Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T03:40:35.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, trans acids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

N. W. Offer ,
M. Marsden ,
J. Dixon ,
B. K. Speake  and
F. E. Thacker
N. W. Offer
Affiliation:
Food Systems Division, Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW
M. Marsden
Affiliation:
ABN House, PO Box 250, Peterborough PE2 9QF
J. Dixon
Affiliation:
Food Systems Division, Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW
B. K. Speake
Affiliation:
Food Systems Division, Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW
F. E. Thacker
Affiliation:
Food Systems Division, Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW
Get access

Abstract

The effects of three fat supplements on milk yield and composition were measured using 12 mid-lactation in-calf Hoistein-Friesian cows in a balanced incomplete change-over design over three periods each of 3 weeks. All cows received a basal diet consisting of 36 kg/day grass silage (dry matter (DM) 270 g/kg, metabolizable energy (ME) 11·6 MJ/kg DM) and 7 kg/day o f a concentrate mixture containing (g/kg) rolled barley (501), molassed sugar-beet pulp shreds (277), soya-bean meal (208) and a standard cow mineral supplement (14). Treatments were CON (control-no supplement); LIN and FISH (250 gl day of either linseed oil or marine oil, providing approximately 0·046 of ME intake) or TOA (95 glday of tuna orbital oil, providing 0·018 of total ME intake).

There were no significant effects on silage DM intake or milk yield (means 9·25 and 17·2 kg/day respectively). The FISH and TOA treatments depressed (F < 0·05) milk fat concentration (45·4, 44·6, 34·5 and 41·6 (s.e.d. 1·08) g/kg for CON, LIN, FISH and TOA respectively; note — the same treatment order is used for all results quoted). Compared with values for CON, yield of f at (glday) was significantly (F < 0·05) greater for LIN and significantly lower for FISH (739, 808, 572 and 732, s.e.d. 28·7). All three oil supplements reduced (F < 0·05) milk protein content (33·6, 32·5, 30·6 and 32·4 (s.e.d. 0·43) g/kg) but, apart from a small increase for LIN, protein yield (glday) was unaffected (545, 586, 510 and 574, s.e.d. 20·2).

The concentrations (g/100 g) of short-chain fatty acids (< C14) and C16 : 0 in milk f at were lower (F < 0·05) for LIN than for the other treatments. All supplements increased the concentrations ofC18:1 (F < 0·05), the value for LIN being greater (F < 0·05) than for the other treatments (21·0, 27·2, 25·3 and 23·7, s.e.d. 0·74). The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the concentrations of long chain (< C2O) (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), (0·19, 0·17, 0·49 and 0·27, s.e.d. 0·026) but less than proportionately 0·03 of dietary intake of these acids was transferred to milk, probably because they were found to be mostly in the phospholipid and cholesterol ester fractions of plasma. The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the percentages of total trans fatty acids in milk fat (1·13, 2·19, 10·26 and 3·62, s.e.d. 0·728) whilst a significant (F < 0·05) increase in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed only for FISH (0·16, 0·28, 1·55, and 0·52, s.e.d. 0·154). Concentrations of CLA and total trans acids in milk were highly correlated (r = 0·91, no. =36, F < 0·001) whilst trans acids in milk were inversely correlated with milk fat content (r = -0·63, no. = 36, F < 0·001) supporting the theory that milk fat depression may be caused by increased supply of trans fatty acids to the mammary gland. The health implications of these changes in milk fat composition are discussed.

Keywords

fatty acids (trans)linoleic acid (conjugated)milk fatpolyenoic fatty acids
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Science , Volume 69 , Issue 3 , December 1999 , pp. 613 - 625
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Society for Clinical Nutrition/American Institute of Nutrition. 1996. Position paper on trans fatty acids. Special Task Force report. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63: 663–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashes, J. R., Siebert, B. D., Gulati, S. K., Cuthbertson, A. Z. and Scott, T. W. 1992. Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids of fish oil into tissue and serum lipids of ruminants. Lipids 27: 629–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Askew, E. W., Emery, R. S. and Thomas, J. W. 1971. Fatty acid specificity of glyceride synthesis by homogenates of bovine mammary tissue. Lipids 6: 777–782.Google Scholar
Barber, M. C., Clegg, R. A., Travers, M. T. and Vernon, R. G. 1997. Lipid metabolism in the lactating mammary gland. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1347:101–126.Google Scholar
Bauman, D. E. and Davis, C. L. 1974. Biosynthesis of milk fat. In Lactation: a comprehensive treatise (ed. Larson, B. L. and Smith, V. R.), pp. 31–75. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
British Nutrition Foundation. 1995. Trans fatty acids. British Nutrition Foundation, London.Google Scholar
British Standards Institution. 1987. British standard method no. 1741, part 3, pp. 1987-1995. British Standards Institution, UK.Google Scholar
Chin, S. F., Liu, W., Storkson, J. M., Ha, Y. L. and Pariza, M. W. 1992. Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid, a newly recognised class of anticarcinogens. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 5: 185–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christie, W.W. 1984. Lipid analysis. Pergamon Press, London.Google Scholar
Christie, W. W., Noble, R. C. and Moore, J. H. 1970. Determination of lipid classes by a gas-chromatographic procedure. Analyst 95: 940–945.Google Scholar
Committee on the Medical Aspects of Food. 1994. Report on health and social subjects. Report no. 46. Committee on the Medical Aspects of Food.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, R. J., Mitton, A. M., Offer, N. W. and Thomas, C. 1996. Effects of composition of grass silages on milk production and nitrogen utilization by dairy cows. Animal Science 62: 25–34.Google Scholar
Dils, R., Clark, S. and Knudsen, J. 1977. Comparative aspects of milk fat synthesis. In Comparative aspects of lactation (ed. Peaker, M.), pp. 43–55. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Farrell, D. J. 1998. Enrichment of hen eggs with n-3 long-chain fatty acids and evaluation of enriched eggs in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68: 538–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faulkner, A. and Pollock, H. T. 1989. Changes in the concentrations of metabolites in milk from cows fed on diets supplemented with soyabean oil or fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 179–183.Google Scholar
Gaynor, P. J., Erdman, R. A., Teter, B. B., Sampugna, J., Capuco, A. V., Waldo, D. R. and Hamosh, M. 1994. Milk fat yield and composition during abomasal infusion of cis or trans octadecenoates in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 157–165.Google Scholar
Gaynor, P. J., Waldo, D. R., Capuco, A. V., Erdman, R. A., Douglass, L. W. and Teter, B. B. 1995. Milk fat depression, the glucogenic theory and trans-C18:1 of fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 2008–2015.Google Scholar
Griinari, J. M., Chouinard, P. Y. and Bauman, D. E. 1997a. Trans fatty acid hypothesis of milk fat depression revised. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, 1997, pp. 208–216.Google Scholar
Griinari, J. M., Nurmela, K. V. V. and Bauman, D. E. 1997b. Trans-10 isomer of octadecenoic acid corresponds with milk fat depression. Journal of Dairy Science 80 (suppl. l): 204 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Ha, Y. L., Grimm, N. K. and Pariza, M. W. 1989. Newly recognised anticarcinogenic fatty acids: idenification and quantification in natural and processed cheeses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 37: 75–81.Google Scholar
Harfoot, C. G. 1978. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Progress in Lipid Research 17: 21–54.Google Scholar
Harfoot, C. G. and Hazelwood, G. P. 1988. In The rumen microbial ecosystem. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Harfoot, C. G., Noble, R. C. and Moore, J. H. 1973. Factors affecting the extent of biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by rumen micro-organisms in vitro . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 24: 961–970.Google Scholar
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B. A., Hennekens, C. H. and Willett, W. C. 1997. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medecine 337: 1491–1499.Google Scholar
Ip, C., Scimeca, J. A. and Thompson, H. J. 1994. Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat sources. Cancer 74: 1050–1054.Google Scholar
Jian, J., Bjoerck, L., Fonden, R. and Emmanuelson, M. 1996. Occurrence of conjugated cis-9, trans-11 octadecadienoic acid in bovine milk: effects of feed and dietary regime. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 438–445.Google Scholar
Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Seppanen, R., Pukkala, E. and Aromaa, A. 1996. Intake of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 73: 687–691.Google Scholar
Kohlmeier, L., Simonsen, N., vant Veer, P., Strain, J. J., Martin Moreno, J. M., Margolin, B., Huttunen, J. K., Navajas, J. F. C., Martin, B. C., Thamm, M., Kardinaal, A. F. M. and Kok, F. J. 1997. Adipose tissue trans fatty acids and breast cancer in the European Community multicenter study of antioxidants, myocardial infarction and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 6: 705–710.Google Scholar
Kramer, J. K. G., Fellner, V., Dugan, M. E. R., Saur, F. D., Mossoba, M. M. and Yurawecz, M. P. 1997. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids 32: 1219–1228.Google Scholar
Lawes Agricultural Trust. 1987. GENSTAT 5 reference manual. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, A. H. 1993. Trans fatty acids, blood lipids, and cardiovascular risk: where do we stand? Nutrition Reviews 51: 340–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClymont, G. L. and Vallance, S. 1962. Depression of blood glycerides and milk fat synthesis by glucose infusion. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 21: xli.Google Scholar
McGuire, M. A., McGuire, M. K., McGuire, M. S. and Griinari, J. M. 1997. Bovinic acid: the natural CLA. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, 1997, pp. 217–226.Google Scholar
Mahfouz, M. M., Valicenti, A. J. and Holman, R. T. 1980. Desaturation of isomeic trans-octadecenoic acids by rat liver microsomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 618: 1.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, R. J., Blake, J. S. and Collins, C., 1998. The effect of feeding high levels of fish oil and additional vitamin E on intake, milk yield, composition and fatty acid content in high yielding dairy cows. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 1998, p. 221 (abstr.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsili, R. T., Ostapenko, H., Simmons, R. T. and Green, D. E. 1981. High performance liquid Chromatographie determination of organic acids in dairy products. Journal of Food Science 46: 52–55.Google Scholar
Mepham, T. B. 1986. The physiology of lactation, pp. 82-87, Open University Press, London.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1995. National Food Survey 1995. Annual report on food expenditure, consumption and nutrient intakes. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
MINITAB Inc. 1980. MIN ir AB data analysis software. Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA.Google Scholar
Molkentin, J. and Precht, D. 1995. Optimized analysis of trans-octadecenoic acids in edible fats. Chromatographici 41: 267–272.Google Scholar
Moore, J. H. and Christie, W. W. 1979. Lipid metabolism in the mammary gland of ruminant animals. Progress in Lipid Research 17: 347–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nettleton, J. A. 1994. Omega-3 fatty acids and health. Chapman and Hall, New York.Google Scholar
Newbold, J. R., Robertshaw, K. L. and Morris, H. W. 1998. Associations between concentrations of fat and intermediates of ruminai biohydrogenation in milk of dairy cows. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 1998, p. 224 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Offer, N. W., Coltrili, B. R. and Thomas, C. 1996. The relationship between silage evaluation and animal response. In Proceedings of the 11th international silage conference, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, pp. 26–38.Google Scholar
Olivecrona, T. and Bengtsson-Olivecrona, G. 1987. Milk lipoprotein lipase. In Lipoprotein lipase (ed. Borensztajn, J.), pp. 15–58. Evener, Chicago.Google Scholar
Palmquist, D. L., Beaulieu, A. D. and Barbano, D. M. 1993. Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 1753–1771.Google Scholar
Parodi, P. W. 1997. Cows’ milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. Journal of Nutrition 127: 1055–1060.Google Scholar
Patton, S. and Jensen, R. G. 1975. Lipid metabolism and membrane functions of the mammary gland. In Progress in the chemistry of fats and other lipids, vol. 14, part . (ed. Holman, R. T.), pp. 1–55. Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
Pennington, J. A. and Davis, C. L. 1975. Effects of intraruminai and intra-abomasal additions of cod-liver oil on milk fat production in the dairv cow. journal of Dairy Science 58: 49–55.Google Scholar
Scow, R. O. and Chernick, S. S. 1987. Lipoprotein iipase during lactation. In Lipoprotein lipase (ed. Borensztajn, J.), pp. 149–185. Evener, Chicago.Google Scholar
Seiner, D. R. and Schultz, L. H. 1980. Effects of feeding oleic acid or hydrogenated vegetable oils to lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 63: 1235–1241.Google Scholar
Spain, J. N., Polan, C. E. and Watkins, B. A. 1995. Evaluating effects of fish meal on milk fat yield of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 1142–1153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Speake, B. K., Parkin, S. M. and Robinson, D. S. 1985. Lipoprotein Iipase in the physiological system. Biochemical Society Transactions 13: 29–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storry, J. E., Brumby, P. E., Hall, A. J. and Tuckley, B. 1974. Effects of free and protected forms of codliver oil on milk fat secretion in the dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science 57: 1046–1049.Google Scholar
Wachira, A. M., Sinclair, L. A., Wilkinson, R. G., Hallett, K., Enser, M. and Wood, J. D. 1998. Rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effect on microbial efficiency in sheep. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, 1998, p. 6 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Willett, C. W., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Rosner, B. A., Sampson, L. A. and Hennekens, C. H. 1993. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet 341: 581–585.Google Scholar
Wonsil, B. J., Herbein, J. H. and Watkins, B. A. 1994. Dietary and ruminally derived trans-C18:1. fatty acids alter bovine milk lipids. Journal of Nutrition 124: 556–565.Google Scholar