Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T06:01:15.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Should cats be allowed outdoors? A research survey on animal welfare risks for free-ranging cats in Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

DS Machado ,
AFF Bragança ,
IC Travnik ,
AP Rossi  and
AC Sant’Anna
DS Machado
Affiliation:
Núcleo de Estudos em Etologia e Bem-estar Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36.036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comportamento e Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
AFF Bragança
Affiliation:
Núcleo de Estudos em Etologia e Bem-estar Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36.036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
IC Travnik
Affiliation:
Núcleo de Estudos em Etologia e Bem-estar Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36.036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comportamento e Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
AP Rossi
Affiliation:
Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
AC Sant’Anna*
Affiliation:
Núcleo de Estudos em Etologia e Bem-estar Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36.036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
*
* Contact for correspondence: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A need exists for research that contributes to estimating the risk factors associated with the management of outdoor cats (Felis silvestris catus) and addresses the lack of such surveys in Brazil and other Latin American countries. With this in mind we aimed to: i) identify the causal factors affecting the practice of owners allowing their cats to roam freely and; ii) evaluate potential welfare risks associated with the allowance of outdoor access, based on cat owners’ reports. An online questionnaire consisting of 25 questions was answered by 8,485 Brazilian cat owners and logistic regression models used to obtain odds ratios. A number of the factors significantly related to owners allowing their cats to have outdoor access were unneutered cats, the manner in which the cat was acquired, residence in rural areas, the number of cats owned, the presence of other pets in the house, younger owner age, owner declaration of not being responsible for the cat, owner perception about the role of the cat in the house, owner knowledge about cats’ potential for transmitting diseases, a lack of knowledge about zoonoses, and a lack of knowledge regarding toxoplasmosis. The practice of allowing outdoor access was associated with significantly higher odds of owners reporting several welfare issues, such as frequent flea contamination, sporotrichosis, going missing, poisoning, mistreatment, and accidents. We conclude that the practice of allowing outdoor access, as reported by 37.1% of our respondents, may result in risks to feline welfare. Increasing public awareness through campaigns that highlight the risks associated with outdoor access would improve feline management practices and welfare.

Keywords

animal welfarecat ownersFelis silvestris catusmanagementonline questionnairerisk factors
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , August 2021 , pp. 331 - 339
Copyright
© 2021 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Amat, M, Camps, T and Manteca, X 2016 Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 18: 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15590867CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boechat, JS, Oliveira, MME, Almeida-Paes, R, Gremião, IDF, Machado, ACS, Oliveira, RVC, Figueiredo, ABF, Rabello, VBS, Silva, KBL, Zancopé-Oliveira, RM, Schubach, TMP and Pereira, SA 2018 Feline sporotrichosis: associations between clinical-epidemiological profiles and phenotypic-genotypic charac-teristics of the etiological agents in the Rio de Janeiro epizootic area. Journal of Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 113: 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760170407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, SJ, Zito, S, Gates, MC, Aguilar, G, Walker, JK, Goldwater, N and Dale, A 2019 Predation and risk behaviors of free-roaming owned cats in Auckland, New Zealand via the use of animal-borne cameras. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6: 205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buffington, CAT 2002 External and internal influences on disease risk in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220: 994–1002. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.994CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cafazzo, S, Bonanni, R and Natoli, E 2019 Neutering effects on social behaviour of urban unowned free-roaming domestic cats. Animals 9: 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, ME, Casey, RA, Bradshaw, JWS, Waran, NK and Gunn-Moore, DA 2004 A study of environmental and behaviour-al factors that may be associated with feline idiopathic cystitis. Journal of Small Animal Practice 45: 144–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00216.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, RA, Vandenbussche, S, Bradshaw, JWS and Roberts, MA 2009 Reasons for relinquishment and return of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) to rescue shelters in the UK. Anthrozoös 22: 347–358. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279309X12538695316185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalkowski, K, Wilson, AE, Lepczyk, CA and Zohdy, S 2019 Who let the cats out? A global meta-analysis on risk of parasitic infection in indoor versus outdoor domestic cats (Felis catus). Biology Letters 15: 20180840. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0840CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowley, SL, Cecchetti, M and McDonald, RA 2019 Hunting behaviour in domestic cats: An exploratory study of risk and responsibility among cat owners. People and Nature 1: 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowley, SL, Cecchetti, M and McDonald, RA 2020 Our wild companions: Domestic cats in the Anthropocene. Trends in Ecology Evolution 35(6): 477–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.01.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delgado, MM and Reevy, GM 2018 Development and psychomet-ric evaluation of the Cat Care and Needs Scale (CCANS). Anthrozoös 31: 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2018.1406203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, H and Ellis, S 2008 Tails of animal attraction: Incorporating the feline into the family. Journal of Business Research 61: 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, A, Howell, JT, McLeod, ME and Bennett, CP 2019 Perceptions of responsible cat ownership behaviors among a con-venience sample of Australians. Animals 9: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090703CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, SLH 2009 Environmental enrichment: Practical strategies for improving feline welfare. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11: 901–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escobar-Aguirre, S, Alegría-Morán, RA, Calderón-Amor, J and Tadich, TA 2019 Can responsible ownership practices influence hunting behavior of owned cats? Results from a survey of cat owners in Chile. Animals 9: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100745CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falcão, EMM, de Lima Filho, JB, Campos, DP, Valle, ACFd, Bastos, FI, Gutierrez-Galhardo, MC and Freitas, DFS 2019 Hospitalizações e óbitos relacionados à esporotricose no Brasil (1992-2015). Cadernos de Saúde Pública 35: e00109218. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00109218. [Title translation: Hospitalisations and deaths related to sporotrichosis in Brazil (1992-2015)]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, GA, Machado, JC, Nakano-Oliveira, E, Andriolo, A and Genaro, G 2020 The effect of castration on home range size and activity patterns of domestic cats living in a natural area in a protected area on a Brazilian island. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 230: 105049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, GA, Nakano-Oliveira, E, Andriolo, A and Genaro, G 2016 The influence of female presence and seasonality on the home range size and activity patterns of male domestic cats in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Journal of Ethology 34: 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-016-0466-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finka, LR, Ward, J, Farnworth, MJ and Mills, DS 2019 Owner personality and the wellbeing of their cats share parallels with the parent-child relationship. PLoS One 14: e0211862. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211862CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foreman-Worsley, R and Farnworth, MJ 2019 A systematic review of social and environmental factors and their implications for indoor cat welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 220: 104841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104841CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, EJC and Abrahamian, FM 2015 Diseases transmit-ted by cats. In: Schlossberg, D (ed) Infections of Leisure pp 133–150. Wiley: USA. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555819231.ch6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grigg, EK and Kogan, LR 2019 Owners’ attitudes, knowledge, and care practices: Exploring the implications for domestic cat behavior and welfare in the Home. Animals 9(11): 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110978CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunther, I, Raz, T, Berke, O and Klement, E 2015 Nuisances and welfare of free-roaming cats in urban settings and their asso-ciation with cat reproduction. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 119: 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habacher, G, Gruffydd-Jones, T and Murray, J 2010 Use of a web-based questionnaire to explore cat owners attitudes towards vaccination in cats. Veterinary Record 167: 122. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.b4857CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, CM, Adams, NA, Bradley, JS, Bryant, KA, Davis, AA, Dickman, CR, Fujita, T, Kobayashi, S, Lepczyk, CA, McBride, EA, Pollock, KH, Styles, IM, van Heezik, Y, Wang, F and Calver, MC 2016 Community attitudes and practices of urban residents regarding predation by pet cats on wildlife: An international comparison. PLoS One 11: e0151962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151962CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herron, ME and Buffington, CAT 2010 Environmental enrich-ment for indoor cats. Compendium (Yardley, PA) 32: E4Google Scholar
Horwitz, DF 2019 Common feline problem behaviors: Urine spraying. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21: 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19831203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howell, TJ, Mornement, K and Bennett, PC 2016 Pet cat man-agement practices among a representative sample of owners in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 11: 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.10.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 2018 Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua. https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatis-ticas/sociais/populacao/9171-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicil-ios-continua-mensal.html?=&t=downloads. [Title translation: National household sample survey]Google Scholar
Jongman, EC 2007 Adaptation of domestic cats to confinement. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2: 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2007.09.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Junqueira, ANN and Galera, PD 2019 Characteristics of the population of dogs and cats in Brazil. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 13: 77–86. https://doi.org/10.21708/avb.2019.13.2.8028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhne, F, Hoock, K, Kramer, M and Hackbarth, H 2019 Cat owners: How they keep and care for their own cats and their atti-tudes to stray and feral cats in Germany. Animal Veterinary Sciences 7: 24–28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20190701.14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepczyk, CA, Lohr, CA and Duffy, DC 2015 A review of cat behavior in relation to disease risk and management options. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 173: 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.07.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, JK and Crawford, PC 2004 Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225: 1354–1360. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1354CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lockwood, R 2005 Cruelty toward cats: Changing perspectives. In: Salem, DJ and Rowan, AN (eds) The State of the Animals, Third Edition pp 15–26. Humane Society Press: Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Lord, LK 2008 Attitudes toward and perceptions of free-roaming cats among individuals living in Ohio. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232: 1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.8.1159CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loss, SR and Marra, PP 2017 Population impacts of free-ranging domestic cats on mainland vertebrates. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15: 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1633CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loyd, KA, Hernandez, SM, Abernathy, KJ, Shock, BC and Marshall, GJ 2013 Risk behaviours exhibited by free-roaming cats in a suburban US town. The Veterinary Record 173: 295. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machado, DDS, Gonçalves, LDS, Vicentini, RR, Ceballos, MC and Sant’Anna, AC 2020b Beloved whiskers: Management type, care practices and connections to welfare in domestic cats. Animals 10(12): 2308. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122308CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machado, DS, Machado, JC, Souza, JOT and Sant’Anna, AC 2019 A importância da guarda responsável de gatos domésticos: aspectos práticos e conexões com o bem-estar animal. Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal 17: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.7213/1981-4178.2019.17103. [Title translation: The importance of domestic cats responsible ownership: practical aspects and connections with animal welfare]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machado, DS, Oliveira, PMB, Machado, JC, Ceballos, MC and Sant’Anna, AC 2020a Identification of separation-related problems in domestic cats: A questionnaire survey. PLoS One 15: e0230999. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230999CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marlet, EF and Maiorka, C 2010 Análise retrospectiva de casos de maus tratos contra cães e gatos na cidade de São Paulo. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 47: 385–394. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2010.26820. [Title translation: Retrospective analysis of mistreatment cases against dogs and cats in the São Paulo city]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martens, P, Enders-Slegers, MJ and Walker, JK 2016 The emotional lives of companion animals: Attachment and subjective claims by owners of cats and dogs. Anthrozoös 29: 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1075299CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConnell, AR, Paige, LE and Humphrey, BT 2019 We are fam-ily: Viewing pets as family members improves wellbeing. Anthrozoös 32: 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2019.1621516CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreau, D, Cathelain, P and Lacheretz, A 2003 Comparative study of causes of death and life expectancy in carnivorous pets (II). Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 154: 127–132Google Scholar
Natoli, E, Say, L, Cafazzo, S, Bonanni, R, Schmid, M and Pontier, D 2005 Bold attitude makes male urban feral domestic cats more vulnerable to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 29: 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neidhart, L and Boyd, R 2002 Companion animal adoption study. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5: 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0503_02CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noleto, FDFZ, Noleto, VAZ, Ribeiro, MLC, Dias, FRC and Silva, DA 2017 Perfil dos tutores de gatos e aspectos relaciona-dos à sua criação. Acta Biomedica Brasiliensia 8: 84–94. https://doi.org/10.18571/acbm.124. [Title translation: Profile of cat owners and aspects related to their husbandry]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira-Neto, RR, Souza, VF, Gubulin Carvalho, PF and Rodrigues Frias, DF 2018 Nível de conhecimento de tutores de cães e gatos sobre zoonoses. Revista de Salud Pública 20: 198–203. https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v20n2.68155. [Title translation: Level of dog and cat owners’ knowledge about zoonoses]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patronek, GJ, Glickman, LT, Beck, AM, McCabe, GP and Ecker, C 1996 Risk factors for relinquishment of cats to an animal shelter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209: 582–588Google Scholar
Poester, VR, Mattei, AS, Madrid, IM, Pereira, JTB, Klafke, GB, Sanchotene, KO, Brandolt, TM and Xavier, MO 2018 Sporotrichosis in Southern Brazil, towards an epidemic? Zoonoses and Public Health 65: 815–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12504CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pongrácz, P and Szapu, JS 2018 The socio-cognitive relationship between cats and humans – Companion cats (Felis catus) as their owners see them. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 207: 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.07.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochlitz, I 2003 Study of factors that may predispose domestic cats to road traffic accidents: part 1. The Veterinary Record 153: 549–553. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.18.549CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rochlitz, I 2004a Clinical study of cats injured and killed in road traf-fic accidents in Cambridgeshire, UK. Journal of Small Animal Practice 45: 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00253.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochlitz, I 2004b The effects of road traffic accidents on domestic cats and their owners. Animal Welfare 13: 51–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochlitz, I 2005 A review of the housing requirements of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) kept in the home. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93: 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochlitz, I and Yeates, J 2019 Cats (Felis silvestris catus). In: Yeates, J (ed) Companion Animal Care and Welfare: The UFAW Companion Animal Handbook pp 52–80. UFAW: Wheathampstead, Herts, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119333708.ch3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandøe, P, Bjørnvad, CR, Forkman, B, Nørspang, AP and Lund, TB 2016 Danskere og katte. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 99: 10–15. [Title translation: Danes and cats: Results from a represen-tative questionnaire survey]Google Scholar
Sandøe, P, Nørspang, AP, Forkman, B, Bjørnvad, CR, Kondrup, SV and Lund, TB 2017 The burden of domestication – A representative study of welfare in privately owned cats in Denmark. Animal Welfare 26: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.26.1.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandøe, P, Nørspang, AP, Kondrup, SV, Bjørnvad, CR, Forkman, B and Lund, TB 2018 Roaming companion cats as potential causes of conflict and controversy: A representative questionnaire study of the Danish public. Anthrozoös 31: 459–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2018.1483870CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seo, A and Tanida, H 2018 Three-year route census study on welfare status of free-roaming cats in old-town Onomichi, Japan. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 21: 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2017.1379401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shamir, MH, Leisner, S, Klement, E, Gonen, E and Johnston, DE 2002 Dog bite wounds in dogs and cats: A retrospective study of 196 cases. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 49: 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.jv416.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, SE, Birtles, RJ and Day, MJ 2001 Arthropod-transmitted infectious diseases of cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 3: 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1053/jfms.2001.0149CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siracusa, C and Provoost, LR 2016 The advantages and disad-vantages of confining cats indoors. CAB Reviews 11: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201611047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparkes, AH, Bessant, C, Cope, K, Ellis, SL, Finka, L, Halls, V, Hiestand, K, Horsford, K, Laurence, C, MacFarlaine, I, Neville, PF, Stavisky, J and Yeates, J 2013 ISFM guidelines on population management and welfare of unowned domestic cats (Felis catus). Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 15: 811–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X13500431CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stella, JL and Croney, CC 2016 Environmental aspects of domes-tic cat care and management: Implications for cat welfare. Scientific World Journal: 6296315. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6296315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickler, BL and Shull, EA 2014 An owner survey of toys, activ-ities, and behavior problems in indoor cats. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 9: 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, SML, Stellato, AC and Niel, L 2020 Uncontrolled outdoor access for cats: An assessment of risks and benefits. Animals 10(2): 258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020258CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wald, DM, Jacobson, SK and Levy, JK 2013 Outdoor cats: Identifying differences between stakeholder beliefs, perceived impacts, risk and management. Biological Conservation 167: 414–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wall, M, Cave, NJ and Vallee, E 2019 Owner and cat-related risk factors for feline overweight or obesity. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6: 266. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00266CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wierzbowska, IA, Kornaś, S, Piontek, AM and Rola, K 2020 The prevalence of endoparasites of free-ranging cats (Felis catus) from urban habitats in southern Poland. Animals 10(4): 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040748CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, JL, Gruffydd-Jones, TJ and Murray, JK 2017 Risk fac-tors for road traffic accidents in cats up to age 12 months that were registered between 2010 and 2013 with the UK pet cat cohort (‘Bristol Cats’). The Veterinary Record 180: 195. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103859CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeates, J and Yates, D 2017 Staying in or going out? The dilemma for cat welfare. Veterinary Record 180: 193. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.j938CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zito, S, Walker, JK, Gates, MC and Dale, A 2019 A Preliminary description of companion cat, managed stray cat, and unmanaged stray cat welfare in Auckland, New Zealand using a 5-component assessment scale. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6: 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Machado et al. supplementary material
Download undefined(File)
File 96.8 KB
Supplementary material: File

Machado et al. supplementary material
Download undefined(File)
File 152.6 KB