Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T16:56:11.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transport Stress in Roe Deer (Capreolus Capreolus): Effect of a Short-Acting Antipsychotic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2023

J Montané ,
I Marco ,
J López-Olvera ,
X Manteca  and
S Lavín
J Montané
Affiliation:
Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinària, Universität Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
I Marco
Affiliation:
Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinària, Universität Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
J López-Olvera
Affiliation:
Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinària, Universität Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
X Manteca
Affiliation:
Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinària, Universität Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Facultat de Veterinària, Universität Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
S Lavín*
Affiliation:
Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinària, Universität Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
*
† Contact for correspondence and requests for reprints: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a short-acting antipsychotic (acepromazine) on the stress response to transport in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Twenty-one roe deer were submitted to a nine-hour road journey in order to reintroduce and restock this species into Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). The animals were divided into two groups: animals in the treatment group received an intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.13 mg kg−1 in 0.5 ml; n = 9) while animals in the control group received the same volume of saline (n = 12). Clinical (heart rate and body temperature, measured during transport using remote devices), haematological, and biochemical indicators of stress were used to evaluate the effect of the antipsychotic. Heart rate increased during transportation, but no differences were found between groups. Body temperature decreased during transportation in both groups, but this reduction was faster in acepromazine-treated animals. Comparison of blood parameters before and after transport revealed significantly lower red blood cell counts and haemoglobin concentrations after transport in treated animals compared with control animals; a reduction in lymphocyte count, eosinophil count and serum creatinine levels over transport in treated animals; a decrease in serum potassium levels over transport in the control group; an increase in serum creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities over transport in control animals; an increase in serum urea and chloride concentrations over transport in both groups; and finally, a decrease in serum glucose concentrations in both groups. These results demonstrate the suitability of acepromazine in transport operations in order to reduce the stress response and prevent its adverse effects in roe deer.

Keywords

animal welfareantipsychoticroad transportroe deerstress
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 11 , Issue 4 , November 2002 , pp. 405 - 417
Copyright
© 2002 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Arnemo, J M, Negard, T and Soli, N E 1993 Deer farming in Norway. A review of the currently available drugs that can be used for immobilization, pain relief and anaesthesia. Norsk-Veterinaertidsskrift 105: 517–521Google Scholar
Bakken, M, Moe, R O, Smith, A J and Selle, G E 1999 Effects of environmental stressors on deep body temperature and activity levels in silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64: 141–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, J 1994 Treating and preventing chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis. Veterinary Medicine 89: 458–461Google Scholar
Brearley, J C, Dobson, H and Jones, R S 1990 Investigations into the effect of two sedatives on the stress response in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13: 367–377CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brelurut, A 1991 Effets de la capture et du transport sur quelques constantes sanguines du jeune cerf (Cervus elaphus). Gibier Faune Sauvage 8: 271–282 [Title translation: Effects of capture and transport on some blood constants in young red deer (Cervus elaphus)’]Google Scholar
Briese, E and Cabanac, M 1990 Stress hyperthermia: physiological arguments that it is a fever. Physiology & Behavior 49: 1153–1157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, D M and Johnson, K G 1993 Assessing welfare: short-term responses. In: Stress and Animal Welfare pp 87–110. Chapman & Hall: London, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruss, ML 1980 Effects of chlorpromazine on plasma concentrations of long chain fatty acids and glucose in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13: 367–377Google Scholar
Bush, B M 1993 Interpretation of Laboratory Results for Small Animal Clinicians. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Carlson, G P 1997 Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. In: Kaneko, J J, Harvey, J W and Bruss, M L (eds) Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals pp 485–516. Academic Press Inc: San Diego, USACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, G A and Barret, M W 1982 Capture myopathy. In: Hoff, G L and Davis, J W (eds) Noninfectious Diseases of Wildlife pp 84–94. Iowa State University Press: Ames, USAGoogle Scholar
Chapple, R S, English, A W, Mulley, R C and Lepherd, EE 1991 Haematology and serum biochemistry of captive unsedated chital deer (Axis axis) in Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27: 396–406CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, I McT, Wood, A J and Nordan, H C 1962 Studies in the tranquilization and immobilization of deer (Odocoileus). Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 26: 57–61Google ScholarPubMed
Cross, J P, Mackintosh, C G and Griffin, J F T 1988 Effect of physical restraint and xylazine sedation on haematological values in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Research in Veterinary Science 45: 281–286CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, J P, Mackintosh, C G and Griffin, J F T 1989 Further observations on xylazine and haematological parameters in red deer (Cervus elaphus): the effect on reference values, and on splenectomised animals. In: Proceedings of the Deer Course for Veterinarians. Deer Branch Course 6: Queenstown, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
Diverio, S, Goddard, P J and Gordon, I J 1996 Use of long-acting neuroleptics to reduce the stress response to management practices in red deer. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49: 83–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, J R and Prasse, K W 1986 Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, 2nd Edition. Iowa State University Press: Ames, USAGoogle Scholar
Finco, D R 1997 Kidney function. In: Kaneko, J J, Harvey, J W and Bruss, M L (eds) Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals pp 441–484. Academic Press Ine: San Diego, USACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freestone, J F, Wolfsheimer, K J, Kamberling, S G, Church, G, Hamra, J and Bagwell, C 1991 Exercise-induced hormonal and metabolic changes in thoroughbred horses: effects of conditioning and acepromazine. Equine Veterinary Journal 23: 219–223CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganong, W F 1990 Sistema nervioso autónomo. In: Ganong, W F (ed) Fisiología Médica, 12th Edition pp 191–197. El Manual Moderno SA: México DF, México [Title translation: The autonomic nervous system]Google Scholar
García-Ferré D Marco, X and Canut, J 1995 Cabirol. In: Ruiz-Olmo, J and Aguilar, A (eds) Els Grans Mamífers de Catalunya i Andorra pp 151–155. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona, Spain [Title translation: Roe deer]Google Scholar
Grigor, P N, Goddard, P J, Littlewood, C A and Macdonald, AJ 1998 The behavioural and physiological reactions of farmed red deer to transport: effects of road type and journey time. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56: 263–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groenink, L, Gugten, J Van der, Zethof, T, Heyden, J Van der and Olivier, B 1994 Stress-induced hyperthermia in mice: hormonal correlates. Physiology & Behavior 56: 747–749CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyton, A C and Hall, J E 1996 Flujo sanguíneo muscular y gasto cardíaco durante el ejercicio; circulación coronaria y cardiopatia isquémica. In: Guyton, A C and Hall, J E (eds) Tratado de Fisiología Médica, 9th Edition pp 273–285. McGraw-Hill-Interamericana de España: Madrid, Spain [Title translation: Muscle blood flow and cardiac output during exercise; coronary circulation and ischaemic cardiomyopathy]: Muscle blood flow and cardiac output during exercise; coronary circulation and ischaemic cardiomyopathy]Google Scholar
Harris, P E and Snow, D H 1986 Tying up the loose ends of equine rhabdomyolysis. Equine Veterinary Journal 5: 346–348CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harthoorn, A M 1976 Physiology of capture myopathy. Quinquennial report. Transvaal Nature Conservation Division: Pretoria, South AfricaGoogle Scholar
Hofmeyr, J M 1981 The use of haloperidol as a long-acting neuroleptic in game capture operations. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 52: 273–282Google ScholarPubMed
Hopster, H and Blockhuis, H J 1994 Validation of a heart rate monitor for measuring a stress response in dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74: 465–474CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horalek, G and Jones, A R 1993 The heart rate of farmed red deer during and after transportation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38: 76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, N C 1993 Essentials of Veterinary Hematology. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia, USAGoogle Scholar
Jarvik, M E 1970 Drugs used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In: Goodman L S and Gilman A (eds) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics pp 151 -203. The MacMillan Company: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Kenny, F J and Tarrant, P V 1987 The reaction of young bulls to short-haul road transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 209–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, S, Kelley, K W and Dantzer, R 1993 Stress-induced hyperthermia is partially mediated by interleukin 1 (IL-1). Society for Neuroscience 19: 226Google Scholar
Kluger, M J, O'Reilly, B, Shope, T R and Vander, A J 1987 Further evidence that stress hyperthermia is a fever. Physiology & Behavior 39: 763–766CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, T G 1995 A review of post transport mortality among younger calves. Veterinary Record 137: 406–407CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, T G 1998 A review of the road transport of slaughter sheep. Veterinary Record 143: 212–219CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, T G 1999 A review of the road transport of cattle. Veterinary Record 144: 197–201CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, T G and Warriss, P D 2000 Stress physiology of animals during transport. In: Grandin, T (ed) Livestock Handling and Transport, 2nd Edition pp 385–407. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, Oxon, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, M D, Clark, R K, Franti, C E, Jessup, D A and Wehausen, J D 1987 Effects of capture on biological parameters in free-ranging bighorn sheep: evaluation of normal, stressed and mortality outcomes and documentation of postcapture survival. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23: 652–662CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lecci, A, Borsini, F, Volterra, G and Meli, A 1990 Pharmacological validation of a novel animal model of anticipatory anxiety in mice. Psychopharmacology 101: 255–261CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeMay, L G, Vänder, A J and Kluger, M J 1990 The effects of psychological stress on plasma interleukin-6 activity in rats. Physiology & Behavior 47: 957–961CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moberg, G P 1985 Biological response to stress: key to assessment of animal well-being. In: Moberg, G P (ed) Animal Stress pp 27–49. American Physiological Society: Bethesda, USACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moe, R O 1996 Investigation of methods to assess stress in farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes). PhD Thesis, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, NorwayGoogle Scholar
Moe, R O and Bakken, M 1997 Effects of handling and physical restraint on rectal temperature, Cortisol, glucose and leukocyte counts in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 38: 29–39Google ScholarPubMed
Parrot, R F, Hall, J G, Lloyd, D M, Goode, J A and Broom, DM 1998 Effects of a maximum permissible journey time (31 h) on physiological responses of fleeced and shorn sheep to transport, with observations on behaviour during a short (1 h) rest-stop. Animal Science 66: 197–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plumb, D C 1995 Acepromazine maleate. In: Plumb D C (ed) Veterinary Drug Handbook, 2nd Edition pp 13. Iowa State University Press: Ames, USAGoogle Scholar
Poling, A, Gadow, K D and Cleary, J 1990 Neuroleptics. In: Drug Therapy for Behavior Disorders pp 4973. Pergamon: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Porges, S W 1985 Spontaneous oscillations in heart rate: potential index of stress. In: Moberg, G P (ed) Animal Stress. American Physiological Society: Bethesda, Maryland, USAGoogle Scholar
Schultze, A E 2000 Interpretation of canine leukocyte responses. In: Feldman, B F, Zinkl, J G and Jain, N C (eds) Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 5th Edition pp 366–381. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, USAGoogle Scholar
Selye, H 1946 The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 6: 117–230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R F and Dobson, H 1990 Effect of pre-slaughter experience on behaviour, plasma Cortisol and muscle pH in farmed deer. Veterinary Record 126: 155–158Google Scholar
Spraker, T R 1993 Stress and capture myopathy in artiodactyls. In: Fowler, M E (ed) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 3 pp 481–488. W B Saunders Company: Philadelphia, USAGoogle Scholar
Tarrant, P V 1989 The effects of handling, transport, slaughter and chilling on meat quality and yield in pigs — a review. Irish Journal of Food Science and Technology 13: 79–107Google Scholar
Tarrant, P V 1990 Transportation of cattle by road. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 153–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trunkfield, H R and Broom, D M 1990 The welfare of calves during handling and transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 135–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, A W and Hodgetts, V E 1960 The dynamic red cell storage function of the spleen in sheep. II. Jugular haematocrit fall after some tranquilizing agents, particularly chlorpromazine. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology 38: 79–90CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vassart, M, Greth, A, Anagariyah, S and Mollet, F 1992 Biochemical parameters following capture myopathy in one Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Journal Veterinary Medical Science 54: 1233–1235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verde, M T and Gascon, M 1987 Mecanismo de estrés en animales domésticos. Medicina Veterinaria 4: 455–464 [Title translation: Stress mechanisms in domestic animals]Google Scholar
Waas, J R, Ingram, J R and Matthews, L R 1997 Physiological responses of red deer (Cervus elaphus) to conditions experienced during road transport. Physiology & Behavior 61: 931–938CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waas, J R, Ingram, J R and Matthews, L R 1999 Real-time physiological responses of red deer to translocations. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 1152–1162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warriss, P D 1987 The effect of time and conditions of transport and lairage on pig meat quality. In: Tarrant, P V, Eikelenboom, G and Monin, G (eds) Evaluation and Control of Meat Quality in Pigs pp 245–264. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Dordrecht, The NetherlandsCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warriss, P D 1990 The handling of cattle pre-slaughter and its effects on carcass meat quality. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 171–186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warriss, P D 1998a The welfare of slaughter pigs during transport. Animal Welfare 7: 365–381Google Scholar
Warriss, P D 1998b Choosing appropriate space allowances for slaughter pigs transported by road: a review. Veterinary Record 142: 449–454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wesson, J A, Scalon, P F, Kirpatrick, R L and Mosby, H S 1979 Influence of chemical immobilization and physical restraint on packed cell volume, total protein, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen in blood of white-tailed deer. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57: 756–767CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintrobe, M M 1974 Clinical Hematology, 7th Edition. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia, USAGoogle Scholar
Young, K M 2000 Eosinophils. In: Feldman, B F, Zinkl, J G and Jain, N C (eds) Schalm's Veterinary Hematology, 5th Edition pp 297–307. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, USAGoogle Scholar
Zethof, T J J, Heyden, JAM Van der, Tolboom, J T B M and Olivier, B 1994 Stress-induced hyperthermia in mice: a methodological study. Physiology & Behavior 55: 109–115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed