Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T21:38:49.845Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ileorectal anastomosis as a model for digestion studies in sheep: effect on water, acid-base, electrolyte and energy balance of the whole animal, as well as on the anatomy of the digestive tract

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

J. G. van der Walt ,
J. H. F. Meyer  and
I. B. J. van Rensburg
J. G. van der Walt
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Republic of South Africa
J. H. F. Meyer
Affiliation:
Animal Nutrition, Animal and Dairy Science Research Institute, Irene 1675, Republic of South Africa
I. B. J. van Rensburg
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Republic of South Africa
Get access

Abstract

Water balance, electrolyte and acid-base status of a group of five South African Mutton Merino wethers given chopped lucerne hay ad libitum was determined before and after ileorectal anastomosis. In general, the sheep recovered rapidly from surgery, resuming, within 10 days, a level of dry matter intake only slightly less than pre-operative levels (1323 (s.e. 147) and 1419 (s.e. 196) g/day respectively, P > 0·05). A new water balance was established at about the same time, when sheep with an ileorectal anastomosis drank about 2500 ml/day more water, while losing about 2400 ml/day more water in the faeces and about 365 ml/day less water in the urine than did the control sheep. Most of the electrolyte and acid-base parameters tested were not significantly affected by the anastomosis but the concentrations of oxygen and potassium in the blood of sheep with an anastomosis were significantly lower (P < 0·001), while those of chloride (P < 0·001) and bicarbonate (P < 0·05) were significantly higher, than before surgery. These observations, together with normal blood pH values, suggest that bypassing the large intestine caused a compensated metabolic alkalosis.

Energy balance was determined on the five sheep with an ileorectal anastomosis as well as five control animals in an indirect, open-circuit calorimeter. Despite a significantly lower (P < 0·05) loss of nitrogen and energy via the urine (due to a lower output of urine) in sheep with an ileorectal anastomosis, total heat loss, whether absolute or relative to energy intake, did not differ from control values and therefore indicated that basal metabolic rate was not significantly affected.

From post-mortem examinations, anastomoses appear to have induced a marked atrophy of the bypassed caecum and colon, whilst the mass of the large intestine was significantly less than in control animals, despite the significant enlargement of the rectum. On the other hand, the small intestine appeared unaffected, either macroscopically or histologically.

The most significant physiological changes that occurred on bypassing the large intestine were related to loss of water reabsorbtion. However, good adaptation to the increased turn-over of water was evident, providing free access to water and a salt lick was allowed.

Keywords

anastomosisdigestionileumproteinsheep
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Production , Volume 50 , Issue 2 , April 1990 , pp. 277 - 290
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Armstrong, D. G. and Smithard, R. R. 1979. The fate of carbohydrates in the small and large intestines of the ruminant. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 38: 283–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1980. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th ed. Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. and Boyne, A. W. 1970. A new method of expressing the nutritive value of feeds as sources of energy in the evaluation of feeds. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals (ed. Schurch, A. and Wenk, C.), pp. 9–16. Juris Druck and Verlag, Zurich.Google Scholar
Boer, G. de, Murphy, J. J. and Kennelly, J. J. 1987. Mobile nylon bag for estimating intestinal availability of rumen undegradable protein. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 977–982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, D. K., Shaver, R. D., Singh, N. and Satter, L. D. 1984. Effects of application procedure, pH and microbial growth on retention of ytterbium or cerium by brome hay. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 64: Suppl., pp. 66–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darcy, B. and Laplace, J. P. 1980. Digestion dans l'intestin grele chez le pore. 1 — Definition des conditions d'obtention des digesta. Annales de Zootechnie 29: 137–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, R. M. and Nolan, J. V. 1982. Studies of the large intestine of sheep. 1. Fermentation and absorption in sections of the large intestine. British Journal of Nutrition 47: 289–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, R. M., Nolan, J. V. and Milligan, L. P. 1982. Studies of the large intestine of sheep. 2. Kinetics of liquid and solid phase markers in the caecum and proximal colon. British Journal of Nutrition 47: 301–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckert, R., Randall, D. and Augustine, G. 1988. Animal Physiology, p. 551. W. H. Freeman, New York.Google Scholar
Egan, A. R., Boda, K. and Varady, J. 1986. Regulation of nitrogen metabolism and recycling. In Control of Digestion and Metabolism of Ruminants (ed. Milligan, L. P., Grovum, W. L. and Dobson, A.), pp. 386–402. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Ehle, F. R. 1984. Influence of feed particle density on paniculate passage from the rumen of the Holstein cow. Journal of Dairy Science 67: 693–697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faichney, G. J. 1980. The use of markers to measure digesta flow from the stomach of sheep fed once daily. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 94: 313–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faichney, G. J. and Boston, R. C. 1985. Movement of water within the body of sheep fed at maintenance under thermo-neutral conditions. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 38: 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, S., Bertrand, S. L., Duron, M. J. C. and Maillard, R. A. 1987. Digestibility of amino acids in maize, wheat and barley meal, measured in pigs with ileo-rectal anastomosis and isolation of the large intestine. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 41: 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, S., Bertrand, S. L., Duron, M..J. C. and Maillard, R. A. 1988. Digestibility of amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower and groundnut meal, measured in pigs with ileo-rectal anastomosis and isolation of the large intestine. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 42: 119–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrop, C. J. F. 1974. Nitrogen metabolism in the ovine stomach. 4. Nitrogenous components of the abomasal secretions. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 83: 249–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartnell, G. F. and Satter, L. D. 1979. Extent of particulate marker (samarium, lanthanum and cerium) movement from one digesta particle to another. Journal of Animal Science 48: 375–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecker, J. F. 1974. Surgery on the gastro-intestinal tract. In Experimental Surgery on Small Ruminants, pp. 96–149. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Hennig, U., Noei, R., Herrmann, U., Wunsche, J. and Mehnhrt, E. 1986. Ernahrungsphysiologische Untersuchungen an Schweinen mit Ileo-RektalAnastomosen. 1. Mitteilung Operationsmethodik, biochemische und morphologische Befunde. Archiv für Tierernahrung 36: 585–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, J. P. and Weston, R. H. 1970. Quantitative aspects of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. In Phvsiologv of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (ed. Phillipson, A. T.), pp. 474–485. Oriel Press. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.Google Scholar
Hvelplund, T. 1985. Digestibility of rumen microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein estimated in the small intestine of sheep and by in sacco technique. Ada Agricuhurae Scandinavica 25: Suppl., pp. 132–144.Google Scholar
Hvelplund, T. and Møller, P. D. 1976. Nitrogen metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of cows fed silage. Zeitschrijt für Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung und Futtermittelkunde 37: 183–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Just, A., Jørgensen, H. and Fernandez, J. A. 1981. The digestive capacity of the caecum-colon and the value of the nitrogen absorbed from the hindgut for protein synthesis in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 46: 209–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaneko, J. J. 1980. Fluids, electrolytes and acid-base balance. In Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, pp. 401–446. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kay, R. N. B. 1969. Digestion of protein in the intestines of adult ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 28: 140–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, P. M. and Milligan, L. P. 1978. Transfer of urea from the blood to the rumen of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 149–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, P. M. and Milligan, L. P. 1980. The degradation and utilization of endogenous urea in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 60: 205–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacRae, J. C. 1975. The use of re-entrant cannulae to partition digestive function within the gastro-intestinal tract of ruminants. In Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (ed. McDonald, L. W. and Warner, A. C. I.), pp. 261–276. University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale.Google Scholar
MacRae, J. C., Smith, J. S. and White, F. 1982. Effects of gastrointestinal cannulation and jugular vein catheterization on metabolism of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 47: 637–644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacRae, J. C. and Ullyatt, M. J. 1974. Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep. II. The sites of digestion of some nitrogenous constituents. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 82: 309–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meissner, H. H. 1977. An evaluation of the Roux mathematical model for the functional description of growth. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
Miller, E. L. 1982. Methods of assessing proteins for ruminants, including laboratory methods. In Protein Contribution of Feedstuffs for Ruminants: Application to Feed Formulation (ed. Miller, E. L., Pike, I. H. and Es, A. J. H. van), pp. 18–35. Butterworths, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Møller, P. D., Kristensen, V. F. and Andersen, P. E. 1984. The influence of protein level on the nitrogen absorption in the gastro-intestinal tract of dairy cows fed grass silage fertilized with two levels of nitrogen. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 64: Suppl., pp. 191–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, B. W., Murray, R. M., Entwhistle, K. W., Nolan, J. V., Ball, F. M. and Leng, R. A. 1978. The nitrogen metabolism of sheep consuming Flinders grass (Iseilemia spp.), Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) and mixed native pasture. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29: 595–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oddy, V. H., Gooden, J. M. and Annison, E. F. 1984. Partitioning of nutrients in Merino ewes. 1. Contribution of skeletal muscle, the pregnant uterus and the lactating mammary gland to total energy expenditure. Australian Journal of Biological Science 37: 375–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, E. R., Hughes-jones, M. and McDonald, I. 1980. Degradability of protein supplements and utilization of undegraded protein by high-producing dairy cows. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (ed. Buttery, P. J. and Haresign, W.), pp. 85–98. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Picard, M., Bkrtrand, S., Glnin, F. and Maillard, M. 1984. Digestibilite des acides amines: interet de la technique du shunt ileo-rectal chez le pore. Journées de la Recherche Porcine en France 16: 355–360.Google Scholar
Rae, R. C. and Smithard, R. R. 1985. Estimation of true nitrogen digestibility in cattle by a modified nylon bag technique. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 44: A116 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Satter, L. D. 1984. Lack of amino acids affects bypass protein value. Feedstuffs 24: 10.Google Scholar
Sauer, W. C., Jørgensen, H. and Berzins, R. 1983. A modified nylon bag technique for determining apparent digestibilities of protein in feedstuffs for pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 63: 233–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauer, W. C. and Ozimek, L. 1986. Digestibility of amino acids in swine: results and their practical application. A review. Livestock Production Science 15: 367–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumann, B., Souffrant, W. B. and Gebhardt, G. 1986. Untersuchungen zur stickstoff- und aminosaurenresorption im dunndarm von wachsenden schweinen. Archiv filr Tiererndhrung 36: 491–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seldinger, S. I. 1953. Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography. Acta Radiologica 39: 368–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundstøl, F., Ekern, A. and Haugen, A. E. 1970. Description of a respiration unit for sheep, goats, calves and pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals (ed. Schurch, A. and Wenk, C.), pp. 249–251. Juris Druck and Verlag, Zurich.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. B. 1960. A method for collection of pancreatic juice in the conscious sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 1: 111–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teeter, R. G., Owens, F. N. and Mader, T. L. 1984. Ytterbium chloride as a marker for particle matter in the rumen. Journal of Animal Science 58: 465–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walt, J. G. van der and Meyer, J. H. F. 1988. Protein digestion in ruminants. South African Journal of Animal Science 18: 30–41.Google Scholar
Wenham, G. and Wyburn, R. S. 1980. A radiological investigation of the effects of cannulation on intestinal motility and digesta flow in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 95: 539–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar