Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T04:24:33.495Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microbial activities of faeces from unweaned and adult pigs, in relation to selected fermentable carbohydrates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

E. Bauer ,
B. A. Williams ,
C. Voigt ,
R. Mosenthin  and
M. W. A. Verstegen
E. Bauer
Affiliation:
Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands Hohenheim University, Institute of Animal Nutrition, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
B. A. Williams*
Affiliation:
Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
C. Voigt
Affiliation:
Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands Hohenheim University, Institute of Animal Nutrition, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
R. Mosenthin
Affiliation:
Hohenheim University, Institute of Animal Nutrition, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
M. W. A. Verstegen
Affiliation:
Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
*
†Corresponding author: e-mail[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A comparison of in vitro microbial activity was made between inocula from faeces of adult and unweaned pigs, using a range of carbohydrate-rich substrates. The substrates tested were classified into groups (fibre-rich, grains, gums, pectin, saccharides, storage carbohydrates, and miscellaneous). Proximate and fibre analyses were determined for all substrates tested. Fermentation kinetics were measured according to the cumulative gas production technique. End-point products such as gas, volatile fatty acids and ammonia were also determined. The faeces from the adult pigs (ATF) were collected from four castrated finisher pigs (Dutch Landrace × Great Yorkshire). These were offered a diet based on highly digestible maize starch and fish meal, so as to be as free as possible of fermentable carbohydrates. The unweaned piglet faeces were collected from 19 unweaned piglets (male and female) which were 27 to 30 days old. The parameters were tested for significance by an analysis of variance using the Tukey's studentized range test of multiple comparisons. There were significant differences in the fermentation patterns both due to source of substrate and inoculum. It would appear that the metabolic activity of the microflora does differ significantly between adult and weanling pigs, though this varied for the different carbohydrates tested. Suggestions are made as to how to select potential carbohydrate ingredients for an in vivo experiment, based on their in vitro fermentation characteristics.

Keywords

carbohydratesdigestive tractfermentationmicrobial activitiespigs.
Type
Non-ruminant, nutrition, behaviour and production
Information
Animal Science , Volume 73 , Issue 2 , October 2001 , pp. 313 - 322
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Argenzio, R. A. and Southworth, M. 1974. Sites of organic acid production and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. American Journal of Physiology 228: 454–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach Knudsen, K. E. and Hansen, I. 1991. Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions. 1. Digestibility and bulking properties of polysaccharides and other major constituents. British Journal of Nutrition 65: 217–232.Google Scholar
Brock, T. D. 1966. Principles of microbial ecology, pp. 126–127. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.Google Scholar
Clemens, E. T., Stevens, C. E. and Southworth, M. 1975. Sites of organic acid production and pattern of digesta movement in the gastrointestinal tract of swine. Journal of Nutrition 105: 759–768.Google Scholar
Coates, M. E., Drasar, B. S., Mallett, A. K. and Rowland, I. R. 1988. Methodological considerations for the study of bacterial metabolism. In Role of the gut flora in toxicity and cancer (ed. Rowland, I. R.), pp. 1–21. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Collins, M. D. and Gibson, G. R. 1999. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 1052S–1057S.Google Scholar
Cummings, J. H. and Branch, W. J. 1982. Postulated mechanisms whereby fiber may protect against large bowel cancer. In Dietary fiber in health and disease (ed. Vahouny, G. V. and Kritchevsky, D.), pp. 313–325. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cummings, J. H. and Englyst, H. N. 1987. Fermentation in the human large intestine and the available substrates. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45: 1243-1255.Google Scholar
Eastwood, M. A. 1992. The physiological effect of dietary fibre: an update. Annual Reviews in Nutrition 12: 19–35.Google Scholar
Ewing, W. N. and Cole, D. J. A. 1994. The living gut. Context, Dungannon, Ireland.Google Scholar
Gibson, G. R. and Fuller, R. 2000. Aspects of in vitro and in vivo research approaches directed toward identifying probiotics and prebiotics for human use. Journal of Nutrition 130: 391S–395S.Google Scholar
Gibson, G. R. and Roberfroid, M. B. 1995. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125: 1401–1412.Google Scholar
Goering, H. K. and Van Soest, P. J. 1972. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agricultural handbook no. 379, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Groot, J. C. J., Cone, J. W., Williams, B. A., Debersaques, F. M. A. and Lantinga, E. A. 1996. Multiphasic analysis of gas production kinetics for in vitro fermentation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 64: 77–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houdijk, J. G. M. 1998. Effect of non-digestible oligosaccharides in young pig diets. Ph.D. thesis, Agricultural University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. and Jørgensen, H. 1994. Effect of dietary fiber on microbial activity and microbial gas production in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 1897–1904.Google Scholar
Kelly, W. R. 1971. Tierärztliche klinische Diagnostik. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, G. T., Gibson, G. R., Beatty, E. and Cummings, J. H. 1992. Estimation of short-chain fatty acid production from protein by human intestinal bacteria based on branched-chain fatty acid measurements. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 101: 81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVeagh, P. and Miller, J. B. 1997. Human milk oligosaccharides: only the breast. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 33: 281–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathers, J. C. and Annison, E. F. 1993. Stoichiometry of polysaccharide fermentation in the large intestine. In Dietary fibre and beyond — Australian perspectives (ed. Samman, S. and Annison, G.), Nutrition Society of Australia occasional publications vol. 1, pp. 123–135.Google Scholar
Mathew, A. G., Upchurch, W. G. and Chattin, S.E., 1998. Incidence of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolated from commercial swine farms. Journal of Animal Science 76: 429–434.Google Scholar
Naumann, K. R., Bassler, R., Seibold, R. and Barth, K. 1976. Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungsund Forschungsanstalten. Methodenbuch Bd. III: Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. Verlag J. Naumann, Neudamm.Google Scholar
Roediger, W. E. W. 1980. Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man. Gut 21: 793–798.Google Scholar
Ryan, G. P., Dudrick, S. J., Copeland, E. M. and Johnson, L. R. 1979. Effect of various diets on colonic growth in rats. Gastroenterology 77: 658–663.Google Scholar
Savage, D. C. 1972. Interactions between the host and its microbes. In Microbial Pathogenicity in man and animals (ed. Smith, H. and Pears, J. H.), pp. 25–57. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Savage, D. C. 1977. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual Review of Microbiology 31: 107–133.Google Scholar
Smith, H. W. 1961. The development of the bacterial flora of the faeces of animals and man: the changes that occur during ageing. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 24: 235-241. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1989. SAS/STAT user’s guide, version 6, fourth edition, volume 2. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach, second edition. McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Singapore.Google Scholar
Tannock, G., Fuller, R. and Pedersen, K. 1990. Lactobacillus succession in the piglet digestive tract demonstrated by plasmid profiling. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56: 1310–1316.Google Scholar
Theodorou, M. K., Williams, B. A., Dhanoa, M. S., McAllan, A. B. and France, J. 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 48: 185-197.Google Scholar
Van der Waaij, D. 1989. The ecology of the human intestine and its consequences for overgrowth of pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 43: 69–87.Google Scholar
Williams, B. A., Poel, A. F. B. van der Boer, H. and Tamminga, S. 1995. The use of cumulative gas production to determine the effect of steam explosion on the fermentability of two substrates with different cell wall quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 69: 33–39.Google Scholar
Williams, B. A., Verstegen, M. W. A. and Tamminga, S. 2001. Fermentation in the monogastric large intestine: its relation to animal health. Nutrition Research Reviews In press.Google Scholar
Williams, B. A., Voigt, C. and Verstegen, M. W. A. 1998. The faecal microbial population can be representative of large intestinal microfloral activity. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 1998, p. 165.Google Scholar
Zoetendaal, E.G., Akkermans, A. D. L. and Vos, W. M. de 1998. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA from human faecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria. Applied Environmental Microbiology 64: 3854–3859.Google Scholar