Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T12:05:14.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to stimulate protein and lipid growth in pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

C. T. Whittemore
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG
R. H. Fawcett
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG
Get access

Summary

A model designed to simulate growth in pigs has been developed to include the following aspects of protein and energy use.

1. It is proposed that the ratio of protein accretion to protein synthesis is a function of protein mass. Synthesis rate influences the efficiency of protein use, the energy cost of protein accretion and the energy cost of maintenance. A calculated energy cost for protein synthesis of 7·3 MJ ME/kg is suggested; the calculated energy yield from deaminated protein is 11·5 MJ ME/kg.

2. Urinary losses of nitrogen are derived from estimates of protein quality by essential amino acid index, endogenous losses and the rate of protein accretion.

3. A minimum fat to protein ratio in the gain of growing pigs of 1: 1 is assumed.

4. An estimate of critical temperature which is dependent upon live weight and heat output is used to calculate energy expenditure for cold thermogenesis.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armstrong, D. G. 1969. Cell bioenergetics and energy metabolism. In Handbuch der Tierernahrung. Vol 1 (ed. Lenkeit, W., Breirem, K. and Crasemann, E.). Paul Parey, Hamburg.Google Scholar
Bender, A. E. 1973. Chemical scores and availability of amino acids. In Protein in Human Nutrition (ed. Porter, J. W. G. and Rolls, K. A.). Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Breirem, K. and Homb, T. 1972. Energy requirements for growth. In Handbuch der Tierernahrung. Vol. 2 (ed. Lenkeit, W., Breirem, K. and Crasemann, E.). Paul Parey, Hamburg.Google Scholar
Burlacu, G., Bâia, G., îonit, Â., Moisa, D., Taşcenco, V., Vişan, I. and Stoica, I. 1973. Efficiency of the utilisation of the energy of food in piglets, after weaning. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 81: 295302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Close, W. H., Mount, L. E. and Start, I. B. 1971. The influence of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat losses from groups of growing pigs. Anim. Prod. 13:285294.Google Scholar
Cp, W. A. G. 1974. Protein and fat deposition in pigs in relation to body weight gain and feeding level. Meded. LandbHoogesch. Wageningen, No. 18.Google Scholar
Gädeken, D., Oslage, H. J. and Fliegel, H. 1973. The energy requirements for protein and fat synthesis in growing pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals (ed. Menke, K. H., Lantzsch, H. J. and Reichl, J. R.). EAAP Publ. No. 14.Google Scholar
Houseman, R. A. and McDonald, I. 1973. The prediction of body composition in bacon pigs from measurements of feed intake and live-weight gain. Anim. Prod. 17: 295304.Google Scholar
Kielanowski, J. 1966. Efficiency of energy utilisation in growing pigs. In 9th int. Congr. Anim. Prod., Edinburgh, pp. 8586 (Abstr.). Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Kielanowski, J. 1969. Energy and protein metabolism in growing pigs. Revta cub. dene. agric. 3: 207216.Google Scholar
Kielanowski, J. 1972. Energy requirements of the growing pig. In Pig Production. Proc. 18th Easter School in Agricultural Science, Univ. Nottingham (ed. Cole, D. J. A.), pp. 183201. Butterworth, London.Google Scholar
Kielanowski, J. 1975. Energy cost of protein deposition. In First int. Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. EAAP, Nottingham. In press.Google Scholar
Kielanowski, J. and Kotarbinska, M. 1970. Further studies on energy metabolism in the pig. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. Proc. 5th Symp., Vitznau, Switzerland (ed. Schurch, A. and Wenk, C.), pp. 145148. EAAPPubl. No. 13. Juris, Zurich.Google Scholar
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A. and Greenhalgh, J. F. D. 1973. Animal Nutrition. 2nd ed. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Millard, D. J., Nnanyelugo, D. O. and Garlick, P. J. 1974. Developmental changes in muscle protein metabolism in congenitally malnourished rats. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33: 55A (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Nehring, K., Beyer, M. and Hoffman, B. 1972. Futtermitteltabellenwerk. Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Oser, B. L. 1959. An integrated essential amino acid index for the prediction of the biological value of proteins. In Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition (ed. Albanese, A. A.). Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Pullar, J. D. and Webster, A. J. F. 1974. Heat loss and energy retention during growth in congenitally obese and lean rats. Br. J. Nutr. 31: 377392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rérat, A. 1972. Protein nutrition and metabolism in the growing pig. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 42: 1339.Google ScholarPubMed
Schulz, A. R. 1975. Computer-based method for calculation of the available energy of proteins. J. Nutr. 105: 200207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorbek, G. 1973. Energy metabolism in fasting pigs at different live weight as influenced by temperature. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals (ed. Menke, K. H., Lantzsch, H. J. and Reichl, J. R.). EAAP Publ. No. 14.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A. 1971. Influence of environmental temperature on energy metabolism of growing pigs housed individually and in groups. Meded. LandbHoogesch. Wageningen, No. 2.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A., Close, W. H., Start, I. B. and Mount, L. E. 1973. The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 30: 2135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterlow, J. C. 1970. Total protein turnover in animals and man. Nutr. Rev. 28:115118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenk, C. and Schorch, A. 1973. Influence of the level of energy and protein in the feed on the energy metabolism of growing pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals(ed. Menke, K. H., Lantzsch, H. J. and Reichl, J. R.). EAAPPubl. No. 14.Google Scholar
Whittemore, C. T. and Fawcett, R. H. 1974. Model responses of the growing pig to the dietary intake of energy and protein. Anim. Prod. 19: 221231.Google Scholar
Whittemore, C. T. and Fawcett, R. H. 1975. Use of a model to estimate nutrient allowance for growing pigs. Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Prod. (New Series) 4: 116117.Google Scholar
Wood, A. J. and Groves, T. D. D. 1965. Body composition studies on the suckling pig. I. Moisture, chemical fat, total protein, and total ash in relation to age and body weight. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 45: 813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar