Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T23:10:23.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessment of amino acid requirements for optimum fermentation of xylan by mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

A. Y. Guliye ,
C. Atasoglu  and
R. J. Wallace
A. Y. Guliye
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
C. Atasoglu
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
R. J. Wallace*
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
*
§E-mail address : [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A deletion approach was undertaken to identify which amino acids (AA) most limited the growth of mixed ruminal microorganisms on xylan. Ruminal fluid was withdrawn from sheep receiving a mixed grass hay/concentrate diet and incubated for 24 h with oat spelts xylan in the presence or absence of a mixture of 20 AA or the same mixture with a single AA deleted. Gas and volatile fatty acid production were increased by the AA mixture in comparison with incubations in which ammonia was the only added nitrogen (N) source, and the deletion of each of the aromatic AA, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, as well as leucine and methionine, led to decreases (P < 0·05) in fermentation rate. The addition of aromatic AA as a mixture to ammonia-only fermentations increased (P < 0·05) the fermentation rate but failed to replicate the benefits of the complete mixture of AA. Although the addition of all 20 AA increased (P < 0·05) the microbial yield by up to 0·56, no single AA deletion had a significant (P > 0·05) influence on microbial yield, and the aromatic AA mixture also did not increase the microbial yield on xylan over the yield with ammonia as sole N source. It was concluded that aromatic AA may be first-limiting for xylan fermentation, but they cannot replace the benefits of a complete mixture of 20 AA in stimulating xylan fermentation by ruminal micro-organisms.

Keywords

amino acidsrumen fermentationsheepxylan
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Science , Volume 80 , Issue 3 , June 2005 , pp. 353 - 360
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Njoro, Kenya.
‡Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 17020 Canakkale, Turkey.

References

Agricultural Research Council. 1980. The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough.Google Scholar
Allison, M. J. 1969. Biosynthesis of amino acids by ruminal microorganisms. Journal of Animal Science 29: 797–807.Google Scholar
Amin, M. R. and Onodera, R. 1997. Synthesis of phenylalanine and production of other related compounds from phenylpyruvic acid and phenylacetic acid by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture in vitro. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 43: 9–15.Google Scholar
Argyle, J. L. and Baldwin, R. L. 1989. Effects of amino acids and peptides on rumen microbial growth yields. Journal of Dairy Science 72: 2017–2027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstead, I. P. and Ling, J. R. 1993. Variations in the uptake and metabolism of peptides and amino acids by mixed ruminal bacteria in vitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 3360–3366.Google Scholar
Atasoglu, C., Guliye, A. Y. and Wallace, R. J. 2003. Use of a deletion approach to assess the amino acid requirements for optimum fermentation by mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen. Animal Science 76: 147–153.Google Scholar
Atasoglu, C., Guliye, A. Y. and Wallace, R. J. 2004. Use of stable isotopes to measure de novo synthesis and turnover of amino acid-C and -N in mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition 91: 253–261.Google Scholar
Atasoglu, C., Newbold, C. J. and Wallace, R. J. 2001. Incorporation of [15N] ammonia by the cellulolytic ruminal bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes BL2, Ruminococcus albus SY3, and Ruminococcus. avefaciens 17. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 2819–2822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atasoglu, C., Valdes, C., Newbold, J. C. and Wallace, R. J. 1999. Influence of peptides and amino acids on fermentation rate and de novo synthesis of amino acids by mixed micro-organisms from sheep rumen. British Journal of Nutrition 81: 307–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, M. P. 1973. Nutritional requirements of the predominant rumen cellulolytic bacteria. Federation Proceedings 32: 1809–1813.Google Scholar
Bryant, M. P. and Robinson, L. M. 1962. Some nutritional characteristics of predominant culturable ruminal bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 84: 605–614.Google Scholar
Carro, M. D. and Miller, E. L. 1999. Effect of supplementing a fibre basal diet with different nitrogen forms on ruminal fermentation and microbial growth in an in vitro semi-continuous culture system (RUSITEC). British Journal of Nutrition 82: 149–157.Google Scholar
Chalupa, W. 1976. Degradation of amino acids by the mixed rumen microbial population. Journal of Animal Science 43: 828–834.Google Scholar
Cotta, M. A. and Russell, J. B. 1982. Effect of peptides and amino-acids on efficiency of rumen bacterial protein synthesis in continuous culture. Journal of Dairy Science 65: 226–234.Google Scholar
Cruz Soto, R., Muhammed, S. A., Newbold, C. J., Stewart, C. S. and Wallace, R. J. 1994. Influence of peptides, amino acids and urea on microbial activity in the rumen of sheep receiving grass hay and on the growth of rumen bacteria in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 49: 151–161.Google Scholar
Dehority, B. A. 2003. Rumen microbiology. Nottingham University Press.Google Scholar
Demeyer, D. and Fievez, V. 2004. Is the synthesis of rumen bacterial protein limited by the availability of pre-formed amino acids and/or peptides? British Journal of Nutrition 91: 175–176.Google Scholar
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A. and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28: 350–356.Google Scholar
Kajikawa, H., Mitsumori, M. and Ohmomo, S. 2002. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of protein amino acids on growth rate and efficiency of mixed ruminal bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 2015–2022.Google Scholar
Kristensen, S. 1974. Ruminal biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids from arylacetic acids, glucose, shikimic acid and phenol. British Journal of Nutrition 31: 357–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawes Agricultural Trust. 2002. Genstat release 61. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.Google Scholar
Leibholz, J. 1969. Effect of diet on the concentration of free amino acids, ammonia and urea in the rumen and blood plasma of sheep. Journal of Animal Science 29: 628–633.Google Scholar
Leng, R. A. and Nolan, J. V. 1984. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 67: 1072–1089.Google Scholar
Linder, M. and Teeri, T. T. 1997. The roles and function of cellulosebinding domains. Journal of Biotechnology 57: 15–28.Google Scholar
Ling, J. R. and Armstead, I. P. 1995. The in vitro uptake and metabolism of peptides and amino acids by five species of rumen bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78: 116–124.Google Scholar
Maeng, W. J., Van Nevel, C. J., Baldwin, R. L. and Morris, J. G. 1976. Rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effects of amino acids and protein. Journal of Dairy Science 59: 68–79.Google Scholar
Menke, K. H. and Steingass, H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development 28: 8–55.Google Scholar
Mohammed, N., Onodera, R. and Or-Rashid, M. M. 2003. Degradation of tryptophan and related indolic compounds by ruminal bacteria, protozoa and their mixture in vitro. Amino Acids 24: 73–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, J. V., Norton, B. W. and Leng, R. A. 1976. Further studies on the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 35: 127–147.Google Scholar
Nolan, J. V. and Stachiw, S. 1979. Fermentation and nitrogen dynamics in Merino sheep given a low-quality-roughage diet. British Journal of Nutrition 42: 63–80.Google Scholar
Pittman, K. A., Lakshmanan, S. and Bryant, M. P. 1967. Oligopeptide uptake by Bacteroides ruminicola. Journal of Bacteriology 93: 1499–1508.Google Scholar
Russell, J. B., O'Connor, J. D., Fox, D. G., Van Soest, P. J. and Sniffen, C. J. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. 1. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science 70: 3551–3561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauer, F. D., Erfle, J. D. and Mahadevan, S. 1975. Amino acid biosynthesis in mixed rumen cultures. Biochemical Journal 150: 357–372.Google Scholar
Scheifinger, C., Russell, N. and Chalupa, W. 1976. Degradation of amino acids by pure cultures of rumen bacteria. Journal of Animal Science 43: 821–827.Google Scholar
Scott, T. W., Ward, P. F. and Dawson, R. M. 1964. The formation and metabolism of phenyl-substituted fatty acids in the ruminant. Biochemical Journal 90: 12–24.Google Scholar
Stack, R. J. and Cotta, M. A. 1986. Effect of 3-phenylpropanoic acid on growth of and cellulose utilization by cellulolytic ruminal bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52: 209–210.Google Scholar
Stewart, C. S. and Duncan, S. H. 1985. The effect of avoparcin on cellulolytic bacteria of the ovine rumen. Journal of General Microbiology 131: 427–435.Google Scholar
Virtanen, A. I. 1966. Milk production of cows on protein-free feed. Science 153: 1603–1614.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. J. 1979. Effect of ammonia concentration on the composition, hydrolytic activity and nitrogen metabolism of the microbial flora of the rumen. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 47: 443–455.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. J., Onodera, R. and Cotta, M. 1997. Metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds. In The rumen microbial ecosystem (ed. Hobson, P. N., and Stewart, C. S.), pp. 283–328. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.Google Scholar
Wedig, C. L., Jaster, E. H. and Moore, K. J. 1989. Disappearance of hemicellulosic monosaccharides and alkali-soluble phenolic compounds of normal and brown midrib sorghum × sudangrasses fed to heifers and sheep. Journal of Dairy Science 72: 104–111.Google Scholar
Whitehead, R., Cooke, G. H. and Chapman, B. T. 1967. Problems associated with the continuous monitoring of ammoniacal nitrogen in river water. Automation in Analytical Chemistry 2: 377–380.Google Scholar