Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T17:16:54.855Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of meloxicam, buprenorphine, and Maxilene® to assess a multimodal approach for piglet pain management, part 1: surgical castration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

AV Viscardi  and
PV Turner
AV Viscardi*
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
PV Turner
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada Charles River Laboratories Inc, 251 Ballardvale St, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
*
* Contact for correspondence: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Surgical castration of piglets is a routine procedure on commercial pig farms, to prevent boar taint and reduce aggression. This procedure is known to cause pain, yet piglets are often not provided appropriate analgesia for relief. The objective of this study was to assess a multimodal approach to managing post-castration pain in piglets, using 0.4 mg kg-1 meloxicam (MEL), 0.04 mg kg-1 buprenorphine (BUP), and Maxilene® (MAX). Efficacy was evaluated using behavioural indicators, vocalisation, and facial grimace analysis. Male piglets were randomly assigned to one of ten possible treatments (n = 15 piglets per treatment group): MEL + BUP + MAX (castrated or uncastrated); MEL + BUP (castrated or uncastrated); BUP + MAX (castrated or uncastrated); MEL + MAX (castrated or uncastrated); saline (castrated control); or sham (uncastrated control). Castrated piglets in the MEL + BUP + MAX, MEL + BUP, and BUP + MAX treatment groups displayed significantly fewer pain behaviours than piglets administered saline. MEL + MAX was insufficient in reducing surgical castration pain behaviours. At 24 h post-procedure, saline and MEL + MAX-castrated piglets displayed significantly more pain behaviours than all other treatment groups and time-points. Facial grimace analysis indicated that MEL + MAX-castrated piglets had significantly higher grimace scores than MEL + BUP (castrated and uncastrated) and BUP + MAX-uncastrated. There were no significant differences in emitted vocalisations between the analgesia-treated and saline-castrated piglets. All treatment groups with buprenorphine were effective in alleviating castration-associated pain behaviours, suggesting that opioid administration is beneficial for managing piglet castration pain.

Keywords

analgesiaanimal welfarecastrationmultimodalpain assessmentpiglet
Type
Articles
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , November 2019 , pp. 487 - 498
Copyright
© 2019 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Berger, N and Eeg, PH 2006 Veterinary Laser Surgery: A Practical Guide. Blackwell Publishing: Iowa, USA. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichenfield, LF, Funk, A, Fallon-Friedlander, S and Cunningham, BB 2002 A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pediatrics 109: 1093–1099. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.6.1093CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, ME, Rodanm, I, Griffenhagen, G, Kadrlik, J, Petty, MC, Robertson, SA and Simpson, W 2015 AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 17: 251–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15572062CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Commission 2010 European declaration on alternatives to surgical castration of pigs. https://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/welfa-re/practice/farm/pigs/castration_alternatives_enGoogle Scholar
Flecknell, P 2015 Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia pp 174. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Graf, B and Senn, M 1999 Behavioural and physiological responses of calves to dehorning by heat cauterization with or without local anaesthesia. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62:153–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00218-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansson, M, Lundeheim, N, Nyman, G and Johansson, G 2011 Effect of local anaesthesia and/or analgesia on pain respons-es induced by piglet castration. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 53:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-53-34CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hay, M, Vulin, A, Genin, S, Sales, P and Prunier, A 2003 Assessment of pain induced by castration in piglets: behaviour and physiological responses over the subsequent 5 days. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 82: 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(03)00059-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermansen, K, Pedersen, LE and Olesen, HO 1986 The anal-gesic effect of buprenorphine, etorphine and pethidine in the pig: a randomized double-blind cross-over study. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 59: 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb00130.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herr, K, Coyne, PJ, McCaffery, M, Manworren, R and Merkel, S 2011 Pain assessment in the patient unable to self-report: position statement with clinical practice recommendations. Pain Management Nursing 12: 230–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2011.10.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewson, CJ, Dohoo, IR and Lemke, KA 2006 Perioperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians in 2001. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 47: 352–359Google ScholarPubMed
Jongman, EC, Borg, S and Hemsworth, PH 2016 Assessment of pain responses associated with castration of 10-week-old lambs using the Callicrate ‘WEE Bander’ compared with a standard elas-trator. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 179: 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.03.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, SCJ, Thomas, AA, Flecknell, PA and Leach, MC 2012 Evaluation of EMLA cream for preventing pain during tattooing of rabbits: changes in physiological, behavioural and facial expression responses. PLoS One 7: e44437. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044437CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keita, A, Pagot, E, Prunier, A and Guidarini, C 2010 Pre-emptive meloxicam for postoperative analgesia in piglets undergoing surgical castration. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 37: 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00546.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kluivers-Poodt, M, Houx, BB, Robben, SRM, Koop, G, Lambooij, E and Hellebrekers, LJ 2012 Effects of a local anaes-thetic and NSAID in castration of piglets, on the acute pain responses, growth and mortality. Animal 6: 1469–1475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000547CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, V, Abbas, A and Aster, J 2015 Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease Elsevier: Amsterdam, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Langford, DJ, Bailey, AL, Chanda, ML, Clarke, SE, Drummond, TE, Echols, S, Glick, S, Ingrao, J, Klassen-Ross, T, LaCroix-Fralish, ML, Matsumiya, L, Sorge, RE, Sotocinal, SG, Tabaka, JM, Wong, D, van den Maagdenberg, AMJM, Ferrari, MD, Craig, KD and Mogil, JS 2010 Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nature Methods 7:447–449. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1455CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leidig, MS, Hertrampf, B, Failing, K, Schumann, A and Reiner, G 2009 Pain and discomfort in male piglets during surgi-cal castration with and without local anaesthesia as determined by vocalisation and defense behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 116: 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applan-im.2008.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marx, G, Horn, T, Thielebein, J, Knubel, B and von Borell, E 2003 Analysis of pain-related vocalizations in young pigs. Journal of Sound and Vibration 266: 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00594-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meijer, E, van Nes, A, Back, W and van der Staay, FJ 2015 Clinical effects of buprenorphine on open field behaviour and gait symmetry in healthy and lame weaned piglets. The Veterinary Journal 206: 298–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moya, SL, Boyle, LA, Lynch, PB and Arkins, S 2008 Effect of surgical castration on the behavioural and acute phase responses of 5-day-old piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 111: 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.05.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Farm Animal Care Council 2014 Code of practice for the care and handling of pigs. http://www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/pig_code_of_practice.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ranganathan, P, Pramesh, CS and Buyse, M 2016 Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: the perils of multiple testing. Perspectives in Clinical Research 7: 106–107. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.179436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rault, JL and Lay, DC 2014 Nitrous oxide by itself is insufficient to relieve pain due to castration in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 89: 3318–3325. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rault, JR, Lay, DC Jr and Marchant-Forde, JN 2011 Castration induced pain in pigs and other livestock. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135: 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applan-im.2011.10.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, IS, Kent, JE and Molony, V 1994 Effect of different methods of castration on behaviour and plasma cortisol in calves of three ages. Research in Veterinary Science 56: 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(94)90189-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, NA, Cooper, DM and Risdahl, JM 2001 Antinociceptive activity of and clinical experience with buprenor-phine in swine. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 40: 17–20Google Scholar
Schmidt, T, König, A and von Borell, E 2012 Impact of gener-al injection anaesthesia and analgesia on post-castration behaviour and teat order of piglets. Animal 6: 1998–2002. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shih, AC, Robertson, S, Isaza, N, Pablo, L and Davies, W 2008 Comparison between analgesic effects of buprenorphine, carprofen, and buprenorphine with carprofen for canine ovario-hysterectomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 35: 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00352.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorge, RE, Martin, LJ, Isbester, KA, Sotocinal, SG, Rosen, S, Tuttle, AH, Wieskopf, JS, Acland, EL, Dokova, A, Kadoura, B, Leger, P, Mapplebeck, JCS, McPhail, M, Delaney, A, Wigerblad, G, Schumann, AP, Quinn, T, Frasnelli, J, Svensson, CI, Sternberg, WF and Mogil, JS 2014 Olfactory exposure to males, including men, causes stress and related analgesia in rodents. Nature Methods 11: 629–632. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2935CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suresh, KP and Chandrashekara, S 2012 Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 5: 7–13. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.97779CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, MA, Davis, BL, Brooks, TA and Coetzee, JF 2012 The physiological and behavioural response of pigs castrat-ed with and without anesthesia or analgesia. Journal of Animal Science 90: 2211–2221. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, MA, Davis, BL, Brooks, TA and McGlone, JJ 2010 Physiology and behavior of pigs before and after castration: effects of two topical anesthetics. Animal 4: 2071–2079. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110001291CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, AA and Weary, DM 2000 Vocal responses of piglets to castration: identifying procedural sources of pain. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 70: 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00143-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiede, AJ, Garcia, KD, Stolarik, DF, Ma, J, Jenkins, GJ and Nunamaker, EA 2014 Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release and transdermal buprenorphine in Göttingen minipigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 53: 692–699Google ScholarPubMed
US Food & Drug Administration 2014 BupreLab- for the con-trol of post procedural pain in rats. https://www.fda.gov/down-loads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/MinorUse MinorSpecies/UCM373292.pdfGoogle Scholar
Viscardi, AV, Hunniford, M, Lawlis, P, Leach, M and Turner, PV 2017 Development of a piglet grimace scale to evaluate piglet pain using facial expressions following castration and tail docking: a pilot study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 4: 51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00051CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viscardi, AV and Turner, PV 2018a Use of meloxicam or keto-profen for piglet pain control following surgical castration. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 5: 299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viscardi, AV and Turner, PV 2018b Efficacy of buprenorphine for management of surgical castration pain in piglets. BMC Veterinary Research 14: 318. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1643-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright-Williams, S, Flecknell, PA and Roughan, JV 2013 Comparative effects of vasectomy surgery and buprenorphine treatment on faecal corticosterone concentrations and behaviour assessed by manual and automated analysis methods in C57 and C3H mice. PLoS One 8: e75948. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075948CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed