Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T23:22:27.093Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Parasitism and production in farm animals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

A. R. Sykes
A. R. Sykes
Affiliation:
Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
Get access

Abstract

The impact of internal and external parasitism on productivity of farm animals is considered for cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. The parasitic challenge experienced and the outcome of that challenge is a dynamic one in which environment, management practices, including housing or grazing management, nutritional status, the host's ability to develop effective immunity and the speed with which this can occur, play a significant role. Much of our assessment of the impact of infection comes from pathophysiological and nutritional studies with contrived infestations. A common feature of all infestations is reduced efficiency of food utilization through reduction in food intake, though in some cases increases in nutrient requirement are induced as a result of damage to or loss of host tissue. Assessment of the impact on productivity in the field is technically very difficult and must take account of fluctuating challenge, determined by environmental and management decisions, and the manager's objectives for the performance of a particular category of livestock. This review attempts to integrate the assessment of losses in productivity based on pathophysiological studies with those based on protection of groups of livestock in production systems by regular pesticide use. Throughout the review the limitations inherent in both approaches and in our knowledge of how parasites impair productivity of the host are emphasised.

Keywords

parasitesproductivity
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Production , Volume 59 , Issue 2 , October 1994 , pp. 155 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alva-Valdes, R., Wallace, D. H., Foster, A. G., Ericsson, F. and Wooden, J. W. 1986. The effects of sarcoptic mange on the productivity of confined pigs. Veterinary Medicine 81: 258–262.Google Scholar
Arends, J. J., Robertson, S. H. and Payne, C. S. 1984. Impact of the northern fowl mite on broiler breeder flocks in North Carolina. Poultry Science 63: 1457–1461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armour, J., Jarrett, W. F. H. and Jennings, F. W. 1966. Experimental Ostcrtagia circumcincta infections in sheep. Development and pathogenesis of a single infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27:1267–1278.Google Scholar
Augustine, P. C. 1988. Eimeria adenoeides and E. meleagrimitis: effect of poult age on susceptibility to infection and development of immunity. Avian Diseases 32: 798–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bafundo, K. W. 1986. Monensin efficacy in rations containing suboptimal energy or protein. Poultry Science 65: 1076–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bang, K. S., Familton, A. S. and Sykes, A. R. 1990. Effect of oestertagiasis on copper status in sheep. A study involving use of copper oxide wire particles. Research in Veterinary Science 49: 306–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barger, I. A. and Southcott, W. H. 1975. Trichostrongylosis and wool growth. The wool growth response of resistant grazing sheep to larval challenge. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15: 167–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, K. C, Maxey, D. R., Jamison, J. H., Jamison, M. D. and Lusby, K. S. 1989. The effects of Deccox on weight gains of stocker cattle grazing wheat pasture. Animal science research report, Agricultural Experimental Station, Oklahoma State University, no. 127, pp. 174–176.Google Scholar
Bell, S. L., Thomas, R. J. and Ferber, M. T. 1988. Feed intake of grazing calves exposed to Trichostrongyle infection and treated with the morantel sustained release bolus. Veterinary Parasitology 28:125–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, C. I. and Dargie, J. D. 1976. The role of host nutrition on the pathogenesis of ovine fascioliasis. Veterinary Parasitology 2: 317–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bisset, S. A., Marshall, E. D. and Morrison, L. 1987a. Economics of dry cow anthelmintic drenching program for dairy cows in New Zealand. 1. Overall response in 47 herds. Veterinary Parasitology 26: 107–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bisset, S. A., Marshall, E. D. and Morrison, L. 1987b. Economics of dry cow anthelmintic drenching program for dairy cows in New Zealand. 2. Influence of management factors and other herd characteristics on the level of response. Veterinary Parasitology 26:119–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blamire, R. V., Goodhand, R. H. and Taylor, K. C. 1980. A review of some animal diseases encountered at meat inspection in England and Wales, 1969-1978. Veterinary Record 106:195–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boon, J. H., Kloosterman, A. and Breukink, M. 1984. Dictyocaulus viviparus inoculations in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 16: 261–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boray, J. C. 1969. Experimental fascioliasis in Australia. Advances in Parasitology 7: 96–210.Google ScholarPubMed
Borgsteede, F. H. M., Kloosterman, A., Oostendorp, D. and Tarrij, H. van. 1985. Effects of the use of a morantel sustained release bolus in first and second year grazing cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 18: 39–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bown, M. D., Poppi, D. P. and Sykes, A. R. 1991a. The effect of post-ruminal infusion of protein or energy on the pathophysiology of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection and body composition in lambs. Australian journal of Agricultural Research 42: 253–267.Google Scholar
Bown, M. D., Poppi, D. P. and Sykes, A. R. 1991b. Nitrogen transactions along the digestive tract of lambs concurrently infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta. British journal of Nutrition 66: 237–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunsdon, R. V. 1970. The spring rise phenomenon: seasonal changes in the worm burdens of breeding ewes and the availability of pasture infection. New Zealand Veterinary journal 18: 47–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, J. B., Berry, I. L., Boxler, D. J., Davis, R. L., Clanton, D. C. and Deutscher, G. H. 1987. Effects of stable flies Diptera: Muscidae on weight gain and feed efficiency of feedlot cattle. Journal of Economic Entomology 80:117–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, J. B., Boxler, D. J., Danielson, D. M. and Crenshaw, M. A. 1984. Effects of house and stable flies on weight gain and feed efficiency by feeder pigs. Southwestern Entomologist 9: 273–274.Google Scholar
Cargill, C. F. and Dobson, K. J. 1979. Experimental Sarcoptes scabei infestation in pigs. Effects on production. Veterinary Record 104: 33–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelino, J. B., Herbert, I. V. and Lean, I. J. 1970. The liveweight gain of growing pigs experimentally infected with massive doses of Hyostrongylus rubidus (nematoda) larvae. British Veterinary Journal 126: 579–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castro, J. J. de. 1987. Effects of artificial and natural tick infestations on cattle. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research proceedings series, no. 17, pp. 113–115.Google Scholar
Cole, N. A. and Guillot, F. S. 1987. Influence of Psoroptes avis on the energy metabolism of heifer calves. Veterinary Parasitology 23: 285–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, N. A., Guillot, F. S. and Purdy, C. W. 1984. Influence of Psoroptes ovis (Hering) on the performance of beef steers. Journal of Economic Entomology 77: 390–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, R. L., Angus, K. W. and Sykes, A. R. 1979. Chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus in sheep. Pathological changes in the small intestine. Research in Veterinary Science 26: 363–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, R. L., Sykes, A. R. and Angus, K. W. 1976. Subclinical trichostrongylus in growing lambs produced by continuous larval dosing. The effect on performance and certain plasma constituents. Research in Veterinary Science 21: 253–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, R. L., Sykes, A. R. and Angus, K. W. 1982. The effect of three levels of intake of Ostertagia circumcincta larvae on growth rate, food intake and body composition of growing lambs. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 98: 247–255.Google Scholar
Coop, R. L., Sykes, A. R., Spence, J. A. and Aitchison, G. V. 1981. Ostertagia circumcincta infection of lambs. The effect of different intakes of larvae on skeletal development. Journal of Comparative Pathology 91: 521–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalton, P. M. and Ryan, W. G. 1988. Productivity effects of pig mange and control with invermectin. Veterinary Record 122: 307–308.Google Scholar
Dargie, J. D. 1975. Applications of radioisotope techniques to the study of red cell and plasma protein metabolism in helminth diseases of sheep. In Pathogenic processes in parasitic infections (ed. Taylor, A. E. R. and Muller, R.), pp. 1–26. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dargie, J. G. 1986. The impact on production and mechanisms of pathogenesis of trematode infections in cattle and sheep. In Parasitology — quo vadit? (ed. Howell, M. J.), proceedings of the sixth international congress of parasitology. Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra.Google Scholar
Davis, D. P. and Williams, R. E. 1986. Influence of hog lice, Haematopinus suis, on blood components, behaviour, weight gain and feed efficiency of pigs. Veterinary Parasitology 22: 307–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devaney, J. A. 1976. Effects of the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged layers. Poultry Science 55: 430–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devaney, J. A. 1979. The effects of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylivarium, on egg production and bodyweight of caged white leghorn hens. Poultry Science 58: 191–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devaney, J. A., Elissalde, M. H., Steel, E. G., Hogan, B. F. and Petersen, H. D. 1979. Effect of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, on white leghorn roosters. Poultry Science 58: 1585–1590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, K. J. 1986. External parasites. In Diseases of swine. 6th ed (ed. Lemon, A. D., Shaw, B., Glock, R. G., Mengeling, W. L., Penny, R. H. C. and Scholl, E.). Iowa State University Press, Iowa.Google Scholar
Ellis, P. R. 1986. Interactions between parasite and vector control, animal productivity and rural welfare. In Parasitology — quo vadit? (ed. Howell, M. J.), proceedings of the sixth international congress of parasitology. Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra.Google Scholar
Enterocasso, C. M., Parkins, J. J., Armour, J., Bairden, K. and McWilliam, P. N. 1986. Production parasitological and carcase evaluation studies in steers exposed to trichostrongyle infection and treated with a morantel bolus or fenbendazole in two consecutive grazing seasons. Research in Veterinary Science 40: 76–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernst, J. V., Lindsay, D. S. and Current, W. L. 1985. Control of hospora Suis-induced coccidiosis on a swine farm. American journal of Veterinary Research 46: 643–645.Google ScholarPubMed
Fetrow, J., Johnstone, C. and Bartholomew, R. 1984. Production responses of lactating dairy cows and heifers given thiabendzole at parturition. American journal of Veterinary Research 46: 48–52.Google Scholar
Forsum, E., Nesheim, M. C. and Crompton, D. W. T. 1981. Nutritional aspects of Ascaris infection in young protein deficient pigs. Parasitology 83: 497–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, J. E. 1989. The epidemiology of subclinical coccidiosis in the United States and results of its prevention in the bovine and other ruminants. Proceedings of the fifth international coccidiosis conference (ed. Yvose, P.). Les Collogues de 1'INRA, Versailles, France.Google Scholar
Fox, M. C, Brown, D. R. and Southern, L. L. 1987. Effect of dietary buffer additions on gain, efficiency, duodenal pH and copper concentration in liver of Eimeria acervulina-infected chicks. Poultry Science 66: 500–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, M. T. and Jacobs, D. E. 1984. Observations on the effect of levamisole treatment on the production of dairy cows in England. Animal Production 38: 15–22.Google Scholar
Gibney, V. J., Campbell, J. B., Boxler, D. J., Clanton, D. C. and Deutscher, G. H. 1985. Effects of various infestation levels of cattle lice Mallophaga: Trichodectidae and Anaphera: Haematopiridac on feed efficiency and weight gains in beef heifers. Journal of Economic Entomology 78: 1304–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, T. E. and Parfitt, J. W. 1972. The effect of age on the development by sheep of resistance to Trichostrongylus colubrifonnis. Research in Veterinary Science 13: 529–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gladney, W. S., Graham, O. H., Trevino, J. L. and Ernst, S. E. 1973. Boophilus annulatus: effect of host nutrition on development of female ticks. Journal of Medical Entomology 10:123-000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hale, O. M. 1986. The influence of internal parasitic infections on the performance of growing and finishing swine. Research bulletin, Georgia Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Georgia, no. 341.Google Scholar
Hale, O. M. and Stewart, T. B. 1979. Influence of an experimental infection of Trichuris suis on performance of pigs. Journal of Animal Science 49:1000–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hale, O. M., Stewart, T. B. and Marti, O. G. 1985. Influence of an experimental infection of Ascaris suum on performance of pigs. Journal of Animal Science 60: 220–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haufe, W. O. 1986. Host-parasite interaction of blood-feeding dipterans in health and productivity of mammals. In Parasitology — quo vadit? (ed. Howell, M. J.), proceedings of the sixth international congress of parasitology. Australian Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Hawkins, C. D. and Morris, R. S. 1978. Depression of productivity in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica. Veterinary Parasitology 4: 341–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, A. C. G. and Bishop, D. M. 1986. Fly strike in sheep. Annual report, Wallaccvillc Animal Research Centre, New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.Google Scholar
Heath, A. C. G., Bishop, D. M. and Tenquist, J. D. 1987. The effect of artificially-induced fly-strike on food intake and liveweight gain in sheep. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 35: 50–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinrichs, A. J., Swartz, L. A., Drake, T. R. and Travis, P. A. 1990. Influence of decoquinate fed to neonatal dairy calves on early and conventional weaning systems. Journal of Dairy Science 73:1851–1856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewett, G. R. and Heard, T. W. 1982. Phosmet for the systemic control of pig mange. Veterinary Record 111: 558.Google ScholarPubMed
Hope-Cawdery, M. J. 1984. Review of the economic importance of fascioliasis in sheep and cattle. Irish Veterinary News, September 14-22.Google Scholar
Hope-Cawdery, M. J., Strickland, K. L., Conway, A. and Crowe, P. J. 1977. Production effects of liver fluke in cattle. 1. The effects of infection on liveweight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency in beef cattle. British Veterinary journal 133:145–159.Google Scholar
Izquierdo, O. A. and Baker, D. H. 1988. Characterization of the growth response obtained from Eimeria acervulina infection in chicks fed leucine-deficient diets. Poultry Science 67: 232–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyner, L. P. and Norton, C. C. 1973. The immunity arising from continuous low-level infection with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina. Parasitology 72:115–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettle, P. R. and Lukies, J. M. 1982. Long term effects of sheep body lice, Damalinia ovis on body weight and wool production. New Zealand journal of Agricultural Research 25: 531–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkwood, A. C. 1980. The effect of Psoroptes ovis on the weight of sheep. Veterinary Record 107: 469–470.Google ScholarPubMed
Kroonen, J. E. G. M., Verstegen, M. W. A., Boon, J. H. and Hel, W. van der. 1986. Effect of infection with lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) on energy and nitrogen metabolism in growing calves. British Journal of Nutrition 55: 351–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lean, I. J., Herbert, I. V. and Castelino, J. B. 1972. Studies on the pathogenesis of infection with Hyostrongylus rubidus (nematode). The effects of levels of infection of up to 150 000 infective stage larvae on the growing pig. 1. Nutritional studies. British Veterinary Journal 128: 138–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leyva, V., Henderson, A. E. and Sykes, A. R. 1982. Effect of daily infection with Ostertagia circumcincta larvae on food intake, milk production and wool growth in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 99: 249–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebisch, A., Froehner, H., and Elger, D. 1983. [Myiasis in sheep by Lucilia sericata — an approaching problem?] Tierarztliche — Umschau 38: 747.Google Scholar
Lindsay, D. S., Current, W. L. and Taylor, J. L. 1985. Effects of experimentally induced Isospora suis infection on morbidity, mortality and weight gains in nursing pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46:1511–1512.Google ScholarPubMed
Loomis, E. C. 1984. External parasites. In Diseases of poultry. 8th ed. (ed. Hofstad, M. S.). Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Loomis, E. L., Bramhall, E. L., Allen, J. A., Ernst, R. A. and Dunning, L. L. 1970. Effects of northern fowl mite on white leghorn chickens. Journal of Economic Entomology 63: 1885–1889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAnulty, R. W., Clark, V. R. and Sykes, A. R. 1982. The effect of clean pasture and anthelmintic frequency on growth rates of lambs on irrigated pasture. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 42: 187–188.Google Scholar
McCauley, E. H., Tayeb, A. and Majid, A. A. 1983. Owner survey of schistosomiasis mortality in Sudanese cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production 15: 227–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougald, L. R. 1986. Halofuginone: laboratory titration of anticoccidial activity in young turkeys. Poultry Science 65: 280–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougald, L. R., Fuller, A. L. and McMurray, B. L. 1990. An outbreak of Eimeria necatrix coccidiosis in breeder pullets: analysis of immediate and possible long-term effects on performance. Avian Diseases 34: 485–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougald, L. R., Mathis, G. F., Schwartz, J., Quarles, C. L., Kennedy, T. and Grant, R. J. 1986. Anticoccidial efficacy of halofuginone in turkeys reared to market weight. Poultry Science 65: 1664–1670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFarlane, J. M., Curtis, S. E., Shanks, R. D. and Carmer, S. G. 1989. Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 1. Effect on weight gain, feed intake and behaviour. Poultry Science 68: 501–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malone, J. B., Loyacano, A., Armstrong, D. A. and Archibald, L. F. 1982. Bovine fascioliasis: economic impact and control in Gulf Coast cattle based on seasonal transmission. Bovine Practicioner 17:126–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchiondo, A. A. and Szanto, J. 1987. Efficacy of dichlorvos, fenbendazole and ivermectin in swine with induced nematode infections. American journal of Veterinary Research 48: 1233–1235.Google Scholar
Matthysse, J. G., Jones, C. J. and Punasiri, A. 1974. Development of northern fowl mite populations on chickens. Search: Agriculture 4:1–39.Google Scholar
Mercy, A. R., Chaneet, G. de and Emms, Y. 1989. Survey of internal parasites in Western Australian pig herds. 1. Prevalence. Australian Veterinary journal 66: 4–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, J. F., Lancaster, M. B. and Hong, C. 1979. The effect of age, acquired resistance, pregnancy and lactation on some reactions of cattle to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasitology 79: 157–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michel, J. F., Latham, J. O., Church, B. and Leech, P. 1981. Use of anthelmintic for cattle in England and Wales during 1978. Veterinary Record 108: 252–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michel, J. F., Richards, M., Altman, J. F. B., Mulholland, J. R., Gould, C. M. and Armour, J. 1982. Effect of anthelmintic treatment on the milk yield of dairy cows in England, Scotland and Wales. Veterinary Record 111: 546–550.Google ScholarPubMed
Moon, R. D., Jacobson, L. D. and Cornelius, S. G. 1987. Stable flies (DipteraiMuscidae) and productivity of confined nursery pigs. Journal of Economic Entomology 80:1025–1027.Google ScholarPubMed
Morrow, C. 1986. Poultry parasites. In Proceedings of the Australian Veterinary Poultry Association no. 92, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Nansen, P. 1986. Production losses and control of helminths in ruminants of temperate regions. In Parasitology — quo vadit? (ed. Howell, M. J.), proceedings of the sixth international congress of parasitology. Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra.Google Scholar
Nelson, W. A. 1984. Effects of nutrition of animals on their ectoparasites. Journal of Medical Entomology 21: 621–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, W. A. and Bainborough, A. R. 1963. Development in sheep of resistance to the ked Melaphagus ovinus (L). III. Histopathology of sheep skin as a clue to the nature of resistance. Experimental Parasitology 13: 118–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, W. A. and Slen, S. B. 1968. Weight gains and wool growth in sheep infested with the sheep ked Melaphagus ovinus. Experimental Parasitology 22: 223–226.Google Scholar
Nickel, A. E. and Danner, G. 1979. Experimental studies of course and effects of pediculosis in domestic swine. Archives of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig 33: 645–649.Google Scholar
Niven, D. R. and Pritchard, D. A. 1985. Effects of control of the sheep body louse (Damalinia ovis) on wool production and quality. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25: 27–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norval, R. A. I., Sutherst, R. W., Jorgensen, O. G., Gibson, J. D. and Kerr, J. D. 1989. The effect of the bont tick, Amblyomma hehraeum, on the weight gain of Africander steers. Veterinary Parasitology 33: 329–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norval, R. A. I., Sutherst, R. W., Kurki, J., Gibson, J. D. and Kerr, J. D. 1988. The effect of the brown ear-tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, on the growth of Sanga and European breed cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 30:149–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Kelly, J. C. and Kennedy, P. M. 1981. Metabolic changes in cattle due to specific effect of the tick Boophilus microplus. British journal of Nutrition 45: 557–566.Google ScholarPubMed
O'Kelly, J. C, Post, T. B. and Bryan, R. P. 1988. The influence of parasitic infestations on metabolism, puberty and first mating performance of heifers grazing in a tropical area. Animal Reproduction Science 16:177–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ormerod, V. J. and Henderson, D. 1986. Propetamphos pour-on formulation for the control of lice on sheep: effect of lice on weight gain and wool production. Research in Veterinary Science 40: 41–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkins, J. J., Bairden, K. and Armour, J. 1982. Ostertagia ostertagi in calves: a growth, nitrogen balance and digestibility study conducted during winter feeding following thiabendazole anthelmintic therapy. Journal of Comparative Pathology 92: 219–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pattison, H. D., Smith, W. C. and Thomas, R. J. 1979. The effect of sub-clinical nematode parasitism on reproductive performance in the sow. Animal Production 29: 321–326.Google Scholar
Pattison, H. D., Thomas, R. J. and Smith, W. C. 1980. A survey of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs. Veterinary Record 107: 415–418.Google ScholarPubMed
Pegram, R. G., Lemche, J., Chizyucka, H. G. B., Sutherst, R. W., Floyd, R. B., Kerr, J. D. and McCosker, P. J. 1989. Effect of tick control on liveweight gain of cattle in Central Zambia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 3: 313–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perich, M. J., Wright, R. E. and Lusby, K. S. 1986. Impact of horse flies (Diptera:Tabaridae) on beef cattle. Journal of Economic Entomology 79:128–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ploeger, H. W., Borgsteede, F. H. M., Eysker, R. and Brink, R. van den. 1990a. Effect of nematode infections on growth performance of calves after stabling on commercial dairy farms. Veterinary Parasitology 36: 71–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ploeger, H. W., Kloosterman, A. and Borgsteede, R. H. M. 1990c. Effect of anthelmintic treatment of second-year cattle on growth performance during winter housing and first lactation yield. Veterinary Parasitology 36: 311–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ploeger, H. W., Schoenmaker, G. J. W., Kloosterman, A. and Borgsteede, F. H. M. 1989. Effect of anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle on milk production related to some parameters estimating nematode infection. Veterinary Parasitology 34: 239–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ploeger, H. W., Straalen, W. van, Borgsteede, F. H. M., Eysker, M. and Kloosterman, A. 1990b. Effect of nematode infections on growth performance of calves during winter housing on dairy farms. Veterinary Parasitology 36: 45–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, T. W. 1984. Using slaughter check programme. Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Special Publication, 104 Trifton, GA.Google Scholar
Raadsma, H. W. 1991. Fleece rot and body strike in Merino sheep. V. Heritability of liability to body strike in weaner sheep under fly wave conditions. Australian journal of Agricultural Research 42: 279–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reece, R. L., Beddome, V. D. and Barr, D. A. 1986. Diseases diagnosed in replacement layer and breeder chicken flocks in Victoria, Australia, 1977-1985. Veterinary Record 119: 471–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, J. F. S. and Armour, J. F. S. 1975. Studies in Scottish hill sheep. 1. Changes in the susceptibility of the breeding ewe to Ostertagia spp. Journal of Comparative Pathology 85: 163–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, R. I. and Jouan, A. R. P. 1986. The distribution of peptidase activity in the small intestine of sheep. British journal of Nutrition 55:149–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, L. and Walker, E. J. 1982. Field study of coccidial and rotorviral diarrhoea in unweaned pigs. Veterinary Record 110:11–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roseby, F. B. 1977. Effects of Trichostrcngylus colubriformis (Nematoda) on the nutrition and metabolism of sheep. III. Digesta flow and fermentation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 28: 155–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, J. B., Nolan, J. V., Chaneet, G. de, Teleni, E. and Holmes, P. H. 1988. The effect of haemonchosi and blood loss into the abomasum on digestion in sheep. British journal of Nutrition 59: 125–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scharff, D. K. 1962. An investigation of the cattle louse problem, Journal of Economic Entomology 55: 684–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwinghammer, K. A., Knapp, F. W. and Boling, J. A. 1987. Physiological and nutritional response of beef steers to combined infestations of horn fly and stable fly (Diptera:Muscidac). Journal of Economic Entomology 80: 120–125.Google Scholar
Schwinghammer, K. A., Knapp, F. W., Boling, J. A. and Schillo, K. K. 1986a. Physiological and nutritional response of beef steers to infestations of the horn fly (DipteraMuscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 1010–1015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwinghammer, K. A., Knapp, F. W., Boling, J. A. and Schillo, K. K. 1986b. Physiological and nutritional response of beef steers to infestations of the stable fly (DipteraMuscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 1294–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, G. R. 1991. Tick-borne infections. In Diseases of sheep. 2nd ed. (ed. Martin, W. B. and Aitken, I. D.). Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Seebeck, R. M., Springell, P. H. and O'Kelly, J. C. 1971. Alterations in host metabolism by the specific and anorectic effects of the cattle tick (Boophilus mieroplus). 1. Food intake and body weight growth. Australian journal of Biological Sciences 24: 373–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheahan, B. J. 1974. Experimental Sarcoptes scabei infection in pigs: clinical signs and significance of infection. Veterinary Record 94: 202–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, K. B. 1972. The pathogenicity of Fasciola hepatica in pregnant sheep. British Veterinary journal 128: 249–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somers, C. J., Downey, N. E. and O'Shea, J. 1987. Prophylaxis of trichostrongylid infection afforded by lowdose phenothiazine given in two successive years to first-season calves on a common area of pasture. Research in Veterinary Science 43: 143–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Springell, P. H., O'Kelly, J. C. and Seebeck, R. M. 1971. Alterations in host metabolism by the specific and anorectic effects of the cattle tick Boophilus mieroplus. III. Metabolic implication of blood volume, body water and carcase composition changes. Australian journal of Biological Sciences 24:1033–1045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, J. W. 1978. In Recent advances in animal nutrition (ed. Farrell, D. J.), pp. 98–110. University of New England, Armidalc.Google Scholar
Stewart, T. B., Leon, D. L., Fox, M. C, Southern, L. L. and Bodak-Koszalka, E. 1991. Performance of pigs with mixed nematode infections before and after ivermectin treatment. Veterinary Parasitology 39: 253–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stockdale, P. H. G. 1974. The pathogenesis of Hyostrongylus rubidus in growing pigs. British Veterinary Journal 130: 366–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutherst, R. W. 1987. Ectoparasites and herbivore nutrition. In Nutrition of herbivores (ed. Hacker, J. B. and Ternouth, J. H.). Academic Press, Sydney.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W. and Kerr, J. D. 1987. Losses in livestock productivity caused by ticks and tick-borne diseases. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research proceedings no. 17, pp. 108–112.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W., Maywald, G. F., Kerr, J. D. and Stegeman, D. A. 1983. The effect of the cattle tick Boophilus mieroplus on the growth of Bos indicus × Bos taunts steers. Australian journal of Agricultural Research 34: 317–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, A. R. 1983. Effects of parasitism on metabolism in the sheep. In Sheep production (ed. Haresign, W.). Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Sykes, A. R. 1992. Nutrition and parasites. In Recent advances in the nutrition of herbivores (ed. Ho, Y.W.., Wong, H. K., Abdulla, N. and Tajuddin, Z. A.). Malaysian Society of Animal Production.Google Scholar
Sykes, A. R. and Coop, R. L. 1976. Intake and utilization of food by growing lambs with parasitic damage to the small intestine caused by daily dosing with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 86: 507–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, A. R. and Coop, R. L. 1977. Intake and utilization of food by growing sheep with absomosal damage caused by daily dosing with Ostertagia circumcincta larvae. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 88: 671–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, A. R., Coop, R. L. and Angus, K. W. 1979. Chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus in sheep. Some effects on food utilization, skeletal growth and certain serum constituents. Research in Veterinary Science 26: 372–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sykes, A. R., Coop, R. L. and Rushton, B. 1980. Chronic subclinical fascioliasis in sheep: effects on food intake, food utilization and blood constituents. Research in Veterinary Science 28: 63–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sykes, A. R., McFarlane, R. G. and Familton, A. S. 1992. Parasites, immunity and parasite resistance. In Recent advances in sheep and goat production (ed. Speedy, A. W.). Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough.Google Scholar
Sykes, A. R., Poppi, D. P. and Elliot, D. C. 1991. Effect of concurrent infection with Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis on the performance of growing lambs consuming fresh herbage. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 110: 531–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, L. E. A. and Jones, W. O. 1983. Intestinal protein synthesis in guinea pigs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International journal of Parasitology 13: 309–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tatchell, R. J. 1986. Interactions between ticks and their hosts. In Parasitology — quo vadit? (ed. Howell, M. J.), proceedings of the sixth international congress of parasitology. Australian Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Thomas, R. J. and Ali, D. A. 1983. The effect of Haemonchus contortus infection on the pregnant and lactating ewe. International Journal for Parasitology 13: 393–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, R. J. and Smith, W. C. 1968. Anthelmintic treatment of sows with thiabendazole. Veterinary Record 83: 489–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urban, J. F., Romanowski, R. D. and Steele, N. C. 1989. Influence of helminth parasite exposure and strategic application of anthelmintics on the development of immunity and growth of swine. Journal of Animal Science 67: 1668–1677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verstegen, M. W. A., Boon, J. H., Hel, W. van der, Kessels, M. H. and Muelenbroers, J. 1989. The effect of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection on energy metabolism of calves. Journal of Animal Science 67: 241–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlassoff, A. 1976. Seasonal incidence of infective trichostrongyle larvae on pasture: the contribution of the ewe and the role of residual pasture infestation as sources of infection to the lamb. New Zealand journal of Experimental Agriculture 4: 281–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, T. L., Watkins, K. L. and Southern, L. I. 1990. Interactive effects of sodium zeolite A (Ethacal) and monensin in uninfected and Eimeria acerintlitia-intected chicks. Poultry Science 69: 276–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, A. J. F. 1983. In Mammalian thermogenesis (ed. Givardier, L. and Stock, M. J.). Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Wilson, W. D. and Field, A. C. 1983. Absorption and secretion of calcium and phosphorus in the alimentary tract of lambs infected with daily doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis or Ostertagia circumcincta larvae. \ournal of Comparative Pathology 93: 61–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wooten, E. L., Blecha, F., Broce, A. B. and Pollmann, D. S. 1986. The effect of sarcoptic mange on growth performance, leucocytes and lymphocyte proliferative responses in pigs. Veterinary Parasitology 22: 315–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wooten-Saadi, E., Broce, A. B., Stevenson, J. S. and Nelssen, J. L. 1987. Growth performance and behavioural patterns of pigs infested with sarcoptic mites (AcariSarcophidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 80: 625–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, R. E. 1985. Arthropod pests of beef cattle on pasture or range land. In Livestock entomology (ed. Williams, R. E., Hall, R. D., Broce, A. B. and Scholl, P. J.). Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Young, M. J. 1988. Bone and muscle growth in sheep. Ph.D. thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.Google Scholar