Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T22:00:21.524Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of the metabolic state during lactation on milk production in modern sows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2020

N. G. J. Costermans Open the ORCID record for N. G. J. Costermans [Opens in a new window] ,
N. M. Soede ,
A. Middelkoop ,
B. F. A. Laurenssen ,
R. E. Koopmanschap ,
L. J. Zak ,
E. F. Knol ,
J. Keijer ,
K. J. Teerds  and
B. Kemp
N. G. J. Costermans
Affiliation:
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
N. M. Soede*
Affiliation:
Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
A. Middelkoop
Affiliation:
Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
B. F. A. Laurenssen
Affiliation:
Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
R. E. Koopmanschap
Affiliation:
Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
L. J. Zak
Affiliation:
Topigs Norsvin Research Center B. V., Schoenaker 6, Beuningen6641 SZ, The Netherlands
E. F. Knol
Affiliation:
Topigs Norsvin Research Center B. V., Schoenaker 6, Beuningen6641 SZ, The Netherlands
J. Keijer
Affiliation:
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
K. J. Teerds
Affiliation:
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
B. Kemp
Affiliation:
Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen6708 WD, The Netherlands
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Selection for prolificacy in sows has resulted in higher metabolic demands during lactation. In addition, modern sows have an increased genetic merit for leanness. Consequently, sow metabolism during lactation has changed, possibly affecting milk production and litter weight gain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lactational feed intake on milk production and relations between mobilization of body tissues (adipose tissue or skeletal muscle) and milk production in modern sows with a different lactational feed intake. A total of 36 primiparous sows were used, which were either full-fed (6.5 kg/day) or restricted-fed (3.25 kg/day) during the last 2 weeks of a 24-day lactation. Restricted-fed sows had a lower milk fat percentage at weaning and a lower litter weight gain and estimated milk fat and protein production in the last week of lactation. Next, several relations between sow body condition (loss) and milk production variables were identified. Sow BW, loin muscle depth and backfat depth at parturition were positively related to milk fat production in the last week of lactation. In addition, milk fat production was related to the backfat depth loss while milk protein production was related to the loin muscle depth loss during lactation. Backfat depth and loin muscle depth at parturition were positively related to lactational backfat depth loss or muscle depth loss, respectively. Together, results suggest that sows which have more available resources during lactation, either from a higher amount of body tissues at parturition or from an increased feed intake during lactation, direct more energy toward milk production to support a higher litter weight gain. In addition, results show that the type of milk nutrients that sows produce (i.e. milk fat or milk protein) is highly related to the type of body tissues that are mobilized during lactation. Interestingly, relations between sow body condition and milk production were all independent of feed level during lactation. Sow management strategies to increase milk production and litter growth in modern sows may focus on improving sow body condition at the start of lactation or increasing feed intake during lactation.

Keywords

pigmetabolismfeed intakemilk proteinmilk fat
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 14 , Issue 12 , December 2020 , pp. 2543 - 2553
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Animal Consortium

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atwood, CS and Hartmann, PE 1992. Collection of fore and hind milk from the sow and the changes in milk composition during suckling. Journal of Dairy Research 59, 287–298.Google ScholarPubMed
Ball, RO, Samuel, R and Moehn, S 2008. Nutrient requirements of prolific sows. Advances in Pork Production 19, 223–236.Google Scholar
Boyd, DR, Kensinger, RS, Harrell, RJ and Bauman, DE 1995. Nutrient uptake and endocrine regulation of milk synthesis by mammary tissue of lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science 73 (suppl. 2), 36–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergsma, R, Kanis, E, Verstegen, MWA, van der Peet–Schwering, CMC and Knol, EF 2009. Lactation efficiency as a result of body composition dynamics and feed intake in sows. Livestock Science 125, 208–222.Google Scholar
Bortolozzo, FP, Bernardi, ML, Kummer, R and Wentz, I 2009. Growth, body state and breeding performance in gilts and primiparous sows. Society of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 66, 281–291.Google ScholarPubMed
Cabrera, RA, Boyd, RD, Jungst, SB, Wilson, ER, Johnston, ME, Vignes, JL and Odle, J 2010. Impact of lactation length and piglet weaning weight on long-term growth and viability of progeny. Journal of Animal Science 88, 2265–2276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, RG and Dunkin, AC 1983. The influence of protein nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig: 1. Effects on growth performance and body composition. British Journal of Nutrition 50, 605–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costermans, NGJ, Teerds, KJ, Middelkoop, A, Roelen, BAJ, Schoevers, EJ, Van Tol, HTA, Laurenssen, BFA, Koopmanschap, RE, Zhao, Y, Blokland, M, Van Tricht, F, Zak, L, Keijer, J, Kemp, B and Soede, NM 2019. Consequences of negative energy balance on follicular development and oocyte quality in primiparous sows. Biology of Reproduction 102, 388–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bettio, S, Maiorka, A, Barrilli, LNE, Bergsma, R and Silva, BAN 2016. Impact of feed restriction on the performance of highly prolific lactating sows and its effect on the subsequent lactation. Animal 10, 396–402.Google ScholarPubMed
Dourmad, J-Y, Etienne, M, Valancogne, A, Dubois, S, Van Milgen, J and Noblet, J 2008. InraPorc: a model and decision support tool for the nutrition of sows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 143, 372–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gessner, DK, Gröne, B, Rosenbaum, S, Most, E, Hillen, S, Becker, S, Erhardt, G, Reiner, G, Ringseis, R and Eder, K 2015. Effect of a negative energy balance induced by feed restriction in lactating sows on hepatic lipid metabolism, milk production and development of litters. Archives of Animal Nutrition 69, 399–410.Google ScholarPubMed
Hojgaard, CK, Bruun, TS and Theil, PK 2019. Optimal crude protein in diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids fed to high-yielding lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science 97, 3399–3414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoving, LL, Soede, NM, Van der Peet-Schwering, C, Graat, E, Feitsma, H, and Kemp, B 2011. An increased feed intake during early pregnancy improves sow body weight recovery and increases litter size in young sows. Journal of Animal Science 89, 3542–3550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, CS 1995. Analytical chemistry of food. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Kemp, B, Da Silva, C and Soede, NM 2018. Recent advances in pig reproduction: focus on impact of genetic selection for female fertility. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 53, 28–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, JS, Yang, X, Pangeni, D and Baidoo, SK 2015. Relationship between backfat thickness of sows during late gestation and reproductive efficiency at different parities. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 65, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaver, J, Van Kempen, GJM, De Lange, PGB, Verstegen, MWA and Boer, H 1981. Milk composition and daily yield of different milk components as affected by sow condition and lactation/feeding regimen. Journal of Animal Science 52, 1091–1097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerch, S, Pires, JAA, Delavaud, C, Shingfield, KJ, Pomies, D, Martin, B, Chilliard, Y and Ferlay, A 2015. Rapeseed or linseed in dairy cow diets over 2 consecutive lactations: effects on adipose fatty acid profile and carry-over effects on milk fat composition in subsequent early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 1005–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Middelkoop, A, Costermans, NGJ, Kemp, B and Bolhuis, JE 2019. Feed intake of the sow and playful creep feeding of piglets influence piglet behaviour and performance before and after weaning. Scientific Reports 9, 16140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (NRC) 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine, 11th revised edition. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C. US.Google Scholar
Noblet, J and Etienne, M 1986. Effect of energy level in lactating sows on yield and composition of milk and nutrient balance of piglets. Journal of Animal Science 63, 1888–1896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noblet, J and Etienne, M 1989. Estimation of sow milk nutrient output. Journal of Animal Science 67, 3352–3359.Google ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, TF, Bruun, TS, Trottier, NL and Theil, PK 2019. Nitrogen utilization of lactating sows fed increasing dietary protein. Journal of Animal Science 97, 3472–3486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quesnel, H, Mejia-Guadarrama, CA, Pasquier, A, Dourmad, J-Y and Prunier, A 2005. Dietary protein restriction during lactation in primiparous sows with different live weights at farrowing: II. Consequences on reproductive performance and interactions with metabolic status. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45, 57–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quesnel, H, Etienne, M and Père, M-C 2007. Influence of litter size on metabolic status and reproductive axis in primiparous sows. Journal of Animal Science 85, 118–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quiniou, N and Noblet, J 1999. Influence of high ambient temperatures on performance of multiparous lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science 77, 2124–2134.Google ScholarPubMed
Rico, DE, Marshall, ER, Choi, J, Kaylegian, KE, Dechow, CD and Harvatine, KJ 2014. Within-milking variation in milk composition and fatty acid profile of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 4259–4268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salcedo, J, Frese, SA, Mills, DA and Barile, D 2016. Characterization of porcine milk oligosaccharides during early lactation and their relation to the fecal microbiome. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 7733–7743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schenkel, AC, Bernardi, ML, Bortolozzo, FP and Wentz, I 2010. Body reserve mobilization during lactation in first parity sows and its effect on second litter size. Livestock Science 132, 165–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strathe, AV, Bruun, TS and Hansen, CF 2017. Sows with high milk production had both a high feed intake and high body mobilization. Animal 11, 1913–1921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Brand, H, Dieleman, SJ, Soede, NM and Kemp, B 2000. Energy balance of lactating primiparous sows as affected by feeding level and dietary energy source. American Society of Animal Science 78, 1520–1528.Google ScholarPubMed
Yang, Y, Heo, S, Jin, Z, Yun, J, Choi, J, Yoon, S, Park, M, Yang, B and Chae, B 2009. Effects of lysine intake during late gestation and lactation on blood metabolites, hormones, milk composition and reproductive performance in primiparous and multiparous sows. Animal Reproduction Science 112, 199–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhong, H, Wang, P, Song, Y, Zhang, X, Che, L, Feng, B, Lin, Y, Xy, S, Li, J and Wu, D 2018. Mammary cell proliferation and catabolism of adipose tissues in nutrition-restricted lactating sows were associated with extracellular high glutamate levels. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 9, 78.Google ScholarPubMed