Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:15:52.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evaluation of chronic immune system stimulation models in growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2011

A. Rakhshandeh  and
C. F. M. de Lange
A. Rakhshandeh
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada
C. F. M. de Lange*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Two experiments (EXPs) were conducted to evaluate models of immune system stimulation (ISS) that can be used in nutrient metabolism studies in growing pigs. In EXP I, the pig's immune response to three non-pathogenic immunogens was evaluated, whereas in EXP II the pig's more general response to one of the immunogens was contrasted with observations on non-ISS pigs. In EXP I, nine growing barrows were fitted with a jugular catheter, and after recovery assigned to one of three treatments. Three immunogens were tested during a 10-day ISS period: (i) repeated injection of increasing amounts of Escherichiacoli lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (ii) repeated subcutaneous injection of turpentine (TURP); and (iii) feeding grains naturally contaminated with mycotoxins (MYCO). In EXP II, 36 growing barrows were injected repeatedly with either saline (n = 12) or increasing amounts of LPS (n = 24) for 7 days (initial dose 60 μg/kg body weight). Treating pigs with TURP and LPS reduced feed intake (P < 0.02), whereas feed intake was not reduced in pigs on MYCO. Average daily gain (ADG; kg/day) of pigs on LPS (0.50) was higher than that of pigs on TURP (0.19), but lower than that of pigs on MYCO (0.61; P < 0.01). Body temperature was elevated in pigs on LPS and TURP, by 0.8°C and 0.7°C, respectively, relative to pre-ISS challenge values (39.3°C; P < 0.02), but remained unchanged in pigs on MYCO. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-1β were increased in pigs treated with LPS and TURP (56% and 55%, respectively, relative to 22.3 pg/ml for pre-ISS; P < 0.01), but not in MYCO-treated pigs. Plasma cortisol concentrations remained unchanged for pigs on MYCO and TURP, but were reduced in LPS-treated pigs (30% relative to 29.8 ng/ml for pre-ISS; P < 0.05). Red blood cell glutathione concentrations were lower in TURP-treated pigs (13% relative to 1.38 μM for pre-ISS; P < 0.05), but were unaffected in pigs on LPS and MYCO. In EXP I, TURP caused severe responses including skin ulceration and substantial reductions in feed intake and ADG, whereas MYCO did not induce effective ISS. In EXP II, ISS increased relative organ weights, eye temperature, white blood cell count and plasma acute-phase proteins (P < 0.05), confirming that repeated injection with increasing amounts of LPS induced chronic and relatively mild ISS. Repeated injection with increasing amounts of LPS is a suitable model for studying nutrient metabolism and evaluating the efficacy of nutritional intervention during chronic ISS in growing pigs.

Keywords

immune system stimulationmodelsdiseasepigs
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , 03 January 2012 , pp. 305 - 310
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ash, SA, Griffin, GE 1989. Effect of parenteral nutrition on protein turnover in endotoxaemic rats. Clinical Science 76, 659–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumann, H, Prowse, KR, Marinkovic, S, Won, KA, Jahreis, GP 1989. Stimulation of hepatic acute phase response by cytokines and glucocorticoids. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 557, 280–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breuille, D, Obled, C 2000. Cysteine and glutathione in catabolic states. In Proteins, peptides and amino acids in enteral nutrition (ed. P Furst and V Young), 173–198. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, JB, Johnson, RW 2007. Regulation of food intake by inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Neuroendocrinology 86, 183–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Kloet, ER, Vreugdenhil, E, Oitzl, MS, Joels, M 1998. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocrine Reviews 19, 269–301.Google ScholarPubMed
De Lange, CFM, Sauer, WC, Souffrant, W 1989. The effect of protein status of the pig on the recovery and amino acid composition of endogenous protein in digesta collected from the distal ileum. Journal of Animal Science 67, 755–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deitch, EA 1998. Animal models of sepsis and shock: a review and lessons learned. Shock 9, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinarello, CA 2005. Interleukin-1β. Critical Care Medicine 33, 460–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doumas, BT, Watson, WA, Biggs, HG 1971. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clinica Chimica Acta 31, 87–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drochner, W, Schollenberger, M, Piepho, HP, Gotz, S, Lauber, U, Tafaj, M, Klobasa, F, Weiler, U, Claus, R, Steffl, M 2004. Serum IgA-promoting effects induced by feed loads containing isolated deoxynivalenol (DON) in growing piglets. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental health 67, 1051–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, MP, Heard, SO 1990. Laboratory models of sepsis and septic shock. The Journal of Surgical Research 49, 186–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fish, RE, Spitzer, JA 1984. Continuous infusion of endotoxin from an osmotic pump in the conscious, unrestrained rat: a unique model of chronic endotoxemia. Circulatory Shock 12, 135–149.Google Scholar
Fries, E, Hesse, J, Hellhammer, J, Hellhammer, DH 2005. A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 1010–1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimble, RF, Jackson, AA, Persaud, C, Wride, MJ, Delers, F, Engler, R 1992. Cysteine and glycine supplementation modulate the metabolic response to tumor necrosis factor alpha in rats fed a low protein diet. The Journal of Nutrition 122, 2066–2073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C, Ehlert, U, Hellhammer, DH 2000. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25, 1–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hellhammer, DH, Wade, S 1993. Endocrine correlates of stress vulnerability. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 60, 8–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, WT, Patterson, GG, Thornton, D, Williams, BJ, Lott, L, Dodge, R 1985. Detection of fever with infrared thermometry: a feasibility study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 152, 301–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hum, S, Koski, KG, Hoffer, LJ 1992. Varied protein intake alters glutathione metabolism in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 122, 2010–2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahoor, F, Wykes, LJ, Reeds, PJ, del Rosario, MP, Frazer, ME 1999. Chronic protein undernutrition and acute inflammatory stimulus elicit different protein kinetic responses in plasma but not in muscle of piglets. The Journal of Nutrition 129, 693–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoor, F, Wykes, LJ, Reeds, PJ, Henry, JF, del Rosario, MP, Frazer, ME 1995. Protein-deficient pigs cannot maintain reduced glutathione homeostasis when subjected to the stress of inflammation. The Journal of Nutrition 125, 1462–1472.Google Scholar
Johnson, RW 1998. Immune and endocrine regulation of food intake in sick animals. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 15, 309–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karrow, NA 2006. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system during inflammation and altered programming of the neuroendocrine-immune axis during fetal and neonatal development: lessons learned from the model inflammagen, lipopolysaccharide. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 20, 144–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, MT, Hagler, WM JrQureshi, MA 1995. Trichothecene mycotoxins depress the mononuclear-phagocytic system of young turkeys. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 17, 385–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, MC, Smith, TK, Karrow, NA, Boermans, HJ 2007. Effects of foodborne fusarium mycotoxins with and without a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent on food intake and nutrient digestibility, body weight, and physical and clinicopathologic variables of mature dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 68, 1122–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makimura, S, Suzuki, N 1982. Quantitative determination of bovine serum haptoglobin and its elevation in some inflammatory diseases. The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 44, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montanholi, YROdongo, NE, Swanson, KC, Schenkel, FS, McBride, BW, Miller, SP 2008. Application of infrared thermography as an indicator of heat and methane production and its use in the study of skin temperature in response to physiological events in dairy cattle (Bos taurus). Journal of Theoretical Biology 33, 468–475.Google Scholar
Marchant-Forde, JN, Lay, DC, Pajor, EA, Richert, BT, Schinckel, AP 2003. The effects of ractopamine on the behavior and physiology of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 416–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meier, U, Gressner, AM 2004. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. Clinical Chemistry 50, 1511–1525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (NRC) 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Nyachoti, CM, de Lange, CFM, McBride, BW 1998. The effect of flooding dose of phenylalanine on indicators of metabolic status in pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, 715–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oswald, IP, Marin, DE, Bouhet, S, Pinton, P, Taranu, I, Accensi, F 2005. Immunotoxicological risk of mycotoxins for domestic animals. Food Additives and Contaminants 22, 354–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pariante, CM, Miller, AH 2001. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biological Psychiatry 49, 391–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafai, P, Tuboly, S 1982. Effect of T-2 toxin on adrenocortical function and immune response in growing pigs. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 29, 558–565.Google Scholar
Rakhshandeh, A, Htoo, JK, de Lange, CFM 2010. Immune system stimulation of growing pigs does not alter apparent ileal amino acid digestibility but reduces the ratio between whole body nitrogen and sulfur retention. Livestock Science 134, 21–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swamy, HV, Smith, TK, MacDonald, EJ, Boermans, HJ, Squires, EJ 2002. Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on swine performance, brain regional neurochemistry, and serum chemistry and the efficacy of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent. Journal of Animal Science 80, 3257–3267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swamy, HV, Smith, TK, MacDonald, EJ, Karrow, NA, Woodward, B, Boermans, HJ 2003. Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on growth and immunological measurements of starter pigs, and the efficacy of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2792–2803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Heugten, E, Coffey, MT, Spears, JW 1996. Effects of immune challenge, dietary energy density, and source of energy on performance and immunity in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2431–2440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webel, DM, Finck, BN, Baker, DH, Johnson, RW 1997. Time course of increased plasma cytokines, cortisol, and urea nitrogen in pigs following intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Animal Science 75, 1514–1520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wichterman, KA, Baue, AE, Chaudry, IH 1980. Sepsis and septic shock: a review of laboratory models and a proposal. The Journal of Surgical Research 29, 189–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, M 2001. Pathobiology of neuropathic pain. European Journal of Pharmacology 429, 23–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed