Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T19:03:46.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparison by direct animal calorimetry of the net energy values of an early and a late season growth of herbage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

J. L. Corbett ,
J. P. Langlands ,
I. McDonald  and
J. D. Pullar
J. L. Corbett
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
J. P. Langlands
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
I. McDonald
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
J. D. Pullar
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
Get access

Extract

1. Herbage was harvested from a single pasture in early June and late August of the same year and was preserved by freeze-drying. The June herbage contained more water-soluble carbohydrate than that cut in August but in other respects, including chemical and botanical composition and the apparent digestibility of organic matter and nitrogen, differences between the herbages were small.

2. The June herbage was given to a mature ewe during eight periods each of about 4 weeks' duration, and the August herbage was given during nine periods. The level of feeding varied between periods from about 0·35 to 1·5 times the maintenance level; in addition the fasting metabolism of the sheep was determined on three occasions. Gross energy intakes and the losses of energy in faeces, urine, methane and as heat were measured in each period.

3. The metabolisable energy of the June herbage was utilised more efficiently than that of the August herbage for fattening, and probably for maintenance also. It is suggested that this result stemmed from the difference in soluble carbohydrate content which was lower in the August material. The cellulose of that herbage was digested to a significantly greater extent, a larger proportion of the gross energy was lost as methane, and the ruminai volatile fatty acids, included a significantly lower proportion of propionic acid.

Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Production , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , February 1966 , pp. 13 - 27
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1966

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Annison, E. F., 1954. Some observations on volatile fatty acids in the sheep's rumen. Biochem. J., 57: 57–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
A.O.A.C., 1960. Official Methods of Analysis. The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington.Google Scholar
Armsby, H. P., & Fries, J. A., 1915. Net energy values of feeding stuffs for cattle. J. agric. Res., 3: 3–435.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G., 1964. Evaluation of artificially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep. II. The energy value of cocksfoot, timothy and two strains of ryegrass at varying stages of maturity. J. agric. Sci., 62: 62–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, D. G., Blaxter, K. L., Graham, N. McC., & Wainman, F. W., 1958. The utilisation of the energy of two mixtures of steam-volatile fatty acids by fattening sheep. Brit.J.Nutr., 12: 12–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, D. G., Blaxter, K. L., & Waite, R., 1964. The evaluation of artificially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep. III. The prediction of nutritive value from chemical and biological measurements. J. agric. Sci., 62: 62–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, R. W., 1964. Pasture quality and ruminant nutrition. I. Carbohydrate composition of ryegrass varieties grown as sheep pastures. N.Z. J. agric. Res., 7: 7–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balch, C. C., 1950. Factors affecting the utilisation of food by dairy cows. I. The rate of passage of food through the digestive tract. Brit.J.Nutr., 4: 4–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, A. J. G., & Reid, R. L., 1961. Reactions in the Rumen. Edward Arnold, London.Google Scholar
Bath, I. H., & Rook, J. A. F., 1961. The effect of stage of growth of S23 perennial ryegrass on the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of the cow. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 20: xv.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L., 1961. The utilization of the energy of feed by ruminants. Proc. 2nd Symposium on Energy Metabolism. Publ. Europ. Assoc. Anim. Prod. no. 10, pp. 211–225.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L., 1962. The Energy Metabolism of Ruminants. Hutchinson, London.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L., & Wainman, F. W., 1961. The utilisation of food by sheep and cattle. J. agric. Sci., 57: 57–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brouwer, E., van Es, A. J. H., & Nijkamp, H. J., 1961. The nutritive values of early and late cut hay for maintenance. Proc. 2nd Symposium on Energy Metabolism. Publ. Europ. Assoc. Anim. Prod. [Rome], no. 10, pp. 153–164.Google Scholar
Castle, E. J., 1956. The rate of passage of foodstuffs through the alimentary tract of the goat. I. Studies on adult animals fed on hay and concentrates. Brit. J. Nutr., 10: 10–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Christian, K. R., & Williams, V. J., 1957. Rumen studies in sheep. IV. The rumen metabolism of fresh and dried grass. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech. ser. A., 38: 38–1003.Google Scholar
Clarke, E. A., 1959. A summary of intake studies with hoggets. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 19: 19–91.Google Scholar
Corbett, J. L., Langlands, J. P., & Reid, G. W., 1963. Effects of season of growth and digestibility of herbage on intake by grazing dairy cows. Anim. Prod., 5: 5–119.Google Scholar
Conway, E. J., 1950. Microdiffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error. Crosby Lockwood, London.Google Scholar
Crampton, E. W., & Maynard, L. A., 1938. The relation of cellulose and lignin content to the nutritive value of animal feeds. J. Nutr., 15: 15–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, N. D., 1954. What has the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Hoorn contributed to research into the feeding value of roughage? Neth. J. agric. Sci., 2: 2–273.Google Scholar
Ferguson, W. S., & Terry, R. A., 1954. The fractionation of the non-protein nitrogen of grassland herbage. J. Sci. Fd Agric., 5: 5–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaillard, B. D. E., 1958. A detailed summative analysis of the crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractive fractions of roughages. I. A proposed scheme of analysis. J. Sci. Fd Agric., 9: 9–170.Google Scholar
Graham, N. McC., 1962. Measurement of the heat production of sheep: the influence of training and of a tranquillizing drug. Proc. Austral. Soc. Anim. Prod., 4: 4–138.Google Scholar
Graham, N. McC., 1964a. Energetic efficiency of fattening sheep. I. Utilization of low-fibre and high-fibre food mixtures. Austral. J. agric. Res., 15: 15–100.Google Scholar
Graham, N. McC., 1964b. Energy costs of feeding activities and energy expenditure of grazing sheep. Austral. J. agric. Res., 15: 15–969.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Corbett, J. L., & McDonald, I., 1960. The indirect estimation of the digestibility of pasture herbage. II. Regressions of digestibility on faecal nitrogen concentration; their determination in continuous digestibility trials and the effect of various factors on their accuracy. J. agric. Sci., 55: 55–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhill, W. L., Couchman, J. F., & de Freitas, J., 1961. Storage of hay. III. Effect of temperature and moisture on loss of dry matter and changes in composition. J. Sci. Fd Agric., 12: 12–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ap Griffith, G., 1960. The nitrate nitrogen content of herbage. II. Effect of different levels of application of sulphate of ammonia on the nitrate content of herbage. J. Sci. Fd Agric., 11: 11–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, J. M., 1955. The vacuum contact-plate dehydration of foodstuffs. II. Equipment. J. Sci. Fd Agric., 6: 6–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, A. T., & Martin, A. J. P., 1952. Gas-liquid partition chromatography; the separation and micro-estimation of volatile fatty acids from formic acid to dodecanoic acid. Biochem. J., 50: 50–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johns, A. T., 1962. Some aspects of rumen metabolism influencing intake and production in sheep. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 22: 22–88.Google Scholar
Johns, A. T., Ulyatt, M. J., & Glenday, A. C., 1963. Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep. IV. Some rumen characteristics of the sheep. J. agric. Sci., 61: 61–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlands, J. P., Corbett, J. L., McDonald, L., & Pullar, J. D., 1963. Estimates of the energy required for maintenance by adult sheep. I. Housed sheep. Anim. Prod., 5: 5–1.Google Scholar
Lewis, D., 1961. The fate of nitrogenous compounds in the rumen. In Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of the Ruminant, pp. 127–137. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Marston, H. R., 1948. The fermentation of cellulose in-vitro by organisms from the rumen of sheep. Biochem. J., 42: 42–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melvin, J. F., 1963. Storage of hay. IV. Effect of storage in nitrogen on the soluble sugar and dry matter contents of ryegrass. J. Sci. Fd Agric., 14: 14–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minson, D. J., Raymond, W. F., & Harris, C. E., 1960. The digestibility of grass species and varieties. Proc. VIIIth int. Grassl. Congr., Reading, pp. 470–474.Google Scholar
Mitchell, H. H., 1935. Some problems in the study of energy metabolism. Kept. Conf. Energy Metabolism, Pennsylvania, pp. 66–93. National Research Council, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, H. H., Hamilton, T. S., & Haines, W. T., 1940. The utilization by calves of energy in rations containing different percentages of protein and in glucose supplements. J. agric. Res., 61: 61–847.Google Scholar
National Research Council, 1935. Recommendations of the conference on energy metabolism of the Committee of Animal Nutrition. Kept. Conf. Energy Metabolism, pp. 5–9. National Research Council, Washington.Google Scholar
Pope, G. S., McNaughton, M. J., & Jones, H. E. H., 1959. Oestrogens in British pasture plants. J. Dairy Res., 26: 26–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullar, J. D., 1958. Direct calorimetry of animals by the gradient layer principle. Proc. 1st Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Publ. Europ. Assoc. Anitn. Prod. [Rome] no. 8, pp. 95–99.Google Scholar
Raymond, W. F., Eyles, D. E., & Caukwell, V. G., 1949. Cold storage of pasture used in digestibility experiments. J. Brit. Grassl. Soc., 4: 4–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rook, J. A. F., Line, C., & Rowland, S. J., 1960. The effect of the plane of energy nutrition of the cow during the late winter-feeding period on the changes in the solids-not-fat content of milk during the spring-grazing period. J. Dairy Res., 27: 27–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, D. J., 1961–1962 and 1962–1963. Measurement of the net retention of energy from herbage feeds. Exps. Prog. Grassld. Res. Inst., 15: 48 and 16: 16–67.Google Scholar
Tilley, J. M. A., Deriaz, R. E., & Terry, R. A., 1960. The in-vitro measurement of herbage digestibility and assessment of nutritive value. Proc. VIIIth int. Grassl. Congr., Reading, pp. 533–537.Google Scholar
Van Adrichem, P. W. M., 1962. Feed influences on some fermentation products in the rumen of normal and ketotic cows (Title transl.). Thesis: State University of Utrecht.Google Scholar
Watte, R., & Boyd, J., 1953. The water-soluble carbohydrates of grasses. II. Grasses cut at grazing height several times during the growing season. J. Sci. Fd Agric., 4: 4–257.Google Scholar
Watte, R., Castle, M. E., & Watson, J. N., 1959. The effect on milk composition of feeding spring grass to cows. J. Dairy Res., 26: 26–173.Google Scholar