Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T02:22:49.279Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Milk replacers supplemented with either L-arginine or L-carnitine potentially improve muscle maturation of early reared low birth weight piglets from hyperprolific sows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2017

J. G. Madsen ,
S. Mueller ,
M. Kreuzer ,
M. B. Bigler ,
P. Silacci  and
G. Bee
J. G. Madsen
Affiliation:
Institute for Livestock Sciences, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
S. Mueller
Affiliation:
Institute for Livestock Sciences, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
M. Kreuzer
Affiliation:
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
M. B. Bigler
Affiliation:
Institute for Livestock Sciences, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
P. Silacci
Affiliation:
Institute for Livestock Sciences, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
G. Bee*
Affiliation:
Institute for Livestock Sciences, Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

As a result of the selection for genotypes with greater sow prolificacy, litter size increased and, concomitantly, average litter birth weight and early postnatal survival rates of low birth weight (L-BtW) offspring decreased. This study compared the impact of l-carnitine (CAR) and l-arginine (ARG) supplemented with a milk replacer and fed to L-BtW piglets born from large litters from days 7 to 28 of age on growth performance, carcass composition, organ and Semitendinosus muscle (STM) development. A total of 30 female and castrated Swiss Large White piglets weaned at 7 days of age were assigned to three milk replacer diets containing either no supplement (CON), CAR (0.40 g/piglet per day) or ARG (1.08 g/kg BW per day). Piglets were kept in pairs in rescue decks (0.54 m2). They were weighed daily and daily allowance of both, feed and ARG, was adjusted accordingly. Thus, feed allowance depended on growth. Each day, the milk replacer was prepared with water (1:4). Feed (allowance: 60 g dry matter/kg BW per day) was offered daily in six equal rations. Feed intake and feed efficiency was assessed for the pairs and apparent total tract-energy and -protein digestibility was determined from days 21 to 28 of age. On day 28, piglets were euthanized, blood samples were collected and the whole STM and organs were weighed. In STM, the size and metabolic properties of myofibers were determined. No difference in growth performance was found between dietary treatments, but piglets from the CAR group tended (P<0.10) to grow faster during the 1st experimental week and consume more feed from days 14 to 21 as compared with piglets of the CON group. A setback in growth in the last week in the CAR group coincided with the lower (P<0.05) energy and protein digestibility. Dietary treatments had no effect on STM and organ weight and myofiber size. Compared with the other groups, there were trends (P<0.10) for blood serum urea and glucose level to be greater in CAR and for non-esterified fatty acid level to be greater in ARG piglets. The greater (P<0.05) ratio of lactate dehydrogenase to either citrate synthase or β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase indicated that the relative importance of the glycolytic compared with the oxidative pathway was greater in STM of CAR and ARG compared with CON piglets. These results suggest that ARG and CAR supplements were beneficial for muscle maturation whereas findings on phenotypic traits were rather unsystematic.

Keywords

artificial rearingbirth weightmilk replacermuscle developmentpiglets
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , January 2018 , pp. 43 - 53
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Present address: ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

b

Present address: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.

References

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 2012. Official methods of analysis, 19th edition. AOAC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.Google Scholar
Bérard, J, Kalbe, C, Lösel, D, Tuchscherer, A and Rehfeldt, C 2011. Potential sources of early-postnatal increase in myofibre number in pig skeletal muscle. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 136, 217–225.Google ScholarPubMed
Bérard, J, Pardo, CE, Bethaz, S, Kreuzer, M and Bee, G 2010. Intra-uterine crowding decreases average birth weight and affects muscle fiber hyperplasia in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 88, 3242–3250.Google Scholar
Davis, TA, Suryawan, A, Orellana, RA, Fiorotto, ML and Burrin, DG 2010. Amino acids and insulin are regulators of muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. Animal 4, 1790–1796.Google ScholarPubMed
De Vos, M, Che, L, Huygelen, V, Willemen, S, Michiels, J, Van Cruchten, S and Van Ginneken, C 2014. Nutritional interventions to prevent and rear low-birthweight piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98, 609–619.Google ScholarPubMed
Douglas, SL, Edwards, SA and Kyriazakis, I 2014. Too late to catch up: a high nutrient specification diet in the grower phase does not improve the performance of low birth weight pigs. Journal of Animal Science 92, 4577–4584.Google Scholar
Ekmay, RD, Salas, C, England, J, Cerrate, S and Coon, CN 2013. The effect of age, energy and protein intake on protein turnover and the expression of proteolysis-related genes in the brioler breeder hen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 164, 38–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Erkens, T, Van Poucke, M, Vandesompele, J, Goossens, K, Van Zeveren, A and Peelman, LJ 2006. Development of a new set of reference genes for normalization of real-time RT-PCR data of porcine backfat and longissimus dorsi muscle, and evaluation with PPARGC1A . BMC Biotechnology 6, 41.Google Scholar
Foxcroft, GR, Dixon, WT, Dyck, MK, Novak, S, Harding, JC and Almeida, FC 2009. Prenatal programming of postnatal development in the pig. Society for Reproduction of Fertility Supplement 66, 213–231.Google Scholar
Getty, CM, Almeida, FN, Barrata, AA and Dilger, RN 2015. Plasma metabolomics indicates metabolic pertubations in low birth weight piglets supplemented with arginine. Journal of Animal Science 93, 5754–5763.Google Scholar
Hellemans, J, Mortier, G, De Paepe, A, Speleman, F and Vandesompele, J 2007. qBase relative quantification framework and software for management and automated analysis of real-time quantitative PCR data. Genome Biology 8, 1–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Jobgen, WS, Fried, SK, Fu, WJ, Meininger, CJ and Wu, G 2006. Regulatory role for the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in metabolism of energy substrates. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 17, 571–588.Google Scholar
Keller, J, Ringseis, R, Koc, A, Lukas, I, Kluge, H and Eder, K 2012. Supplementation with l-carnitine downregulates genes of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the skeletal muscle and liver of piglets. Animal 6, 70–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, SW and Wu, G 2004. Dietary arginine supplementation enhances the growth of milk-fed young pigs. Journal of Nutrition 134, 625–630.Google ScholarPubMed
Lefaucheur, L 2001. Myofiber typing and pig meat production. Slovenian Veterinarian Research 38, 5–28.Google Scholar
Lefaucheur, L, Ecolan, P, Barzic, YM, Marion, J and Le Dividich, J 2003. Early postnatal food intake alters myofiber maturation in pig skeletal muscle. Journal of Nutrition 133, 140–147.Google Scholar
Lin, L, Flisikowski, K, Schwarzenbacher, H, Scharfe, M, Severitt, S, Blöcker, H and Fries, R 2010. Characterization of the AMPK alpha catalytic subunit gene (PRKAA2): genomic structure, polymorphism detection and association study. Animal Genetics 41, 203–207.Google ScholarPubMed
Lin, C, Mahan, DC, Wu, G and Kim, SW 2009. Protein digestibility of porcine colostrum by neonatal pigs. Livestock Science 121, 182–186.Google Scholar
Lösel, D, Kalbe, C and Rehfeldt, C 2009. L-Carnitine supplementation during suckling intensifies the early postnatal skeletal myofiber formation in piglets of low birth weight. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2216–2226.Google ScholarPubMed
Madsen, JG and Bee, G 2015. Compensatory growth feeding strategy does not overcome negative effects on growth and carcass composition of low birth weight pigs. Animal 9, 427–436.Google Scholar
Mitch, WE and Goldberg, AL 1996. Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. New England Journal of Medicine 335, 1897–1905.Google Scholar
Nygard, AB, Jørgensen, CB, Cirera, S and Fredholm, M 2007. Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in pig tissues using SYBR green qPCR. BMC Molecular Biology 8, 67.Google ScholarPubMed
Pardo, CE, Bérard, J, Kreuzer, M and Bee, G 2013a. Intrauterine crowding in pigs impairs formation and growth of secondary myofibers. Animal 7, 430–438.Google Scholar
Pardo, CE, Mueller, S, Bérard, J, Kreuzer, M and Bee, G 2013b. Importance of average litter weight and individual birth weight for performance, organ and myofiber characteristics of progeny. Livestock Science 157, 330–338.Google Scholar
Paredes, SP, Jansman, AJM, Verstegen, MWA, Awati, A, Buist, W, den Hartog, LA, Van hees, HMJ, Quiniou, N, Hendriks, WH and Gerrits, WJJ 2012. Analysis of factors to predict piglet body weight at the end of the nursery phase. Journal of Animal Science 90, 3243–3251.Google ScholarPubMed
Picard, B, Lefaucheur, L, Berri, C and Duclos, MJ 2002. Muscle fibre ontogenesis in farm animal species. Reproduction Nutrition Development 42, 415–431.Google ScholarPubMed
Pomorska-Mol, M, Markowska-Daniel, I, Kwit, K, Stepniewska, K and Pejsak, Z 2013. C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida . BMC Veterinary Research 9, 14.Google Scholar
Quiniou, N, Dagorn, J and Gaudré, D 2002. Variation of piglets’ birth weight and consequences on subsequent performance. Livestock Production Science 78, 63–70.Google Scholar
Rehfeldt, C, Lefaucheur, L, Block, J, Stabenow, B, Pfuhl, R, Otten, W, Metges, CC and Kalbe, C 2012. Limited and excess protein intake of pregnant gilt differently affect body composition and cellularity of skeletal muslce and subcuntanous adipose tissue of newborn weanling piglets. European Journal of Nutrition 51, 151–165.Google Scholar
Rincker, MJ, Carter, SD, Real, DE, Nelsen, JL, Tokach, MD, Goodband, RD, Dritz, SS, Senne, BW, Fent, RW, Pettey, LA and Owen, KQ 2003. Effect of increasing dietary L-carnitine on growth of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2259–2269.Google Scholar
Roe, C. and Ding, J 2001. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders. In The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease, 8th edition (ed. C Scriver, A Beaudet, W Sly and D Valle), pp. 2297–2326. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Rooyackers, OE, Adey, DB, Ades, PA and Nair, KS 1996. Effect of age on in vivo rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 93, 15364–15369.Google ScholarPubMed
Town, SC, Putman, CT, Turchinsky, NJ, Dixon, WT and Foxcroft, GR 2004. Number of conceptuses in utero affects porcine fetal muscle development. Reproduction 128, 443–454.Google ScholarPubMed
Vandesompele, J, De Preter, K, Pattyn, F, Poppe, B, Van Roy, N, De Paepe, A and Speleman, F 2002. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biology 3, 1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Wakil, SJ, Green, DE, Mil, S and Mahler, HR 1954. Studies on the fatty acid oxidizing system of animal tissues. VI. beta-Hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. The Journal of Biology Chemistry 207, 631–638.Google ScholarPubMed
Wigmore, PM and Stickland, NC 1983. Muscle development in large and small pig fetuses. Journal of Anatomy 137 (Pt 2), 235–245.Google ScholarPubMed
Wolf, J, Žáková, E and Groeneveld, E 2008. Within-litter variation of birth weight in hyperprolific Czech Large White sows and its relation to litter size traits, stillborn piglets and losses until weaning. Livestock Science 115, 195–205.Google Scholar
Yao, K, Yin, YL, Chu, W, Liu, Z, Deng, D, Li, T, Huang, R, Zhang, J, Tan, B, Wang, W and Wu, G 2008. Dietary arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. Journal of Nutrition 138, 867–872.Google ScholarPubMed
Zijlstra, RT, Whang, KY, Easter, RA and Odle, J 1996. Effect of feeding a milk replacer to early-weaned pigs on growth, body composition, and small intestinal morphology, compared with suckled littermates. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2948–2959.Google ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Madsen supplementary material

Table S1

Download Madsen supplementary material(File)
File 22.1 KB