Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:48:46.123Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impact of bioactive substances on the gastrointestinal tract and performance of weaned piglets: a review*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

J. P. Lallès ,
P. Bosi ,
P. Janczyk ,
S. J. Koopmans  and
D. Torrallardona
J. P. Lallès*
Affiliation:
INRA UMR 1079, Rearing Systems, Animal and Human Nutrition, Domaine de la Prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
P. Bosi
Affiliation:
Animal Nutrition, DIPROVAL, University of Bologna, via Rosselli 107, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
P. Janczyk
Affiliation:
Forschungsinstitut für die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
S. J. Koopmans
Affiliation:
Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, Animal Production Division, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
D. Torrallardona
Affiliation:
IRTA, Ctra. Reus-El Morell, km. 3.8, E-43120 Constantí (Tarragona), Spain
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The EU ban on in-feed antibiotics has stimulated research on weaning diets as a way of reducing post-weaning gut disorders and growth check in pigs. Many bioactive components have been investigated but only few have shown to be effective. Amongst these, organic acids (OA) have been shown to exert a bactericidal action mediated by non-dissociated OA, by lowering gastric pH, increasing gut and pancreas enzyme secretion and improving gut wall morphology. It has been postulated that they may also enhance non-specific immune responses and improve disease resistance. In contrast, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact of OA on the stomach but recent data show they can differently affect gastric histology, acid secretion and gastric emptying. Butyrate and precursors of butyric acid have received special attention and although promising results have been obtained, their effects are dependent upon the dose, treatment duration, initial age of piglets, gastrointestinal site and other factors. The amino acids (AA) like glutamine, tryptophan and arginine are supportive in improving digestion, absorption and retention of nutrients by affecting tissue anabolism, stress and (or) immunity. Glutamine, cysteine and threonine are important for maintaining mucin and permeability of intestinal barrier function. Spray-dried plasma (SDP) positively affects gut morphology, inflammation and reduces acquired specific immune responses via specific and a-specific influences of immunoglobulins and other bioactive components. Effects are more pronounced in early-weaned piglets and under poorer health conditions. Little interaction between plasma protein and antibiotics has been found, suggesting distinct modes of action and additive effects. Bovine colostrum may act more or less similarly to SDP. The composition of essential oils is highly variable, depending on environmental and climatic conditions and distillation methods. These oils differ widely in their antimicrobial activity in vitro and some components of weaning diets may decrease their activity. Results in young pigs are highly variable depending upon the product and doses used. These studies suggest that relatively high concentrations of essential oils are needed for beneficial effects to be observed and it has been assumed that these plant extracts mimic most of the effects of antibiotics active on gut physiology, microbiology and immunology. Often, bioactive substances protective to the gut also stimulate feed intake and growth performance. New insights on the effects of selected OA and AA, protein sources (especially SDP, bovine colostrum) and plant extracts with anti-bacterial activities on the gut are reported in this review.

Keywords

bioactive substancegastrointestinal tractnutritionpigweaning
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 3 , Issue 12 , December 2009 , pp. 1625 - 1643
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This work was presented at a Workshop organised within the EU project ‘Feed for Pig Health’ at the occasion of the 58th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production held in Dublin, Ireland in August 26–29, 2007.

References

Adam, K, Sivropoulou, A, Kokkini, S, Lanaras, T, Arsenakis, M 1998. Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi. Journal of Food and Agricultural Chemistry 46, 1739–1745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, DB, McKracken, VJ, Amirov, RI, Sympson, JM, Mackie, RI, Verstegen, MWA, Gaskins, HR 1999. Gut microbiology and growth-promoting antibiotics in swine. Pig News and Information 20, 115N–122N.Google Scholar
Ayonrinde, AI, Williams, IH, McCauley, R and Mullan, BP 1995. Glutamine stimulates intestinal hyperplasia in weaned piglets. Fifth Biennial Conference of the Australasian Pig Scientific Association, vol. 5, 180pp.Google Scholar
Bannink, A, Dijkstra, J, Koopmans, SJ, Mroz, Z 2006. Physiology, regulation and multifunctional activity of the gut wall: a rationale for multicompartmental modelling. Nutrition Research Reviews 19, 227–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergstrom, JR, Nelssen, JL, Tokach, MD, Goodband, RD, Dritz, SS, Owen, KQ, Nessmith, WB 1997. Evaluation of spray-dried animal plasma and select menhaden fish meal in transition diets of pigs weaned at 12 to 14 days of age and reared in different production systems. Journal of Animal Science 75, 3004–3009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biagi, G, Piva, A, Moschini, M, Vezzali, E, Roth, FX 2006a. Effect of gluconic acid on piglet growth performance, intestinal microflora, and intestinal wall morphology. Journal of Animal Science 84, 370–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biagi, G, Vezzali, E, Piva, A, Roth, FX 2006b. Effects of feeding free or micro-encapsulated gluconic acid on growth performance of weanling pigs. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition and Physiology 15, 176.Google Scholar
Biagi, G, Piva, A, Moschini, M, Vezzali, E, Roth, FX 2007. Performance, intestinal microflora, and wall morphology of weanling pigs fed sodium butyrate. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1184–1191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bikker, P, van Dijk, AJ, Dirkzwager, A, Fledderus, J, Ubbink-Blanksma, M, Beynen, AC 2004. The influence of diet composition and an anti-microbial growth promoter on the growth response of weaned piglets to spray dried animal plasma. Livestock Production Science 86, 201–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boesen, HT, Jensen, TK, Schmidt, AS, Jensen, BB, Jensen, SM, Møller, K 2004. The influence of diet on Lawsonia intracellularis colonization in pigs upon experimental challenge. Veterinary Microbiology 103, 35–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosi, P, Han, IK, Jung, HJ, Heo, KN, Perini, S, Castellazzi, AM, Casini, L, Creston, D, Gremokolini, C 2001. Effect of different spray dried plasmas on growth, ileal digestibility, nutrient deposition, immunity and health of early-weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 14, 1138–1143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosi, P, Casini, L, Finamore, A, Cremokolini, C, Merialdi, G, Trevisi, P, Nobili, F, Mengheri, E 2004. Spray-dried plasma improves growth performance and reduces inflammatory status of weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Journal of Animal Science 82, 1764–1772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosi, P, Mazzoni, M, De Filippi, S, Casini, L, Trevisi, P, Petrosino, G, Lalatta-Costerbosa, G 2006. Continuous dietary supply of free calcium formate negatively affects parietal cell population and gastric RNA expression for H+/K+-ATPase in weaning pigs. Journal of Nutrition 136, 1229–1235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosi, P, Sarli, G, Casini, L, De Filippi, S, Trevisi, P, Mazzoni, M, Merialdi, G 2007. The influence of fat protection of calcium formate on growth and intestinal defence in Escherichia coli K88-challenged weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.12.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudry, C, Buldgen, A, Portetelle, D, Collard, A, Théwis, A, Dehoux, JP 2007a. Effects of oral supplementation with bovine colostrum on the immune system of weaned piglets. Research in Veterinary Science 83, 91–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boudry, C, Buldgen, A, Porterelle, D, Gianello, P, Thewis, A, Dehoux, JP 2007b. Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on cytokine mRNA expression in weaned piglets. Livestock Science 108, 295–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudry, C, Dehoux, JP, Wavreille, J, Portetelle, D, Théwis, A, Bulgen, A 2008. Effect of a bovine colostrum whey supplementation on growth performance, faecal Escherichia coli population and systemic immune response of piglets at weaning. Animal 2, 730–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozin, B, Mimica-Dukic, N, Simin, N, Anackov, G 2006. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 1822–1828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burt, SA, Reinders, RD 2003. Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology 36, 162–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC, Yaqoob, P 1999. Glutamine and the immune system. Amino Acids 17, 227–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canibe, N, Hojberg, O, Hojsgaard, S, Jensen, BB 2005. Feed physical form and formic acid addition to the feed affect the gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1287–1302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo, M, Martin-Orue, SM, Roca, M, Manzanilla, EG, Badiola, I, Perez, JF, Gasa, J 2006. The response of gastrointestinal microbiota to avilamycin, butyrate, and plant extracts in early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2725–2734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cava, R, Nowak, E, Taboada, A, Marin-Iniesta, F 2007. Antimicrobial activity of clove and cinnamon essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk. Journal of Food Protection 70, 2757–2763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coffey, RD, Cromwell, GL 1995. The impact of environment and antimicrobial agents on the growth response of early-weaned pigs to spray-dried porcine plasma. Journal of Animal Science 73, 2532–2539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coffey, MT, Cromwell, GL 2001. Use of spray-dried animal plasma in diets for weanling pigs. Pigs News and Information 22, 39N–48N.Google Scholar
Conde, R 2005. Spray-dried animal plasma in piglet nutrition. A possible alternative to antibiotics. PhD, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.Google Scholar
Cowan, MM 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12, 564–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cynober, L 1994. Can arginine and ornithine support gut functions? Gut 1, S42–S45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwiche, G, Ostman, EM, Liljeberg, HG, Kallinen, N, Bjorgell, O, Bjorck, IM, Almer, LO 2001. Measurements of the gastric emptying rate by use of ultrasonography: studies in humans using bread with added sodium propionate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74, 254–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Mello, JPF 2003. Amino acids as multifunctional molecules. In Amino acids in animal nutrition, 2nd edition (ed. JPF D’Mello), pp. 1–14. CAB International Publishing, UK, ISBN 0-85199-654-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeRouchey, JM, Tokach, MD, Nelssen, JL, Goodband, RD, Dritz, SS, Woodworth, JC, James, BW, Webster, MJ, Hastad, CW 2004. Evaluation of methods to reduce bacteria concentrations in spray-dried animal plasma and its effects on nursery pig performance. Journal of Animal Science 82, 250–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dibner, JJ, Richards, JD 2005. Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry Science 84, 634–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Lorenzo, M, Krantis, A 2002. Nitric oxide synthase isoenzyme activities in a premature piglet model of necrotizing enterocolitis: effects of nitrergic manipulation. Pediatric Surgery International 18, 624–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Lorenzo, M, Bass, J, Krantis, A 1995. Use of l-arginine in the treatment of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 30, 235–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Domeneghini, C, Di Giancamillo, A, Savoini, G, Paratte, R, Bontempo, V, Dell’Orto, V 2004. Structural patterns of swine ileal mucosa following l-glutamine and nucleotide administration during the weaning period. An histochemical and histometrical study. Histology and Histopathology 19, 49–58.Google ScholarPubMed
Domeneghini, C, Di Giancamillo, A, Bosi, G, Arrighi, S 2006. Can nutraceuticals affect the structure of intestinal mucosa? Qualitative and quantitative microanatomy in l-glutamine diet-supplemented weaning piglets. Veterinary Research Communications 30, 331–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorman, HJD 1999. Phytochemistry and bioactive properties of plant volatile oils: antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. PhD, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.Google Scholar
Dorman, HJD, Deans, SG 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88, 308–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dušan, F, Marian, S, Katarina, D, Dobroslava, B 2006. Essential oils: their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and effect on intestinal cell viability. Toxicology In Vitro 20, 1435–1445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisemann, JH, van Heugten, E 2007. Response of pigs to dietary inclusion of formic acid and ammonium formate. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1530–1539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ermer, PM, Miller, PS, Lewis, AJ 1994. Diet preference and meal patterns of weanling pigs offered diets containing either spray-dried porcine plasma or dried skim milk. Journal of Animal Science 72, 1548–1554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ettle, T, Mentschel, K, Roth, FX 2004. Dietary self-selection for organic acids by the piglet. Archives of Animal Nutrition 58, 379–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feed for Pig Health, 2003. Development of natural alternatives to anti-microbials for the control of pig health and promotion of performance. EU project contract number FOOD – CT-2004-506144.Google Scholar
Flynn, N, Wu, G 1997. Glucocorticoids play an important role in mediating the enhanced metabolism of arginine and glutamine in enterocytes of postweaning pigs. Journal of Nutrition 127, 732–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franco, LD, Fondevila, M, Lobera, MB, Castrillo, C 2005. Effect of combinations of organic acids in weaned pig diets on microbial species of digestive tract contents and their response on digestibility. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 89, 88–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gálfi, P, Bakori, J 1990. Feeding trial in pigs with a diet containing sodium n-butyrate. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 38, 3–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Gruys, E, Toussaint, MJM, Landman, WJM, Tivapasi, M, Chamanza, R, Van Veen, L 1998. Infection, inflammation and stress inhibit growth. Mechanisms and non-specific assessment of the processes by acute phase proteins. In Production diseases in farm animals. 10th International Conference (ed. Th Wensing), pp. 72–87. Wageningen Press, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Guggenbuhl, P, Séon, A, Piñón Quintana, A, Simões Nunes, A 2007. Effects of dietary supplementation with benzoic acid (VevoVitall®) on the zootechnical performance, the gastrointestinal microflora and the ileal digestibility of the young pig. Livestock Science 108, 218–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamard, A, Mazurais, D, Boudry, G, Luron, I, Sève, B, Le Floc’h, N 2007a. Physiological aspects and ileal gene expression profile and of early-weaned piglets fed a low threonine diet. Livestock Science 108, 17–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamard, A, Sève, B, Le Floc’h, N 2007b. Intestinal development and growth performance of early-weaned piglets fed a low-threonine diet. Animal 1, 1134–1142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamer, HM, Jonkers, D, Venema, K, Vanhoutvin, S, Troost, FJ, Brummer, RJ 2008. Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 27, 104–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammer, KA, Carson, CF, Riley, TV 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology 86, 985–990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, CF, Riis, AL, Bresson, S, Højbjerg, O, Jensen, BB 2007. Feeding organic acids enhances the barrier function against pathogenic bacteria of the piglet stomach. Livestock Science 108, 206–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanzlik, RP, Fowler, SC, Eells, JT 2005. Absorption and elimination of formate following oral administration of calcium formate in female human subjects. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 33, 282–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harte, RD, Shoveller, AK, Bertolo, RFP, Ball, RO 2003. Cystine supplementation adversely affects small intestinal morphology. In 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs (ed. RA Ball), pp. 213–215. University of Alberta, Banff, AB, Canada.Google Scholar
Hazzit, M, Baaliouamer, A, Faleiro, ML, Miguel, MG 2006. Composition of the essential oils of Thymus and Origanum species from Algeria and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 6314–6321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healthypigut 2000. Defining and validating gut health criteria in young pig, based on digestive physiology, microbiology and mucosal immunology investigations for testing alternative strategies to in-feed antibiotics. EU project contract number QLK5-LT2000-00522.Google Scholar
Huguet, A, Sève, B, Le Dividich, J, Le Huërou-Luron, I 2006. Effects of a bovine colostrum-supplemented diet on some gut parameters in weaned piglets. Reproduction Nutrition Development 46, 167–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huguet, A, Le Normand, L, Fauquant, J, Kaeffer, B, Le Huërou-Luron, I 2007. Influence of bovine colostrum on restoration of intestinal mucosa in weaned piglets. Livestock Science 108, 20–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janczyk, P, Trevisi, P, Souffrant, WB, Bosi, P 2008. Effect of thymol on microbial diversity in the porcine jejunum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 126, 258–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, R, Chang, X, Stoll, B, Ellis, KJ, Shypailo, RJ, Weaver, E, Campbell, J, Burrin, DG 2000a. Dietary plasma protein is used more efficiently than extruded soy protein for lean tissue growth in early-weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition 130, 2016–2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, R, Chang, X, Stoll, B, Fan, MZ, Arthington, J, Weaver, E, Campbell, J, Burrin, DG 2000b. Dietary plasma protein reduces small intestinal growth and lamina propria cell density in early weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition 130, 21–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, IR, Ball, RO, Baracos, VE, Field, CJ 2006. Glutamine supplementation influences immune development in the newly weaned piglet. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 30, 1191–1202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jugl-Chizzola, M, Ungerhofer, E, Gabler, C, Hagmuller, W, Chizzola, R, Zitterl-Eglseer, K, Franz, C 2006. Testing of the palatability of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. as flavouring feed additive for weaner pigs on the basis of a choice experiment. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 119, 238–243.Google ScholarPubMed
Karioti, A, Vrahimi-Hadjilouca, T, Droushiotis, D, Rancic, A, Hadjipavlou-Litina, D, Skaltsa, H 2006. Analysis of the essential oil of Origanum dubium growing wild in Cyprus. Investigation of its antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Planta Medica 72, 1330–1334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kien, CL, Blauwiekel, R, Bunn, JY, Jetton, TL, Frankel, WL, Holst, JJ 2007. Cecal infusion of butyrate increases intestinal cell proliferation in piglets. Journal of Nutrition 137, 916–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SW, Mateo, RD, Yin, Y-L, Wu, G 2007. Functional amino acids and fatty acids for enhancing production performance of sows and piglets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 20, 295–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluge, H, Broz, J, Eder, K 2006. Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 90, 316–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohlert, C, Schindler, G, Marz, RW, Abel, G, Brinkhaus, B, Derendorf, H, Grafe, EU, Veit, M 2002. Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of thymol in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42, 731–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kommera, SK, Mateo, RD, Neher, FJ, Kim, SW 2006. Phytobiotics and organic acids as potential alternatives to the use of antibiotics in nursery pig diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 19, 1784–1789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koopmans, SJ, Ruis, M, Dekker, R, van Diepen, H, Korte, M, Mroz, Z 2005. Surplus dietary tryptophan reduces plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations and enhances recovery after social stress in pigs. Physiology and Behaviour 85, 469–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koopmans, SJ, Guzik, AC, Van der Meulen, J, Dekker, R, Kogut, J, Kerr, BJ, Southern, LL 2006. Effects of supplemental l-tryptophan on serotonin, cortisol, intestinal integrity, and behaviour in weanling piglets. Journal of Animal Science 84, 963–971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lallès, JP, Boudry, G, Favier, C, Le Floc’h, N, Luron, I, Montagne, L, Oswald, IP, Pié, S, Piel, C, Sève, B 2004. Gut function and dysfunction in young pigs: physiology. Animal Research 53, 301–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lallès, JP, Bosi, P, Smidt, H, Stokes, CR 2007. Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, 260–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Floc’h, N, Melchior, D, Sève, B 2004. The importance of dietary tryptophan for preserving growth and controlling inflammatory response of weaned pigs submitted to immune stress. In Proceedings of the International Society of Animal Hygiene (ed. F Madec and G Clement), vol. 1, pp. 239–240. Saint-Malo, France.Google Scholar
Le Gall, M, Sève, B, Sahar, A, Leborgne, M, Lallès, JP, Guilloteau, P 2007. Effect of sodium butyrate on growth, appetite and gastrointestinal tract development in piglet. In Proceedings of the 10th European Nutrition Conference, Paris, France. Nutrition and Metabolism 51 (suppl. 1), 113.Google Scholar
Le Huërou-Luron, I, Huguet, A, Callarec, J, Leroux, T, Le Dividich, J 2004. Supplementation of a weaning diet with bovine colostrum increases feed intake and growth of weaned piglets. Journées Recherche Porcine 36, 33–38.Google Scholar
Lee, DN, Cheng, YH, Wu, FY, Sato, H, Shinzato, I, Cheng, SP, Yen, HT 2003. Effect of dietary glutamine supplement on performance and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 16, 1770–1776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Léon, P, Redmond, P, Stein, P, Shou, J, Schluter, M, Kelly, C, Lanza-Jacoby, S, Daly, J 1991. Arginine supplementation improves histone and acute-phase protein synthesis during Gram-negative sepsis in the rat. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15, 503–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, T, Peng, J, Xiong, Y, Zhou, S, Cheng, X 2002. Effects of dietary glutamine and glutamate supplementation on small intestinal structure, active absorption and DNA, RNA concentrations in skeletal muscle tissue of weaned piglets during d 28 to 42 of age. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 15, 238–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y, Huang, J, Hou, Y, Zhu, H, Zhao, S, Ding, B, Yin, Y, Yi, G, Shi, J, Fan, W 2008. Dietary arginine supplementation alleviates intestinal mucosal disruption induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in weaned pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 100, 552–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lobley, GE, Lapierre, H 2003. Post-absorptive metabolism of amino acids. Progress in Research on Energy and Protein Metabolism 109, 737–756.Google Scholar
Luiking, YC, Poeze, M, Ramsay, G, Deutz, N 2005. The role of arginine in infection and sepsis. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 29, S70–S74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzanilla, EG, Perez, JF, Martin, M, Kamel, C, Baucells, F, Gasa, J 2004. Effect of plant extracts and formic acid on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 82, 3210–3218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manzanilla, EG, Nofrarias, M, Anguita, M, Castillo, M, Perez, JF, Martin-Orue, SM, Kamel, C, Gasa, J 2006. Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2743–2751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massey, KA, Blakeslee, CH, Pitkow, HS 1998. A review of physiological and metabolic effects of essential amino acids. Amino Acids 14, 271–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matan, N, Rimkeeree, H, Mawson, AJ, Chompreeda, P, Haruthaithanasan, V, Parker, M 2006. Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon and clove oils under modified atmosphere conditions. International Journal of Food Microbiology 107, 180–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazzoni, M, Le Gall, M, De Filippi, S, Minieri, L, Trevisi, P, Wolinski, J, Lalatta-Costerbosa, G, Lallès, JP, Guilloteau, P, Bosi, P 2008. Supplemental sodium butyrate stimulates different gastric cells in weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition 138, 1426–1431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melchior, D, Mézière, N, Sève, B, Le Floc’h, N 2004. Does an inflammatory response decrease tryptophan availability in pigs? Journées Recherche Porcine 36, 165–172.Google Scholar
Melchior, D, Mézière, N, Sève, B, Le Floc’h, N 2005. Is tryptophan catabolism increased under Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity during chronic lung inflammation in pigs? Reproduction Nutrition Development 45, 175–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meunier, JP, Cardot, JM, Gauthier, P, Beyssac, E, Alric, M 2006. Use of rotary fluidized-bed technology for development of sustained-release plant extracts pellets: potential application for feed additive delivery. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1850–1859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meunier, JP, Cardot, JM, Manzanilla, EG, Wysshaar, M, Alric, M 2007. Use of spray-cooling technology for development of microencapsulated capsicum oleoresin for the growing pig as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics: a study of release using in vitro models. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2699–2710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michiels, J, Missotten, J, Fremaut, D, De Smet, S, Dierick, N 2007. In vitro dose-response of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and interaction of combinations for the antimicrobial activity against the pig gut flora. Livestock Science 109, 157–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modesto, M, Stefanini, I, D’Aimmo, MR, Mazzoni, M, Trevisi, P, Tittarelli, C, Bosi, P, Biavati, B 2007. Effect of probiotic inocula on the population density of lactic acid bacteria and enteric pathogens in the intestine of weaning piglets. In 3rd QLIF Congress, Hohenheim, Germany, March 20–23, 2007. http://orgprints.org/view/projects/int_conf_qlif2007.htmlGoogle Scholar
Molnar, C, Bilkei, G 2005. The influence of an oregano feed additive on production parameters and mortality of weaned piglets. Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe Grosstiere Nutztiere 33, 42–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mroz, Z, Koopmans, SJ, Bannink, A, Partanen, AK, Krasucki, W, Øverland, M, Radcliffe, S 2006. Carboxylic acids as bioregulators and gut growth promoters in non-ruminants. In Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals (ed. R Mosenthin, J Zentek and T Zebrowska), vol. 4, pp. 81–133. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myrie, SB, Bertolo, RFP, Sauer, WC, Ball, RO 2003. Threonine retention is reduced in diets that increase mucin production in pigs. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs (ed. RO Ball), pp. 250–252. University of Alberta, Banff, Canada.Google Scholar
Nakai, M, Chen, L, Nowak, RA 2006. Tissue distribution of basigin and monocarboxylate transporter 1 in the adult male mouse: a study using the wild-type and basigin gene knockout mice. Anatomical Record A 288, 527–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Namkung, H, Li, M, Gong, J, Yu, H, Cottrill, M, de Lange, CFM 2004. Impact of feeding blends of organic acids and herbal extracts on growth performance, gut microbiota and digestive function in newly weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, 697–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niewold, TA 2007. The nonantibiotic anti-inflammatory effect of antimicrobial growth promoters, the real mode of action? A hypothesis. Poultry Science 86, 605–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niewold, T, Van Dijk, A, Geenen, P, Roodink, H, Margry, R, Van Der Meulen, J 2007. Dietary specific antibodies in spray-dried immune plasma prevent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) post weaning diarrhea in piglets. Veterinary Microbiology 124, 362–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nofrarias, M, Manzanilla, EG, Pujols, J, Gibert, X, Majo, N, Segales, J, Gasa, J 2006. Effects of spray-dried porcine plasma and plant extracts on intestinal morphology and on leukocyte cell subsets of weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2735–2742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nollet, H, Deprez, P, Van Driessche, E, Muylle, E 1999. Protection of just weaned pigs against infection with f18(+) Escherichia coli by non-immune plasma powder. Veterinary Microbiology 65, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NRC 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, pp. 110–116, 10th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Oetting, LL, Utiyama, CE, Giani, PA, Ruiz, UD, Miyada, VS 2006. Effects of herbal extracts and antimicrobials on apparent digestibility, performance, organs morphometry and intestinal histology of weanling pigs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 35, 1389–1397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, LSM, Li, Y, Kam, SL, Wang, H, Wong, EY, Ooi, VE 2006. Antimicrobial activities of cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde from the Chinese medicinal herb Cinnamomum cassia blume. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34, 511–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owusu-Asiedu, A, Baidoo, SK, Nyachoti, CM, Marquardt, RR 2002. Response of early-weaned pigs to spray-dried porcine or animal plasma-based diets supplemented with egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2895–2903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owusu-Asiedu, A, Nyachoti, CM, Baidoo, SK, Marquardt, RR, Yang, X 2003a. Response of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1781–1789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owusu-Asiedu, A, Nyachoti, CM, Marquardt, RR 2003b. Response of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody, zinc oxide, fumaric acid, or antibiotic. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1790–1798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Özcan, MM, Sagdic, O, Ozkan, G 2006. Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on the growth of Bacillus species. Journal of Medicinal Food 9, 418–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papenbrock, S, Stemme, K, Amtsberg, G, Verspohl, J, Kamphues, J 2005. Investigations on prophylactic effects of coarse feed structure and/or potassium diformate on the microflora in the digestive tract of weaned piglets experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 89, 84–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, MJ, Gwak, KS, Yang, I, Choi, WS, Jo, HJ, Chang, JW, Jeung, EB, Choi, IG 2007. Antifungal activities of the essential oils in Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry and Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and their constituents against various dermatophytes. Journal of Microbiology 45, 460–465.Google ScholarPubMed
Partanen, K 2001. Organic acids – their efficacy and modes of action in pigs. In Gut environment of pigs (ed. A Piva, KE Bach Knudsen and JE Lindberg), pp. 201–217. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Peñalver, P, Huerta, B, Borge, C, Astorga, R, Romero, R, Perea, A 2005. Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against origin strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica 113, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez-Alonso, C, Cruz-Olivares, J, Barrera-Pichardo, JF, Rodríguez-Huezo, ME, Báez-González, JG, Vernon-Carter, EJ 2008. DSC thermo-oxidative stability of red chili oleoresin microencapsulated in blended biopolymers matrices. Journal of Food Engineering 85, 613–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, JL, Cromwell, GL, Lindemann, MD, Russell, LE, Weaver, EM 2005. Effects of spray-dried animal plasma and immunoglobulins on performance of early weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 2876–2885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piva, A, Prandini, A, Fiorentini, L, Morlacchini, M, Galvano, F, Luchansky, JB 2002. Tributyrin and lactitol synergistically enhanced the trophic status of the intestinal mucosa and reduced histamine levels in the gut of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 670–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piva, A, Pizzamiglio, V, Morlacchini, M, Tedeschi, M, Piva, G 2007. Lipid microencapsulation allows slow release of organic acids and natural identical flavors along the swine intestine. Journal of Animal Science 85, 486–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pluske, JR, Hampson, DJ, Williams, IH 1997. Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review. Livestock Production Science 51, 215–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pluske, JR, Pearson, G, Morel, PCH, King, MR, Skilton, G, Skilton, R 1999. A bovine colostrum product in a weaner diet increases growth and reduces days to slaughter. In Australasian Pig Science Association Publication (ed. PE Cranwell). VIIth Manipulating Pig Production, Adelaide, Australia, p. 256.Google Scholar
Polo, J, Quigley, JD, Russell, LE, Campbell, JM, Pujols, J, Lukert, PD 2005. Efficacy of spray-drying to reduce infectivity of pseudorabies and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) viruses and seroconversion in pigs fed diets containing spray-dried animal plasma. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1933–1938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prabuseenivasan, S, Jayakumar, M, Ignacimuthu, S 2006. In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, 39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeds, PJ, Fjeld, CR, Jahoor, F 1994. Do the differences between amino acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss in traumatic states? Journal of Nutrition 124, 906–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeds, PJ, Burrin, DG, Stoll, B, Jahoor, F 2000. Intestinal glutamate metabolism. Journal of Nutrition 130 (4S suppl.), 978S–982S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhoads, JM, Corl, BA, Harrell, R, Niu, X, Gatlin, L, Phillips, O, Blikslager, A, Moeser, A, Wu, G, Odle, J 2007. Intestinal ribosomal p70(S6K) signaling is increased in piglet rotavirus enteritis. American Journal of Physiology 292, G913–G922.Google ScholarPubMed
Ritzhaupt, A, Ellis, A, Hosie, KB, Shirazi-Beechey, SP 1998a. The characterization of butyrate transport across pig and human colonic luminal membrane. Journal of Physiology 507, 819–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritzhaupt, A, Wood, IS, Ellis, A, Hosie, KB, Shirazi-Beechey, SP 1998b. Identification and characterization of a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) in pig and human colon: its potential to transport l-lactate as well as butyrate. Journal of Physiology 513, 719–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roselli, M, Finamore, A, Britti, MS, Bosi, P, Oswald, I, Mengheri, E 2005. Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results. Animal Research 54, 203–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sads, PR, Bilkei, G 2003. The effect of oregano and vaccination against Glasser’s disease and pathogenic Escherichia coli on postweaning performance of pigs. Irish Veterinary Journal 56, 611–615.Google Scholar
Sepponen, K, Ruusunen, M, Pakkanen, JA, Poso, AR 2007. Expression of CD147 and monocarboxylate transporters MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 in porcine small intestine and colon. Veterinary Journal 174, 122–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shi, HP, Efron, DT, Most, D, Tantry, SU, Barbul, A 2000. Supplemental dietary arginine enhances wound healing in normal but not iNOS knockout mice. Surgery 128, 374–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Si, W, Gong, J, Chanas, C, Cui, S, Yu, H, Caballero, C, Friendship, RM 2006a. In vitro assessment of antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde towards Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104: effects of pig diets and emulsification in hydrocolloids. Journal of Applied Microbiology 101, 1282–1291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Si, W, Gong, J, Tsao, R, Zhou, T, Yu, H, Poppe, C, Johnson, R, Du, Z 2006b. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives towards selected pathogenic and beneficial gut bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 296–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivropoulou, A, Papanikolaou, E, Nikolaou, C, Kokkini, S, Lanaras, T, Arsenakis, M 1996. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Origanum essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 1202–1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiller, RC 2001. Effects of serotonin on intestinal secretion and motility. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 17, 99–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struff, WG, Sprotte, G 2008. Bovine colostrum as a biologic in clinical medicine: a review – Part II: clinical studies. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 46, 211–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrallardona, D, Conde, R, Esteve-Garcia, E, Brufau, J 2002. Use of spray dried animal plasma as an alternative to antimicrobial medication in weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 99, 119–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrallardona, D, Conde, MR, Badiola, I, Polo, J, Brufau, J 2003. Effect of fishmeal replacement with spray-dried animal plasma and colistin on intestinal structure, intestinal microbiology, and performance of weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K99. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1220–1226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrallardona, D, Badiola, I, Broz, J 2007a. Effects of benzoic acid on performance and ecology of gastrointestinal microbiota in weanling piglets. Livestock Science 108, 210–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrallardona, D, Conde, R, Badiola, JI, Polo, J 2007b. Evaluation of spray dried animal plasma and calcium formate as alternatives to colistin in piglets experimentally infected with Escherichia coli K99. Livestock Science 108, 303–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Touchette, KJ, Carroll, JA, Allee, GL, Matteri, RL, Dyer, CJ, Beausang, LA, Zannelli, ME 2002. Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis of weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 494–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trevisi, P, Merialdi, G, Mazzoni, M, Casini, L, Tittarelli, C, De Filippi, S, Minieri, L, Lalatta-Costerbosa, G, Bosi, P 2007. Effect of dietary addition of thymol on growth, salivary and gastric function, immune response, and excretion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, in weaning pigs challenged with this microbe strain. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6(suppl. 1), 374–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trevisi, P, Melchior, D, Mazzoni, M, Casini, L, De Filippi, S, Minieri, L, Lalatta-Costerbosa, G, Bosi, P 2008. A tryptophan-enriched diet improves feed intake and growth performance of susceptible weanling pigs orally challenged with E. coli K88. Journal of Animal Science doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0732.Google Scholar
Tsukahara, T, Koyama, M, Okada, M, Ushida, K 2002. Stimulation of butyrate production by gluconic acid in batch culture of pig cecal digesta and identification of butyrate-producing bacteria. Journal of Nutrition 132, 2229–2234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dijk, AJ, Everts, H, Nabuurs, MJA, Margry, R, Beynen, AC 2001. Growth performance of weanling pigs fed spray-dried animal plasma: a review. Livestock Production Science 68, 263–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dijk, AJ, Enthoven, PMM, Van den Hoven, SGC, Van Laarhoven, M, Niewold, TA, Nabuurs, MJA, Beynen, AC 2002. The effect of dietary spray-dried porcine plasma on clinical response in weaned piglets challenged with a pathogenic Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology 84, 207–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vente-Spreeuwenberg, MAM, Beynen, AC 2003. Diet-mediated modulation of small intestinal integrity in weaned piglets. In Weaning the pig: concepts and consequences (ed. JR Pluske, J Le Dividich and MWA Verstegen), pp. 145–198. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Wang, YY, Shang, HF, Lai, YN, Yeh, SL 2003. Arginine supplementation enhances peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity in rats with gut-derived sepsis. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 27, 235–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X, Qiao, S, Yin, Y, Yue, L, Wang, Z, Wu, G 2007. A deficiency or excess of dietary threonine reduces protein synthesis in jejunum and skeletal muscle of young pigs. Journal of Nutrition 137, 1442–1446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, G, Knabe, DA, Yan, W, Flynn, NE 1995. Glutamine and glucose metabolism in enterocytes of the neonatal pig. American Journal of Physiology 268, R334–R342.Google ScholarPubMed
Yang, Y, Kayan, B, Bozer, N, Pate, B, Baker, C, Gizir, AM 2007. Terpene degradation and extraction from basil and oregano leaves using subcritical water. Journal of Chromatography A 1152, 262–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, SL, Lai, YN, Shang, HF, Lin, MT, Chen, WJ 2004. Effects of glutamine supplementation on innate immune response in rats with gut-derived sepsis. British Journal of Nutrition 91, 423–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yi, GF, Carroll, JA, Allee, GL, Gaines, AM, Kendall, DC, Usry, JL, Toride, Y, Izuru, S 2005. Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses of Escherichia coli K88(+)-challenged weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 634–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoo, SS, Field, CJ, McBurney, MI 1997. Glutamine supplementation maintains intramuscular glutamine concentrations and normalizes lymphocyte function in infected early weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition 127, 2253–2259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, YP, Jiang, ZM, Sun, YH, He, GZ, Hong, S 2004. The effects of supplemental glutamine dipeptide on gut integrity and clinical outcome after major escharectomy in severe burns. Clinical Nutrition 23 (suppl. 1), 55–60.Google Scholar
Zhou, RY, Peng, J, Liu, ZL, Fang, ZF 2006. Effects of biocom as a replacement of glutamine on performance and blood biochemical indexes of early weaned piglets. Asian-Australasian Journal Animal Science 19, 872–876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoetendal, EG, Collier, CT, Koike, S, Mackie, RI, Gaskins, HR 2004. Molecular ecological analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review. Journal of Nutrition 134, 465–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zulfikaroglu, B, Zulfikaroglu, E, Ozmen, MM, Ozalp, N, Berkem, R, Erdogan, S, Besler, HT, Koc, M, Korkmaz, A 2003. The effect of immunonutrition on bacterial translocation, and intestinal villus atrophy in experimental obstructive jaundice. Clinical Nutrition 22, 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed