Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T23:51:40.246Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rumen and their effects on microbial metabolism and plasma fatty acid concentrations in sheep

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

L. A. Sinclair ,
S. L. Cooper ,
S. Chikunya ,
R. G. Wilkinson ,
K. G. Hallett ,
M. Enser  and
J. D. Wood
L. A. Sinclair*
Affiliation:
ASRC, Harper Adams University College, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
S. L. Cooper
Affiliation:
ASRC, Harper Adams University College, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
S. Chikunya
Affiliation:
ASRC, Harper Adams University College, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
R. G. Wilkinson
Affiliation:
ASRC, Harper Adams University College, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
K. G. Hallett
Affiliation:
Division of Farm Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
M. Enser
Affiliation:
Division of Farm Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
J. D. Wood
Affiliation:
Division of Farm Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Six cannulated wether sheep weighing 57 (s.d. 4·3) kg were used to investigate the susceptibility of unprotected and protected n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from different sources to biohydrogenation in the rumen, their uptake into plasma and effects on ruminal metabolism. The sheep were assigned to one of six dietary treatments formulated to have a similar fatty acid content (60 g/kg DM) and containing: linseed oil (LO), linseed oil absorbed into vermiculite (VLO), formic acid-formaldehyde treated whole linseed (FLS), fish oil (FO), fat encapsulated fish oil (PFO) or a mixture of fish oil and marine algae (1: 1 on an oil basis; AF), in six periods of 28 days duration in a Latin-square design. Biohydrogenation of C20:5 (n-3) and C22:6 (n-3) was high in FO at approximately 870 g/kg, but reduced to 625 and 625 g/kg respectively for PFO, and 769 and 601 g/kg respectively for AF. Ruminal biohydrogenation of C18:3 (n-3) was similar across treatments based on linseed, averaging 860 g/kg, but C18:2 (n-6) was lower (P < 0·05) in animals given VLO or FLS at 792 and 837 g/kg respectively, compared with LO (907 g/kg). Duodenal flow of C18:1 trans in animals given any of the diets containing fish oil averaged 8·4 g/day compared with 2·8 g/day in animals given diets based on linseed (P < 0·001), whilst cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid was not significantly different among treatments. Plasma C20:5 (n-3) and C22:6 (n-3) proportions were highest in animals given the AF diet (11·8 and 8·2 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids respectively) and lowest in animals given LO (2·8 and 2·7 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids respectively; P < 0·001). By contrast, plasma C18:3 (n-3) proportions were highest in animals given the LO or VLO diets at approximately 6·9 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids, and lowest in the AF treatment at 0·9 g per 100 g (P < 0·001). Duodenal non-ammonia-N flow was similar among treatments at 21·0 g/day except in animals given FLS which had the highest flow (25·9 g N per day; P < 0·01). Microbial N flow was also similar among treatments whilst microbial efficiency (g N per kg OM truly degraded in the rumen) was higher (P < 0·05) in animals given FLS than LO, FO or AF. By contrast, ruminal fibre digestion was higher (P < 0·05) in animals given LO or FO than those offered VLO, FLS, PFO or AF. In conclusion, compared with linseed oil, absorption of linseed oil into vermiculite improved duodenal flow but not plasma levels of C18:3 (n-3), whilst formic acid-formaldehyde treatment of linseed had little effect on protecting C18:3 (n-3) in the rumen, although duodenal non-ammonia nitrogen flow and microbial efficiency were improved. Compared with fish oil, the provision of marine algae or fat encapsulated fish oil resulted in a lower biohydrogenation of C22:6 (n-3) and C20:5 (n-3), and an increased duodenal flow and plasma concentration and offers the potential to favourably manipulate the n-3 fatty acid composition of sheep meat.

Keywords

biohydrogenationfish oilsmicrobial proteinspolyenoic fatty acids
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Science , Volume 81 , Issue 2 , October 2005 , pp. 239 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

‡Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Writtle College, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 3RR, UK.

References

AbuGhazaleh, A. A. and Jenkins, T. C. 2004. Disappearance of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids from cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 645–651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AbuGhazaleh, A. A., Schingoethe, D. J., Hippen, A. R. and Kalscheur, K. F. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in rumen, plasma, and milk of cows fed fish oil and fats differing in saturation of 18 carbon fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 3648–3660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashes, J. R., Gulati, S. K., Cook, L. J., Scott, T. W. and Donnelly, J. B. 1979. Assessing the biological effectiveness of protected lipid supplements for ruminants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 56: 522–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashes, J. R., Siebert, B. D., Gulati, S. K., Cuthbertson, A. Z. and Scott, T. W. 1992. Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids of fish oil into tissue and serum lipids of ruminants. Lipids 27: 629–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official methods of analysis, 15th edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Bauman, D. E., Corl, B. A., Baumgard, L. H. and Griinari, J. M. 2001. Conjugated linoelic acid (CLA) and the dairy cow. In Recent advances in animal nutrition (ed. Garnsworthy, P. C. and Wiseman, J.), pp. 221–250. Nottingham University Press.Google Scholar
Bickerstaffe, R. and Annison, E. F. 1969. Glycerokinase and desaturase activity in pig, chicken and sheep intestinal epithelium. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 31: 47–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broudiscou, L., Pochet, S. and Poncet, C. 1994. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on feed degradation and microbial synthesis in the rumen of ciliate-free and refaunated sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 49: 189–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, K. J. and Costerton, J. W. 1980. Adherent rumen bacteria. Their role in the digestion of plant material, urea and epithelial cells. In Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants (ed. Ruckebusch, Y. and Thivend, P.), pp. 227–250. MTP Press Ltd, Lancaster.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chikunya, S., Demirel, G., Enser, M., Wood, J. D., Wilkinson, R. G. and Sinclair, L. A. 2004. Biohydrogenation of dietary n-3 PUFA and stability of ingested vitamin E in the rumen, and their effects on microbial activity in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 91: 539–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christie, W. W. 1981. Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals. Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cooper, S. L., Sinclair, L. A., Wilkinson, R. G., Enser, M. and Wood, J. D. 2004. Manipulation of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of muscle and adipose tissue in lambs. Journal of Animal Science 82: 1461–1470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demeyer, D. I., Henderson, C. and Prins, R. A. 1978. Relative significance of exogenous and de novo synthesized fatty acids in the formation of rumen microbial lipids in vitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35: 24–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demirel, G., Wachira, A. M., Sinclair, L. A., Wilkinson, R. G., Wood, J. D. and Enser, M. 2004. Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, breed and dietary vitamin E on the fatty acids of lamb muscle, liver and adipose tissue. British Journal of Nutrition 91: 551–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doreau, M. and Chilliard, Y. 1997a. Effects of ruminal or postruminal fish oil supplementation on intake and digestion in dairy cows. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 37: 113–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doreau, M. and Chilliard, Y. 1997b. Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals. British Journal of Nutrition 78: S15–S35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doreau, M. and Ferlay, A. 1995. Effect of dietary lipids on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: a review. Livestock Production Science 43: 97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckett, S. K., Andrae, J. G. and Owens, F. N. 2002. Effect of high-oil corn or added corn oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets. Journal of Animal Science 80: 3353–3360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enser, M., Hallett, K., Hewitt, B., Fursey, G. A. J. and Wood, J. D. 1996. Fatty acid content and composition of English beef, lamb and pork at retail. Journal of Meat Science 42: 443–456.Google Scholar
Enser, M., Scollan, N. D., Choi, N. J., Kurt, E., Hallett, K. and Wood, J. D. 1999. Effect of dietary lipid on the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in beef muscle. Animal Science 69: 143–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faichney, G. J. 1975. The use of markers to partition digestion within the gastro-intestinal tract of ruminants. In Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant (ed. Macdonald, I. W. and Warner, A. C. I.), pp. 278–291. University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale, Australia.Google Scholar
Firkins, J. L., Weiss, W. P. and Powinka, E. J. 1992. Quantification of intra-ruminal recycling of microbial nitrogen using nitrogen-15. Journal of Animal Science 70: 3223–3233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Givens, D. I., Cottrill, B. R., Davies, M., Lee, P. A., Mansbridge, R. J. and Moss, A. R. 2001. Sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids additional to fish oil for livestock diets – a review. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Series B 71: 55R–83R.Google Scholar
Harfoot, C. G. and Hazelwood, G. P. 1997. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. In The rumen microbial ecosystem (ed. Hobson, P. N. and Stewart, C. S.), pp. 382–426. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikwuegbu, O. A. and Sutton, J. D. 1982. The effect of varying the amount of linseed oil supplementation on rumen metabolism in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 48: 365–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, T. C. 1993. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 3851–3863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, T. C. and Adams, C. S. 2002. The biohydrogenation of linoleamide in vitro and its effects on linoleic acid concentration in duodenal contents of sheep. Journal of Animal Science 80: 533–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jesse, B. W., Solomon, R. K. and Baldwin, R. L. 1992. Palmitate metabolism by isolated sheep rumen epithelial cells. Journal of Animal Science 70: 2235–2242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitessa, S. M., Gulati, S. K., Ashes, J. R., Fleck, E., Scott, T. W. and Nichols, P. D. 2001. Utilisation of fish oils in ruminants. 1. Fish oil metabolism in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 89: 189–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawes Agricultural Trust. 1995. Genstat 5. Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden.Google Scholar
Loor, J., Ueda, K., Ferlay, A., Chilliard, Y. and Doreau, M. 2004. Biohydrogenation, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in response to dietary forage: concentrate ratio and linseed oil in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 2472–2485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loor, J., Ueda, K., Ferlay, A., Chilliard, Y. and Doreau, M. 2005. Intestinal flow and digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with fish oil, linseed oil, or sunflower oil. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119: 203–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahadevan, S., Teather, R. M., Erfle, J. D. and Sauer, F. D. 1983. Effect of formaldehyde treatment of soybean meal on rates of protein degradation and microbial protein concentration in the bovine rumen. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 63: 181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathers, J. C. and Miller, E. L. 1980. A simple procedure using 35S incorporation for the measurement of microbial and undegraded food protein in ruminant digesta. British Journal of Nutrition 43: 503–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, M., Udén, P., Palmquist, D. L. and Wiktorsson, H. 1987. Rumen and total diet digestibilities in lactating cows fed diets containing full-fat rapeseed. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 1572–1582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mustafa, A. F., McKinnon, K. K. and Christensen, D. A. 2000. Protection of canola (low glucosinolate rapeseed) meal and seed protein from ruminal degradation. Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13: 535–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offer, N. W., Marsden, M., Dixon, J., Speake, B. K. and Thacker, F. E. 1999. Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids, trans acids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk. Animal Science 69: 613–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offer, N. W., Speake, B. K., Dixon, J. and Marsden, M. 2001. Effect of fish-oil supplementation on levels of (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids in the lipoprotein fractions of bovine plasma. Animal Science 73: 523–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perfield, J. W., Lock, A. L., Pfeiffer, A. M. and Bauman, D. E. 2004. Effects of amide-protected and lipid-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements on milk fat synthesis. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 3010–3016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, D., Garrett, J. and Kung, L. 2003. Evaluation key to use of rumen-stable encapsulates. Feedstuffs 75: 10–12.Google Scholar
Rodehutscord, M., Young, P., Phillips, N. and White, C. L. 1999. Wool growth in Merino wethers fed lupins untreated or treated with heat or formaldehyde and with or without a supplementation of rumen protected methionine. Animal Feed Science and Technology 82: 213–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackmann, J. R., Duckett, S. K., Gillis, M. H., Realini, C. E., Parks, A. H. and Eggleston, R. B. 2003. Effects of forage and sunflower oil levels on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers and finishing diets. Journal of Animal Science 81: 3174–3181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scollan, N. D., Dhanoa, M. S., Choi, N. J., Maeng, W. J., Enser, M. and Wood, J. D. 2001. Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on different sources of lipid. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 136: 345–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scollan, N. D., Enser, M., Gulati, S. K., Richardson, I. and Wood, J. D. 2003. Effects of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle. British Journal of Nutrition 90: 709–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, T. W., Cook, L. J. and Mills, S. C. 1971. Protection of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids against microbial hydrogenation in ruminants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 48: 358–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, K. J., Ahvenjärvi, S., Toivonen, V., Ärölä, A., Nurmela, K. V. V., Huhtanen, P. and Griinari, J. M. 2003. Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows. Animal Science 77: 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siddons, R. C., Paradine, J., Beever, D. E. and Cornell, P. R. E. 1985. Ytterbium acetate as a particulate phase digesta flow marker. British Journal of Nutrition 54: 509–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinclair, L. A., Cooper, S. L., Huntington, J. A., Wilkinson, R. G., Hallett, K. G., Enser, M. and Wood, J. D. 2005. In vitro biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protected against ruminal microbial metabolism. Animal Feed Science and Technology In press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprecher, H., Luthria, D. L., Mohammed, B. S. and Baykousheva, S. P. 1995. Re-evaluation of the pathways for the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Lipid Research 36: 2471–2477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, J. D., Knight, R., McAllan, A. B. and Smith, R. H. 1983. Digestion and synthesis in the rumen of sheep given diets supplemented with free and protected oils. British Journal of Nutrition 49: 419–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Troegeler-Meynadier, A., Nicot, M. C., Bayourthe, C., Moncoulon, R. and Enjalbert, F. 2003. Effects of pH and concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids on extent and intermediaries of ruminal biohydrogenation in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 4054–4063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ueda, K., Ferlay, A., Chabrot, J., Loor, J. J., Chilliard, Y. and Doreau, M. 2003. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed diets with different forage: concentrate ratios. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 3999–4007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysacharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583–3597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wachira, A. M., Sinclair, L. A., Wilkinson, R. G., Hallett, K., Enser, M. and Wood, J. D. 2000. Rumen biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on microbial efficiency and nutrient digestibility in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 135: 419–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, S. W. H. and Papas, A. 1997. Rumen-stable delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Review 28: 323–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar