition Aquaculture et Génomique (NUAGE), Pôle Hydrobiologie INRA, F-64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
C. Jurie
Affiliation:
INRA, UR 1213, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
D. W. Pethick
Affiliation:
School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content plays a key role in various quality traits of meat. IMF content varies between species, between breeds and between muscle types in the same breed. Other factors are involved in the variation of IMF content in animals, including gender, age and feeding. Variability in IMF content is mainly linked to the number and size of intramuscular adipocytes. The accretion rate of IMF depends on the muscle growth rate. For instance, animals having a high muscularity with a high glycolytic activity display a reduced development of IMF. This suggests that muscle cells and adipocytes interplay during growth. In addition, early events that influence adipogenesis inside the muscle (i.e proliferation and differentiation of adipose cells, the connective structure embedding adipocytes) might be involved in interindividual differences in IMF content. Increasing muscularity will also dilute the final fat content of muscle. At the metabolic level, IMF content results from the balance between uptake, synthesis and degradation of triacylglycerols, which involve many metabolic pathways in both adipocytes and myofibres. Various experiments revealed an association between IMF level and the muscle content in adipocyte-type fatty acid-binding protein, the activities of oxidative enzymes, or the delta-6-desaturase level; however, other studies failed to confirm such relationships. This might be due to the importance of fatty acid fluxes that is likely to be responsible for variability in IMF content during the postnatal period rather than the control of one single pathway. This is evident in the muscle of most fish species in which triacylglycerol synthesis is almost zero. Genetic approaches for increasing IMF have been focused on live animal ultrasound to derive estimated breeding values. More recently, efforts have concentrated on discovering DNA markers that change the distribution of fat in the body (i.e. towards IMF at the expense of the carcass fatness). Thanks to the exhaustive nature of genomics (transcriptomics and proteomics), our knowledge on fat accumulation in muscles is now being underpinned. Metabolic specificities of intramuscular adipocytes have also been demonstrated, as compared to other depots. Nutritional manipulation of IMF independently from body fat depots has proved to be more difficult to achieve than genetic strategies to have lipid deposition dependent of adipose tissue location. In addition, the biological mechanisms that explain the variability of IMF content differ between genetic and nutritional factors. The nutritional regulation of IMF also differs between ruminants, monogastrics and fish due to their digestive and nutritional particularities.

Keywords

muscle, fat, fish, mammals, poultry
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , February 2010 , pp. 303 - 319
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adachi, K, Kawano, H, Tsuno, K, Nomura, Y, Yamamoto, N, Arikawa, A, Tsuji, A, Adachi, M, Onimaru, T, Ohwada, K 1999. Relationship between serum biochemical values and marbling scores in Japanese Black steers. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 61, 961–964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agabriel, J, Bony, J, Micol, D 1998. American bison: rearing, production and meat quality. INRA, Paris 106p.Google Scholar
Albertí, P, Panea, B, Sañudo, C, Olleta, JL, Ripoll, G, Ertbjerg, P, Christensen, M, Gigli, S, Failla, S, Concetti, S, Hocquette, JF, Jailler, R, Rudel, S, Renand, G, Nute, GR, Richardson, I, Williams, JL 2008. Live weight, body size and carcass characteristics of young bulls of fifteen European breeds. Livestock Science 114, 19–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, E, Teuscher, F, Ender, K, Wegner, J 2006. Growth- and breed-related changes of marbling characteristics in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1067–1075.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altmann, M, Sauerwein, H, Von Borell, E 2006. Plasma leptin in growing lambs as a potential predictor for carcass composition and daily gain. Meat Science 74, 600–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Artaza, JN, Bhasin, S, Magee, TR, Reisz-Porszasz, S, Shen, R, Groome, NP, Meerasahib, MF, Gonzalez-Cadavid, NF 2005. Myostatin inhibits myogenesis and promotes adipogenesis in C3H 10T(1/2) mesenchymal multipotent cells. Endocrinology 146, 3547–3557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baéza, E 1995. La viande de canard: production et principales caractéristiques. INRA Productions Animales 8, 117–125.Google Scholar
Baéza, E, de Carville, H, Salichon, MR, Marche, G, Leclercq, B 1997. Effects of selection, over three and four generations, on meat yield and fatness in Muscovy ducks. British Poultry Science 38, 359–365.Google Scholar
Baéza, E, Dessay, C, Wacrenier, N, Marche, G, Listrat, A 2002. Effect of selection for improved body weight and composition on muscle and meat characteristics in Muscovy duck. British Poultry Science 43, 560–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barendse, W 2002. Assessing lipid metabolism. Patent WO9923248.Google Scholar
Barendse, W, Bunch, RJ, Thomas, MB, Harrison, BE 2009. A splice site single nucleotide polymorphism of the fatty acid binding protein 4 gene appears to be associated with intramuscular fat deposition in Longissimus muscle in Australian cattle. Animal Genetics 40, 770–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barton-Gade, P, Bejerholm, AC 1985. Eating quality in pork. Pig Farming 33, 56.Google Scholar
Bedo, G, Santisteban, P, Aranada, A 1989. Retinoic acid regulates growth hormone gene expression. Nature 339, 231–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berri, C, Le Bihan-Duval, E, Baeza, E, Chartrin, P, Millet, N, Bordeau, T 2005. Effect of selection for or against abdominal fatness on muscle and meat characteristics of broilers. Proceedings of the Xvii European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat and Xi European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products, Golden Tulip Parkhotel Doorwerth, Doorwerth, Netherlands, 23–26 May 2005, pp. 266–270.Google Scholar
Boesch, C, Slotboom, J, Hoppeler, H, Kreis, R 1997. In vivo determination of intra-myocellular lipids in human muscle by means of localized 1H-MR-spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 37, 484–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonet, ML, Ribot, J, Felipe, F, Palou, A 2003. Vitamin A and the regulation of fat reserves. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 60, 1311–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnet, M, Faulconnier, Y, Leroux, C, Jurie, C, Cassar-Malek, I, Bauchart, D, Boulesteix, P, Pethick, D, Hocquette, JF, Chilliard, Y 2007. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and leptin are related to marbling differences among Limousin and Angus or Japanese Black × Angus steers. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2882–2894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boone, C, Mourot, J, Gregoire, F, Remacle, C 2000. The adipose conversion process: regulation by extracellular and intracellular factors. Reproduction Nutrition Development 40, 325–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourneuf, E, Herault, F, Chicault, C, Carre, W, Assaf, S, Monnier, A, Mottier, S, Lagarrigue, S, Douaire, M, Mosser, J, Diot, C 2006. Microarray analysis of differential gene expression in the liver of lean and fat chickens. Gene 372, 162–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brauge, C, Corraze, G, Médale, F 1995. Effects of dietary levels of carbohydrate and lipid on glucose oxidation and lipogenesis from glucose in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in freshwater or in seawater. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 111, 117–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, MS, Zhu, LG, McKeith, FK 2001. Marbling effects on quality characteristics of pork loin chops: consumer purchase intent, visual and sensory characteristics. Meat Science 59, 153–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrow, HM, Moore, SS, Johnston, DJ, Barense, W, Bindon, BM 2001. Quantitative and molecular genetic influences on properties of beef: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 893–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cagnazzo, M, te Pas, MF, Priem, J, de Wit, AA, Pool, MH, Davoli, R, Russo, V 2006. Comparison of prenatal muscle tissue expression profiles of two pig breeds differing in muscle characteristics. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1–10.Google Scholar
Cassar-Malek, I, Hocquette, JF, Jurie, C, Listrat, A, Jailler, R, Bauchart, D, Briand, Y, Picard, B 2004. Muscle-specific metabolic, histochemical and biochemical responses to a nutritionally induced discontinuous growth path. Animal Science 79, 49–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassar-Malek, I, Passelaigue, F, Bernard, C, Léger, J, Hocquette, JF 2007a. Target genes of myostatin loss-of-function in muscles of late bovine fetuses. BMC Genomics 8, 63.Google Scholar
Cassar-Malek, I, Picard, B, Bernard, C, Hocquette, JF 2008. Application of gene expression studies in livestock production systems: a European perspective. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 701–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassar-Malek, I, Picard, B, Kahl, S, Hocquette, JF 2007b. Relationships between thyroid status, tissue oxidative metabolism, and muscle differentiation in bovine fetuses. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 33, 91–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chartrin, P, Bernadet, MD, Guy, G, Mourot, J, Duclos, MJ, Baéza, E 2006c. Effects of genotype and overfeeding on fat level and composition of adipose and muscle tissue in ducks. Animal Research 55, 231–244.Google Scholar
Chartrin, P, Bernadet, MD, Guy, G, Mourot, J, Hocquette, JF, Rideau, N, Duclos, MJ, Baeza, E 2006b. Does overfeeding enhance genotype effects on energy metabolism and lipid deposition in breast muscle of ducks? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 145, 413–418.Google Scholar
Chartrin, P, Bernadet, MD, Guy, G, Mourot, J, Hocquette, JF, Rideau, N, Duclos, MJ, Baéza, E 2007. Do age and feeding levels have comparable effects on fat deposition in breast muscle of mule ducks? Animal 1, 113–123.Google Scholar
Chartrin, P, Meteau, K, Juin, H, Bernadet, MD, Guy, G, Larzul, C, Remignon, H, Mourot, J, Duclos, MJ, Baeza, E 2006a. Effects of intramuscular fat levels on sensory characteristics of duck breast meat. Poultry Science 85, 914–922.Google Scholar
Chartrin, P, Schiavone, A, Bernadet, MD, Guy, G, Mourot, J, Duclos, MJ, Baeza, E 2005. Effect of genotype and overfeeding on lipid deposition in myofibres and intramuscular adipocytes of breast and thigh muscles of ducks. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45, 87–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheong, HS, Yoon, DH, Park, BL, Kim, LH, Bae, JS, Namgoong, S, Lee, HW, Han, CS, Kim, JO, Cheong, IC, Shin, HD 2008. A single nucleotide polymorphism in CAPN1 associated with marbling score in Korean cattle. BMC Genetics 9, 33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Childs, KD, Goad, DW, Allan, MF, Pomp, D, Krehbiel, C, Geisert, RD, Morgan, JB, Malayer, JR 2002. Differential expression of NAT1 translational repressor during development of bovine intramuscular adipocytes. Physiological Genomics 10, 49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, KK, Han, KH, Kang, SK, Lee, SH, Choi, YJ 2002. Applications of cDNA microarray in ruminants, 4th Korea-Japan Joint Symposium on Rumen Metabolism and Physiology, 21–24 May, Jeju, Korea.Google Scholar
Choat, WT, Krehbiel, CR, Duff, GC, Kirksey, RE, Lauriault, LM, Rivera, JD, Capitan, BM, Walker, DA, Donart, GB, Goad, CL 2003. Influence of grazing dormant native range or winter wheat pasture on subsequent finishing cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal metabolism. Journal of Animal Science 81, 3191–3201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, KY, Johnson, BJ 2008. Application of cellular mechanisms to growth and development of food producing animals. Journal of Animal Science 86, E226–E235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Culioli, J, Bérri, C, Mourot, J 2003. Muscle foods: consumption, composition and quality. Sciences des Aliments 23, 13–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Souza, DN, Pethick, DW, Dunshea, FR, Pluske, JP, Mullan, BP 2003. Nutritional manipulation increases intramuscular fat levels in the longissimus muscle of female finisher pigs. Australian Journal Agricultural Research 54, 745–749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Souza, DN, Pethick, DW, Dunshea, FR, Pluske, JR, Mullan, BP 2008. Reducing the lysine to energy content during the grower growth phase diet increases intramuscular fat and improves the eating quality of the Longissimus thoracis muscle of gilts. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 1105–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Da Costa, N, McGillivray, C, Bai, QF, Wood, JD, Evans, G, Chang, KC 2004. Restriction of dietary energy and protein induces molecular changes in young porcine skeletal muscles. Journal Nutrition 134, 2191–2199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalke, BS, Roeder, RA, Kasser, TR, Veenhuizen, JJ, Hunt, CW, Hinman, DD, Schelling, GT 1992. Dose–response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin implants on feedlot performance in steers. Journal of Animal Science 70, 2130–2137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damon, M, Louveau, I, Lefaucheur, L, Lebret, B, Vincent, A, Leroy, P, Sanchez, MP, Herpin, P, Gondret, F 2006. Number of intramuscular adipocytes and fatty acid binding protein-4 content are significant indicators of intramuscular fat level in crossbred Large White × Duroc pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1083–1092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Koning, DJ, Janss, LL, Rattink, AP, van Oers, PA, de Vries, BJ, Groenen, MA, van der Poel, JJ, de Groot, PN, Brascamp, EW, Van Arendonk, JA 1999. Detection of quantitative trait loci for backfat thickness and intramuscular fat content in pigs (Sus scrofa). Genetics 152, 1679–1690.Google Scholar
Dietze, D, Koenen, M, Röhrig, K, Horikoshi, H, Hauner, H, Eckel, J 2002. Impairment of insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle cells by co-culture with human adipocytes. Diabetes 51, 2369–2376.Google Scholar
Dikeman, ME 1987. Fat reduction in animals and the effects on palatability and consumer acceptance of meat products. Reciprocal Meat Conference 40, 93–103.Google Scholar
Doran, O, Moule, SK, Teye, GA, Whittington, FM, Hallett, KG, Wood, JD 2006. A reduced protein diet induces stearoyl-CoA desaturase protein expression in pig muscle but not in subcutaneous adipose tissue: relationship with intramuscular lipid formation. British Journal of Nutrition 95, 609–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulor, JP, Cambon, B, Vigneron, P, Reyne, Y, Nougues, J, Casteilla, L, Bacou, F 1998. Expression of specific white adipose tissue genes in denervation-induced skeletal muscle fatty degeneration. FEBS Letters 439, 89–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dupont, J, White, PJ, Feldman, EB 1991. Saturated and hydrogenated fats in food in relation to health. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 10, 577–592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essen-Gustavsson, B, Karlsson, A, Lundström, K, Enfält, AC 1994. Intramuscular fat and muscle fibre lipid contents in halothane-gene-free pigs fed high or low protein diets and its relation to meat quality. Meat Science 38, 269–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, X, Monin, G, Talmant, A, Mourot, J, Lebret, B 1999. Influence of intramuscular fat content on the quality of pig meat – 2. Consumer acceptability of M. Longissimus Lumborum. Meat Science 53, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folch, J, Lees, M, Slone-Stanley, HS 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226, 497–509.Google Scholar
Gao, Y, Zhang, R, Hu, XX, Li, N 2007. Application of genomic technologies to the improvement of meat quality of farm animals. Meat Science 77, 36–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardan, D, Gondret, F, Louveau, I 2006. Lipid metabolism and secretory function of porcine intramuscular adipocytes compared with subcutaneous and perirenal adipocytes. Americain Journal Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, E372–E380.Google Scholar
Geary, TW, McFadin, EL, MacNeil, MD, Grings, EE, Short, RE, Funston, RN, Keisler, DH 2003. Leptin as a predictor of carcass composition in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1–8.Google Scholar
Geay, Y, Bauchart, D, Hocquette, JF, Culioli, J 2001. Effect of nutritional factors on biochemical, structural and metabolic characteristics of muscles in ruminants, consequences on dietetic value and sensorial qualities of meat. Reproduction Nutrition Development 41, 1–26 Erratum, 41, 377.Google Scholar
Geay, Y, Bauchart, D, Hocquette, JF, Culioli, J 2002. Valeur diététique et qualités sensorielles des viandes de ruminants. Incidence de l’alimentation des animaux. INRA Productions Animales 15, 37–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerbens, F, Jansen, A, Van Erp, AJM, Harders, F, Meuwissen, THE, Rettenberger, G, Veerkamp, JH, Te Pas, MFW 1998. The adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein locus: characterization and association with intramuscular fat content in pigs. Mammalian Genome 9, 1022–1026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerbens, F, Verburg, FJ, Van Moerkerk, HT, Engel, B, Buist, W, Veerkamp, JH, te Pas, MF 2001. Associations of heart and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein gene expression with intramuscular fat content in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 79, 347–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondret, F, Damon, M, Jadhao, SB, Houdebine, LM, Herpin, P, Hocquette, JF 2004b. Age-related changes in glucose utilization and fatty acid oxidation in a muscle-specific manner during rabbit growth. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 25, 405–410.Google Scholar
Gondret, F, Guitton, N, Guillerm-Regost, C, Louveau, I 2008. Regional differences in porcine adipocytes isolated from skeletal muscle and adipose tissues as identified by a proteomic approach. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2115–2125.Google Scholar
Gondret, F, Hocquette, JF, Herpin, P 2004a. Age-related relationships between muscle fat content and metabolic traits in growing rabbits. Reproduction Nutrition and Development 44, 1–16.Google Scholar
Gondret, F, Lebas, F, Bonneau, M 2000. Restricted feed intake during fattening reduces intramuscular lipid deposition without modifying muscle fiber characteristics in rabbits. Journal of Nutrition 130, 228–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondret, F, Lebret, B 2002. Feeding intensity and dietary protein level affect adipocyte cellularity and lipogenic capacity of muscle homogenates in growing pigs, without modification of the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein. Journal of Animal Science 80, 3184–3193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondret, F, Lebret, B 2007. Does feed restriction and re-alimentation differently affect lipid content and metabolism according to muscle type in pigs (Sus scrofa)? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 147, 375–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gondret, F, Mourot, J, Bonneau, M 1998. Comparison of intramuscular adipose tissue, cellularity in muscles differing in their lipid content and fibre type composition during rabbit growth. Livestock Production Science 54, 1–10.Google Scholar
Gorocica-Buenfil, MA, Fluharty, FL, Reynolds, CK, Loerch, SC 2007. Effect of dietary vitamin A concentration and roasted soybean inclusion on marbling, adipose cellularity, and fatty acid composition of beef. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2230–2242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goutefongea, R, Dumont, JP 1990. Developments in low-fat meat and meat products. In Reducing fat in meat animals (ed. JD Wood and AV Fisher), pp. 398–436. Elsevier Applied Science, NY.Google Scholar
Grant, AC, Ortiz-Colon, G, Doumit, ME, Tempelman, RJ, Buskirk, DD 2008. Differentiation of bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous stromal-vascular cells exposed to dexamethasone and troglitazone. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2531–2538.Google Scholar
Graser, HU 2008. SmartGene: Getting genotype data into BREEDPLAN Proceedings EKKA Cattle Genomics Seminar, 6 August 2008, pp. 9–15.Google Scholar
Greenwood, PL, Cafe, LM 2007. Prenatal and pre-weaning growth and nutrition of cattle: Long-term consequences for beef production. Animal 1, 1283–1296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwood, PL, Cafe, LM, Hearnshaw, H, Hennessy, DW, Thompson, JM, Morris, SG 2006. Long-term consequences of birth weight and growth to weaning for carcass, yield and beef quality characteristics of Piedmontese- and Wagyu-sired cattle. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 257–269.Google Scholar
Guillemin, N, Meunier, B, Jurie, C, Cassar-Malek, I, Hocquette, JF, Levéziel, H, Picard, B 2009. Validation of a Dot–Blot quantitative technique for large scale analysis of beef tenderness biomarkers. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 60 (suppl.), in press.Google Scholar
Guillerm-Regost, C, Louveau, I, Sebert, SP, Damon, M, Champ, MM, Gondret, F 2006. Cellular and biochemical features of skeletal muscle in obese Yucatan minipigs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14, 1700–1707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, GS, Pethick, DW 2004. How Might Marbling Begin? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 653–662.Google Scholar
Hassen, A, Wilson, DE, Amin, VR, Rouse, GH, Hays, CL 2001. Predicting percentage of intramuscular fat using two types of real-time ultrasound equipment. Journal of Animal Science 79, 11–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, N, Mourot, J, De Clercq, L, Genart, C, Remacle, C 1997. The cellularity of developing adipose tissues in Pietrain and Meishan pigs. Reproduction Nutrition Development 37, 617–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hausman, GJ, Dodson, MV, Ajuwon, K, Azain, M, Barnes, KM, Guan, LL, Jiang, Z, Poulos, SP, Sainz, RD, Smith, S, Spurlock, M, Novakofski, J, Fernyhough, ME, Bergen, WG 2009. Board-invited review: the biology and regulation of preadipocytes and adipocytes in meat animals. Journal of Animal Science 87, 1218–1246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hausman, GJ, Poulos, S 2004. Recruitment and differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes in stromal–vascular cell cultures derived from neonatal pig semitendinosus muscles. Journal of Animal Science 82, 429–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, RJ, Sargent, J 1981. Lipid biosynthesis in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, fed diets differing in lipid content. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part C: Compartive Pharmacology 69, 31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, RJ, Tocher, DR 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Progressive Lipid Research 26, 281–347.Google Scholar
Hérault, F, Robert, E, Al Mohammad, A, Chartrin, P, Baéza, E, Diot, C 2008. Expression hépatique de gènes en relation avec la susceptibilité à la stéatose chez les canards de Barbarie et Pékin. 8èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Arcachon (France), 30–31 Octobre 2008, pp. 87–90.Google Scholar
Hirai, S, Matsumoto, H, Hino, N, Kawachi, H, Matsui, T, Yano, H 2007. Myostatin inhibits differentiation of bovine preadipocyte. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 32, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoashi, S, Ashida, N, Ohsaki, H, Utsugi, T, Sasazaki, S, Taniguchi, M, Oyama, K, Mukai, F, Mannen, H 2007. Genotype of bovine sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) is associated with fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle. Mammalian Genome, 880–886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoashi, S, Hinenoya, T, Tanaka, A, Ohsaki, H, Sasazaki, S, Taniguchi, M, Oyama, K, Mukai, F, Mannen, H 2008. Association between fatty acid compositions and genotypes of FABP4 and LXR-alpha in Japanese black cattle. BMC Genetics 9, 84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hocquette, JF, Bas, P, Bauchart, D, Vermorel, M, Geay, Y 1999. Fat partitioning and biochemical characteristics of fatty tissues in relation to plasma metabolites and hormones in normal and double-muscled young growing bulls. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 122, 127–138 Erratum, 1999. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 123, 311–312.Google Scholar
Hocquette, JF, Cassar-Malek, I, Scalbert, A, Guillou, F 2009. Contribution of genomics to the understanding of physiological functions. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology (in press).Google Scholar
Hocquette, JF, Jurie, C, Bonnet, M, Pethick, DW 2005. Bovine intramuscular adipose tissue has a higher potential for fatty acid synthesis from glucose than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Book of Abstracts of the 56th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal production, Uppsala (Sweden), 5–8 June 2005, p. 248.Google Scholar
Hocquette, JF, Jurie, C, Picard, B, Alberti, P, Panea, B, Christensen, M, Failla, S, Gigli, S, Levéziel, H, Olleta, JL, Sañudo, C, Ertbjerg, P, Nute, GR, Williams, JL 2007a. Metabolic and contractile characteristics of Longissimus thoracis muscle of young bulls from 15 European breeds in relationship with body composition. In Proceeding of the 2nd International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, 9–13 September 2007, Vichy (France), I. Ortigues-Marty (ed.), EAAP publication No. 124, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 111–114.Google Scholar
Hocquette, JF, Lehnert, S, Barendse, W, Cassar-Malek, I, Picard, B 2007b. Recent advances in cattle functional genomics and their application to beef quality. Animal 1, 159–173.Google Scholar
Hocquette, JF, Ortigues-Marty, I, Damon, M, Herpin, P, Geay, Y 2000. Régulation nutritionnelle et hormonale du métabolisme énergétique des muscles squelettiques des animaux producteurs de viande. INRA Productions Animales 13, 185–200.Google Scholar
Hocquette, JF, Ortigues-Marty, I, Pethick, DW, Herpin, P, Fernandez, X 1998. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles of meat-producing animals. Livestock Production Science 56, 115–143.Google Scholar
Hocquette, JF, Sauerwein, H, Higashiyama, Y, Picard, B, Abe, H 2006. Prenatal developmental changes in glucose transporters, intermediary metabolism and hormonal receptors related to the IGF/insulin-glucose axis in the heart and adipose tissue of bovines. Reproduction Nutrition Development 46, 257–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, RR, Davis, GW, Smith, GC, Savelli, JW, Cross, HR 1991. Relationships between pork loin palatability traits and physical characteristics of cooked chops. Journal of Animal Science 69 12, 4858–4865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, DL, Hegarty, RS, Walker, PJ, Pethick, DW 2006. Relationship between animal age, intramuscular fat, cooking loss, pH, shear force and eating quality of aged meat from young sheep. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 879–884.Google Scholar
Hovenier, R, Kanis, E, Verhoeven, JAM 1993. Repeatability of taste panel tenderness scores and their relationships to objective pig meat quality traits. Journal of Animal Science 71, 2018–2025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, LM, Bao, J, Hu, ZL, Honavar, V, Reecy, JM 2008. Animal trait ontology: the importance and usefulness of a unified trait vocabulary for animal species. Journal of Animal Science 86, 1485–1491.Google Scholar
Jafri, AK 1973. Fat and water distribution patterns in the flesh of the common catfish Wallago attu. Fishery Technology 10, 138–141.Google Scholar
Janss, LL, Van Arendonk, JA, Brascamp, EW 1997. Bayesian statistical analyses for presence of single genes affecting meat quality traits in a crossed pig population. Genetics 145, 395–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennen, DG, Vereijken, AL, Bovenhuis, H, Crooijmans, RM, van der Poel, JJ, Groenen, MA 2005. Confirmation of quantitative trait loci affecting fatness in chickens. Genetics Selection Evolution 37, 215–228.Google Scholar
Jeremiah, LE, Dugan, MER, Aalhus, JL, Gibson, LL 2003a. Assessment of the relationship between chemical components and palatability of major beef muscles and muscle groups. Meat Science 65, 1013–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeremiah, LE, Dugan, MER, Aalhus, JL, Gibson, LL 2003b. Assessment of the chemical and cooking properties of the major beef muscles and muscle groups. Meat Science 65, 985–992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, DJ, Reverter, A, Ferguson, DM, Thompson, JM, Burow, HM 2003. Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds. 3. Meat quality traits. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 135–147.Google Scholar
Jurie, C, Cassar-Malek, I, Bonnet, M, Leroux, C, Bauchart, D, Boulesteix, P, Pethick, DW, Hocquette, JF 2007. Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and mitochondrial enzyme activities in muscles as relevant indicators of marbling in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2660–2669.Google Scholar
Kadarmideen, HN, Von Rohr, P, Janss, LL 2006. From genetical genomics to systems genetics: potential applications in quantitative genomics and animal breeding. Mammalian Genome 17, 548–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katikou, P, Hughes, SI, Robb, DHF 2001. Lipid distribution within Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets. Aquaculture 202, 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawachi, H 2006. Micronutrients affecting adipogenesis in beef cattle. Animal Science Journal 77, 463–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, N, Cho, S, Lee, S, Park, H, Lee, C, Cho, Y, Choy, Y, Yoon, D, Im, S, Park, E 2008. Proteins in Longissimus muscle of Korean native cattle and their relationship to meat quality. Meat Science 80, 1068–1073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, JJ, Davis, SK, Sanders, JO, Turner, JW, Miller, RK, Savell, JW, Smith, SB, Taylor, JF 1998. Estimation of genetic parameters for carcass and palatability traits in Bos indicus/Bos taurus cattle. Proceedings of the 6th WCGALP 25, 173–176.Google Scholar
Klasing, KC 1998. Lipids. In Comparative avian nutrition (ed. CK Klasing), pp. 171–200. CAB International, Davis, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Kokta, TA, Dodson, MV, Gertler, A, Hill, RA 2004. Intercellular signaling between adipose tissue and muscle tissue. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 27, 303–331.Google Scholar
Kolditz, CI, Paboeuf, G, Borthaire, M, Esquerre, D, SanCristobal, M, Lefevre, F, Medale, F 2008. Changes induced by dietary energy intake and divergent selection for muscle fat content in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), assessed by transcriptome and proteome analysis of the liver. BMC Genomics 9, 506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolditz, C, Plagnes-Juan, E, Quillet, E, Lefèvre, F, Médale, F 2009. Changes in white muscle transcriptome induced by dietary energy levels in two lines of rainbow trout selected for muscle fat content. British Journal of Nutrition, sous presse.Google ScholarPubMed
Kook, SH, Choi, KC, Son, YO, Lee, KY, Hwang, IH, Lee, HJ, Chang, JS, Choi, IH, Lee, JC 2006. Satellite cells isolated from adult and Hanwoo muscle can proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts and adipose-like cells. Molecules and Cells 22, 239–245.Google Scholar
Kruk, ZA, Bottema, CDK, Davis, J, Siebert, BD, Harper, GS, Di, J, Pitchford, WS 2005. Effects of vitamin A on growth performance and carcass quality in steers. Beef CRC, unpublished.Google Scholar
Lee, SH, Park, EW, Cho, YM, Kim, SK, Lee, JH, Jeon, JT, Lee, CS, Im, SK, Oh, SJ, Thompson, JM, Yoon, D 2007. Identification of differentially expressed genes related to intramuscular fat development in the early and late fattening stages of Hanwoo steers. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40, 757–764.Google Scholar
Lehnert, SA, Wang, YH, Tan, SH, Reverter, A 2006. Gene expression-based approaches to beef quality research. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 165–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leveille, GA, O’Hea, EK, Chakbabarty, K 1968. In vivo lipogenesis in the domestic chicken. Proceedings of The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 128, 398–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, J, Damon, M, Guitton, N, Guisle, I, Ecolan, P, Vincent, A, Cherel, P, Gondret, F 2009. Differentially-expressed genes in pig Longissimus muscles with contrasting levels of fat, as identified by combined transcriptomic, reverse transcription PCR, and proteomic analyses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, 3808–3817.Google Scholar
Ljubic, BB, Milinkovic-Tur, S, Pirsljin, J, Zdelar-Tuk, M 2007. Lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of broiler chickens after fattening period and fasting. Meso 9, 208–214.Google Scholar
Lonergan, SM, Stalder, KJ, Huff-Lonergan, E, Knight, TJ, Goodwin, RN, Prusa, KJ, Beitz, DC 2007. Influence of lipid content on pork sensory quality within pH classification. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1074–1079.Google Scholar
Luo, GF, Chen, JL, Wen, J, Zhao, GP, Zheng, MQ, Sun, SD 2006. Study of single nucleotide polymorphism of A-FABP gene and its association with fatness traits in chicken. Yi Chuan 28, 39–42.Google Scholar
Médale, F, Lefèvre, F, Corraze, G 2003. Qualité nutritionnelle et diététique des poissons: constituants de la chair et facteurs de variations. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 38, 37–44.Google Scholar
Meuwissen, THEM, Hayes, BJ, Goddard, ME 2001. Prediction of total genetic value using genome-wide dense marker maps. Genetics 157, 1819–1829.Google Scholar
Mo, D, Zhu, Z, te Pas, MF, Li, X, Yang, S, Wang, H, Wang, H, Li, K 2008. Characterization, expression profiles, intracellular distribution and association analysis of porcine PNAS-4 gene with production traits. BMC Genetics 9, 40.Google Scholar
Morzel, M, Terlouw, C, Chambon, C, Micol, D, Picard, B 2008. Muscle proteome and meat eating qualities of Longissimus thoracis of “Blonde d’Aquitaine” young bulls: A central role of HSP27 isoforms. Meat Science 78, 297–304.Google Scholar
Mourot, J, Kouba, M 1999. Development of intra- and intermuscular adipose tissue in growing large white and Meishan pigs. Reproduction Nutrition Development 39, 125–132.Google Scholar
Myung, KH, Sun, SS 2007. Is it feasible nutritionally to improve both quality and quantity of meat carcasses from beef steers? Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20, 1777–1782.Google Scholar
Nanton, DA, Vegusdal, A, Bencze Rørå, AM, Ruyter, B, Baeverfjord, B, Torstensen, BE 2007. Muscle lipid storage pattern, composition, and adipocyte distribution in different parts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fish oil and vegetable oil. Aquaculture 265, 230–243.Google Scholar
Newcom, DW, Baas, TJ, Lampe, JF 2002. Prediction of intramuscular fat percentage in live swine using real-time ultrasound. Journal of Animal Science 80, 3046–3052.Google Scholar
Newcom, DW, Baas, TJ, Schwab, CR, Stalder, KJ 2005. Genetic and phenotypic relationships between individual subcutaneous backfat layers and percentage of longissimus intramuscular fat in Duroc swine. Journal of Animal Science 83, 316–323.Google Scholar
Nishimura, T, Hattori, A, Takahashi, K 1999. Structural changes in intramuscular connective tissue during the fattening of Japanese black cattle: effect of marbling on beef tenderization. Journal of Animal Science 77, 93–104.Google Scholar
Noble, RC, Cocchi, M 1990. Lipid metabolism and the neonatal chicken. Progress in Lipid Research 29, 107–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nonneman, D, Rohrer, GA 2002. Linkage mapping of porcine DGAT1 to a region of chromosome 4 that contains QTL for growth and fatness. Animal Genetica 33, 472–473.Google Scholar
Oddy, VH, Smith, C, Dobos, R, Harper, GS, Allingham, PG 2000. Effect of dietary protein content on marbling and performance of beef cattle. Final report of project FLOT 210, Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney.Google Scholar
Oka, A, Maruo, Y, Miki, T, Yamasaki, T, Saito, T 1998. Influence of vitamin a on the quality of beef from the Tajima strain of Japanese Black Cattle. Meat Science 48, 159–167.Google Scholar
Pahor, M, Kritchevsky, S 1998. Research hypotheses on muscle wasting, aging, loss of function and disability. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2, 97–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Pethick, DW, Barendse, W, Hocquette, JF, Thompson, JM, Wang, YH 2007. Marbling biology–growth & development, gene markers and nutritional biochemistry. In Proceeding of the 2nd International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, 9–13 September, 2007, Vichy (France; ed. I. Ortigues-Marty), EAAP publication No. 124, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 75–88.Google Scholar
Pethick, DW, Davidson, RH, Hopkins, DL, Jacob, RH, D’Souza, DN, Thompson, JM, Walker, PJ 2005. The effect of dietary treatment on meat quality and on consumer perception of sheep meat eating quality. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 517–524.Google Scholar
Pethick, DW, Harper, GS, Hocquette, JF, Wang, Y 2006. Marbling biology – what do we know about getting fat into muscle? In Proceedings of Australian beef – the leader! The impact of science on the beef industry, pp 103–110. CRC for Beef Genetic Technologies, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 7–8 March 2006.Google Scholar
Pethick, DW, Harper, GS, Oddy, VH 2004. Growth, development and nutritional manipulation of marbling in cattle: a review. Australian Journal Experimental Agriculture 44, 705–715.Google Scholar
Pethick, DW, McIntyre, BL, Tudor, GE 2000. The role of dietary protein as a regulator of the expression of marbling in feedlot cattle (WA). Final report of project FLOT 209, Meat and Livestock Australia, North Sydney.Google Scholar
Picard, B, Gagniere, H, Geay, Y, Hocquette, JF, Robelin, J 1995. Study of the influence of age and weaning on the contractile and metabolic characteristics of bovine muscle. Reproduction Nutrition Development 35, 71–84.Google Scholar
Picard, B, Lefaucheur, L, Berri, C, Duclos, MJ 2002. Muscle fibre ontogenesis in farm animal species. Reproduction Nutrition Development 42, 415–431.Google Scholar
Poulos, SP, Hausman, GJ 2006. A comparison of thiazolidinedione-induced adipogenesis and myogenesis in stromal–vascular cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue or semitendinosus muscle of postnatal pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1076–1082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabot, C 1998. Vitesse de croissance et caractéristiques lipidiques et sensorielles des muscles de poulet. PhD., INA Paris-Grignon, 156 pp.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, RS 2001. Quality of farmed salmonids with emphasis on proximate composition, yield and sensory characteristics. Aquaculture Research 32, 767–786.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, RS, Ostenfeld, H, Ronsholdt, B, McLean, E 2000. Manipulating of end-product quality of rainbow trout with finishing diets. Aquaculture Nutrition 6, 17–23.Google Scholar
Reinitz, G 1983. Relative effect of age, diet, and feeding rate on the body composition of young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture 35, 19–27.Google Scholar
Renand, G, Larzul, C, Le Bihan-Duval, E, Le Roy, P 2003. Genetic improvement of meat auality in the different livestock species: Present situation and srospects. INRA Productions Animales 16, 159–173.Google Scholar
Reverter, A, Johnston, DJ, Ferguson, DM, Pery, D, Godard, ME, Burow, HM, Oddy, VH, Thompson, JM, Bindon, BM 2003. Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds. 4. Correlations among animal, carcass, and meat quality traits. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 149–158.Google Scholar
Reverter, A, Johnston, DJ, Graser, HU, Wolcot, ML, Upton, WH 2000. Genetic analyses of live-animal ultrasound and abattoir carcass traits in Australian Angus and Hereford cattle. Journal of Animal Science 78, 1786–1795.Google Scholar
Rhoades, RD, Sawyer, JE, Chung, KY, Schell, ML, Lunt, DK, Smith, SB 2007. Effect of dietary energy source on in vitro substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissues of Angus and Wagyu steers. Journal Animal Science 85, 1719–1726.Google Scholar
Ricard, FH, Leclercq, B, Touraille, C 1983. Selecting broilers for low or high abdominal fat – distribution of carcass fat and quality of meat. British Poultry Science 24, 511–516.Google Scholar
Riley, DG, Chase, CC, Hamond, AC, West, RL, Johnson, DD, Olson, TA, Coleman, SW 2003. Estimated genetic parameters for palatability of steaks from Brahman cattle. Journal of Animal Science 81, 54–60.Google Scholar
Rincker, PJ, Killefer, J, Ellis, M, Brewer, MS, McKeith, FK 2008. Intramuscular fat content has little influence on the eating quality of fresh pork loin chops. Journal of Animal Science 86, 730–737.Google Scholar
Rincker, CB, Pyatt, NA, Berger, LL, Faulkner, DB 2006. Relationship among GeneSTAR marbling marker, intramuscular fat deposition, and expected progeny differences in early weaned Simmental steers. Journal of Animal Science 84, 686–693.Google Scholar
Robb, DHF, Kestin, SC, Warriss, PD, Nute, GR 2002. Muscle lipid content determines the eating quality of smoked and cooked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 205, 345–358.Google Scholar
Rollin, X, Médale, F, Gutières, S, Blanc, D, Kaushik, SJ 2003. Short and long term nutritional modulation of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase activity in selected tissues of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). British Journal of Nutrition 89, 803–810.Google Scholar
Roorda, BD, Hesselink, MK, Schaart, G, Moonen-Kornips, E, Martinez-Martinez, P, Losen, M, De Baets, MH, Mensink, RP, Schrauwen, P 2005. DGAT1 overexpression in muscle by in vivo DNA electroporation increases intramyocellular lipid content. Journal of Lipid Research 46, 230–236.Google Scholar
Ross, JW, Smith, TK, Krehbiel, CR, Malayer, JR, DeSilva, U, Morgan, JB, White, FJ, Hersom, MJ, Horn, GW, Geisert, RD 2005. Effects of grazing program and subsequent finishing on gene expression in different adipose tissue depots in beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1914–1923.Google Scholar
Rowe, JB, Choct, M, Pethick, DW 1999. Processing cereal grain for animal feeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 721–736.Google Scholar
Rye, M, Gjerde, B 1996. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of body composition traits and flesh colour in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquaculture Research 27, 121–133.Google Scholar
Saez, G, Gentes, G, Hocquette, JF, Baéza, E 2008. Effet de l’espèce sur l’expression des protéines de liaison cytosoliques des acides gras (FABP H et A) dans le muscle Pectoralis major de canard. 12èmes Journées des Sciences du Muscle et Technologie de la Viande, Tours (France), 8–9 Octobre 2008, pp. 189–190.Google Scholar
Sanchez, MP, Iannuccelli, N, Basso, B, Bidanel, JP, Billon, Y, Gandemer, G, Gilbert, H, Larzul, C, Legault, C, Riquet, J, Milan, D, Le Roy, P 2007. Identification of QTL with effects on intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition in a Duroc × Large White cross. BMC Genetics 8, 55.Google Scholar
Santoso, U 2001. Effects of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14, 1585–1591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sapp, RL, Bertrand, JK, Pringle, TD, Wilson, DE 2002. Effects of selection for ultrasound intramuscular fat percentage in Angus bulls on carcass traits of progeny. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2017–2022.Google Scholar
Sasaki, Y, Nagai, K, Nagata, Y, Doronbekov, K, Nishimura, S, Yoshioka, S, Fujita, T, Shiga, K, Miyake, T, Taniguchi, Y, Yamada, T 2006. Exploration of genes showing intramuscular fat deposition-associated expression changes in musculus longissimus muscle. Animal Genetics 37, 40–46.Google Scholar
Sato, M, Hiragun, A, Mitsui, H 1980. Preadipocytes possess cellular retinoid binding proteins and their differentiation is inhibited by retinoids. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 95, 1839–1845.Google Scholar
Savell, JW, Cross, HR 1986. The role of fat in the palatability of beef, pork and lamb. In Meat Research, update 1(4), pp. 1–10. Published by the Department of Animal Science, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA.Google Scholar
Sellier, P 1998. Genetics of Meat and Carcass Traits. In The Genetics of the Pig (ed. MF Rotschild and A Ruvinsky), pp. 463–510. CAB International, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Singh, NK, Chae, HS, Hwang, IH, Yoo, YM, Ahn, CN, Lee, SH, Lee, HJ, Park, HJ, Chung, HY 2007. Transdifferentiation of porcine satellite cells to adipoblasts with ciglitizone. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1126–1135.Google Scholar
Smith, SB, Kawachi, H, Choi, CB, Choi, CW, Wu, G, Sawyer, JE 2009. Cellular regulation of bovine intramuscular adipose tissue development and composition. Journal of Animal Science 87 (suppl. E), E72–E82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sudre, K, Leroux, C, Cassar-Malek, I, Hocquette, JF, Martin, P 2005. A collection of bovine cDNA probes for gene expression profiling in muscle. Molecular and Cellular Probes 19, 61–70.Google Scholar
Tajbakhsh, S 2005. Skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells: reconciling genetics and lineage. Experimental Cell Research 306, 364–372.Google Scholar
Thaller, G, Kühn, C, Winter, A, Ewald, G, Bellmann, O, Wegner, J, Zühlke, H, Fries, R 2003. DGAT1, a new positional and functional candidate gene for intramuscular fat deposition in cattle. Animal Genetics 34, 354–357.Google Scholar
Thompson, JM 2004. The effects of marbling on flavour and juiciness scores of cooked Beef, after adjusting to a constant tenderness. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 645–652.Google Scholar
Toussaint, C, Médale, F, Davenel, A, Akoka, S, Fauconneau, B, Haffray, P 2002. Determination of the lipid content of fish muscle by a self-calibrated NMR relaxometry method: comparison with classical chemical extraction methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82, 173–178.Google Scholar
Underwood, KR, Means, WJ, Zhu, MJ, Ford, SP, Hess, BW, Du, M 2008. AMP-activated protein kinase is negatively associated with intramuscular fat content in Longissimus Dorsi muscle of beef cattle. Meat Science 79, 394–402.Google Scholar
Valsta, LM, Tapanainen, H, Mannisto, S 2005. Meat fats in nutrition. Meat Science 70, 525–530.Google Scholar
Van Laack, Rljm, Stevens, SG, Stalder, KJ 2001. The influence of ultimate pH and intramuscular fat content on pork tenderness and tenderization. Journal of Animal Science 79, 392–397.Google Scholar
Visscher, PM 2008. Sizing up human height. Nature Genetics 40, 489–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wan, R, Du, J, Ren, L, Meng, Q 2009. Selective adipogenic effects of propionate on bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocytes. Meat Science 82, 372–378.Google Scholar
Wang, YH, Bower, NI, Reverter, A, Tan, SH, De Jager, N, Wang, R, McWilliam, SM, Cafe, LM, Greenwood, PL, Lehnert, SA 2009a. Gene expression patterns during intramuscular fat development in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 87, 119–130.Google Scholar
Wang, YH, Byrne, KA, Reverter, A, Harper, GS, Taniguchi, M, McWilliam, SM, Mannen, H, Oyama, K, Lehnert, SA 2005a. Transcriptional profiling of skeletal muscle tissue from two breeds of cattle. Mammalian Genome 16, 201–210.Google Scholar
Wang, YH, Reverter, A, Mannen, H, Taniguchi, M, Harper, GS, Oyama, K, Byrne, KA, Oka, A, Tsuji, S, Lehnert, SA 2005b. Transcriptional profiling of muscle tissue in growing Japanese Black Cattle to identify genes involved with the development of intramuscular fat. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 809–820.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Xue, C, Wang, X, Liu, H, Xu, Y, Zhao, R, Jiang, Z, Dodson, MV, Chen, J 2009b. Differential display of expressed genes reveals a novel function of SFRS18 in regulation of intramuscular fat deposition. International Journal of Biological Sciences 5, 28–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, EC, O’Neill, HA 2008. The animal fat paradox and meat quality. Meat Science 80, 28–36.Google Scholar
Wegner, J, Albrecht, E, Ender, K 1998. Morphological aspects of growth in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipocytes in cattle. Archiv Fur Tierzucht – Archives of animal breeding 41, 313–320.Google Scholar
WHO 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. WHO technical report series 916, Geneva.Google Scholar
Wood, JD, Enser, M, Fisher, AV, Nute, GR, Sheard, PR, Richardson, RI, Hughes, SI, Whittington, FM 2008. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review. Meat Science 78, 343–358.Google Scholar
Wu, Y, Liu, XL, Hou, SS, Wang, J, Kong, XJ 2008. An intronic SNP of PPARG and its association with fat traits in four meat-type duck populations. Archiv Fur Tierzucht 51, 199–200.Google Scholar
Xu, QL, Chen, YL, Ma, RX, Xue, P 2009. Polymorphism of DGAT1 associated with intramuscular fat-mediated tenderness in sheep. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89, 232–237.Google Scholar
Zhao, XL, Liu, YP, Li, L, Jiang, XS, DU, HR, Zhu, Q 2007. Association between single nucleotide polymorphism of ADFP gene and carcass traits and intramuscular fat content in chicken. Yi Chuan 29, 1483–1490.Google Scholar
Zhou, S, Ackman, RG, Morrison, C 1996. Adipocytes and lipid distribution in the muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 326–332.Google Scholar