Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T09:49:31.149Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reverse immunogenetic and polyepitopic approaches for the induction of cell-mediated immunity against bovine viral pathogens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Nagendra R. Hegde  and
S. Srikumaran
Nagendra R. Hegde
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, L220, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201–3098, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583–0905, USA
S. Srikumaran*
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583–0905, USA
*
*Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583–0905, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The control of several infectious diseases of animals by vaccination is perhaps the most outstanding accomplishment of veterinary medicine in the last century. Even the eradication of some pathogens is in sight, at least in some parts of the world. However, infectious diseases continue to cost millions of dollars to the livestock industry. One of the reasons for the failure to control certain pathogens is the limited emphasis placed on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in the design of vaccines against these pathogens. Traditionally, vaccine-induced immunity has been studied in relation to antibody-mediated protection. More recent studies, however, have focused on understanding CMI and developing means of inducing CMI. This review focuses on recent advances made in the study of CMI in general and of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in particular. Parallels from studies in human and mouse immunology are drawn in order to point out implications to bovine immunology, specifically for immunity against bovine herpesvirus 1.

Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , December 2000 , pp. 103 - 118
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Murrani, SWK, Glass, EJ and Hopkins, J (1994). BoLA class I charge heterogeneity reflects the expression of more than two loci. Animal Genetics 25: 165–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An, L-L and Whitton, JL (1997). A multivalent vaccine, containing B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and Th epitopes from several microbes, induces appropriate responses in vivo and confers protection against more than one pathogen. Journal of Virology 71: 2292–2302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babiuk, LA, Lawman, MJ and Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H (1988). Viral–bacterial synergistic interaction in respiratory disease. Advances in Virus Research 35: 219–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, CL, Goddeeris, BM and Morrison, WI (1987). Bovine helper T-cell clones specific for lymphocytes infected with Theileria parva (Muguga). Parasite Immunology 9: 499–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bamford, AI, Douglas, A, Friede, T, Stevanovic, S, Rammensee, H-G and Adair, BM (1995). Peptide motif of a cattle MHC class I molecule. Immunology Letters 45: 129–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bangia, N, Lehner, PJ, Hughes, EA, Surman, M and Cresswell, P (1999). The N-terminal region of tapasin is required to stabilize the MHC class I loading complex. European Journal of Immunology 29: 1858–1870.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banks, TA, Nair, S and Rouse, BT (1993). Recognition by and in vitro induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against predicted epitopes of the immediate-early protein ICP27 of herpes simplex virus. Journal of Virology 67: 613–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beer, M, Wolf, G, Pichler, J, Wolfmeyer, A and Kaaden, OR (1997). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Veterinary Microbiology 58: 9–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertoni, R, Sidney, J, Fowler, P, Chesnut, RW, Chisari, FV and Sette, A (1997). Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-binding supermotifs predict broadly cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in patients with acute hepatitis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100: 503–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertoni, R, Sette, A, Sidney, J, Guidotti, LG, Shapiro, M, Purcell, R and Chisari, FV (1998). A2 and B7 supertypes and CTL repertoires extend to chimpanzees. Journal of Immunology 161: 4447–4455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkman, PJ (1997). MHC restriction in three dimensions: a view of T cell receptor/ligand interactions. Cell 89: 167–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkman, PJ, Saper, MA, Samraoui, B, Bennett, WS, Strominger, JL and Wiley, DC (1987 a). Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2. Nature 329: 506–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkman, PJ, Saper, MA, Samraoui, B, Bennett, WS, Strominger, JL and Wiley, DC (1987 b). The foreign antigen binding site and T cell recognition regions of class I histocompatibility antigens. Nature 359: 512–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodsky, FM and Parham, P (1982). Evolution of HLA antigenic determinants: species cross-reactions of monoclonal antibodies. Immunogenetics 15: 151–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, WC, Davis, WC, Dobbelare, DA and Rice-Ficht, AC (1994). CD4+ T-cell clones obtained from cattle chronically infected with Fasciola hepatica and specific for adult worm antigen express both unrestricted and Th2 cytokine profiles. Infection and Immunity 62: 818–827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, WC, McElwain, TF, Hotzel, I, Suarez, CE and Palmer, GH (1998 a). Helper T-cell epitopes encoded by the Babesia bigemina rap-1 gene family in the constant and variant domains are conserved among parasite strains. Infection and Immunity 66: 1561–1569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, WC, Zhu, D, Shkap, V, McGuire, TC, Blourin, EF, Kocan, KM and Palmer, GH (1998 b). The repertoire of Anaplasma marginale antigens recognized by CD4(+) T-lymphocyte clones from protectively immunized cattle is diverse and includes major surface protein 2 (MSP-2) and MSP-3. Infection and Immunity 66: 5414–5422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bull, RW, Lewin, HA, Wu, MC, Peterbaugh, K, Antczak, D, Bernoco, S, Cwik, S, Dam, L, Davies, C, Dawkins, RL, Dufty, JH, Gerlach, J, Hines, HC, Lazary, S, Leibold, W, Leveziel, H, Lie, O, Lindberg, PG, Meggiolaro, D, Meyer, E, Oliver, R, Ross, M, Simon, M, Spooner, RL, Stear, MJ, Teale, AJ and Templeton, JW (1989). Joint report of the Third International Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA) Workshop, Helsinki, Finland, 27 July 1986. Animal Genetics 20: 109–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campos, M and Rossi, CR (1986 a). Cytotoxicity of bovine lymphocytes after treatment with lymphokines. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 1524–1528.Google ScholarPubMed
Campos, M and Rossi, CR (1986 b). In vitro induction of cytotoxic lymphocytes from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus hyperimmunized cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 2411–2414.Google Scholar
Carbone, FR, Moore, MW, Sheil, JJ and Bevan, MJ (1988). Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by primary in vitro stimulation with peptides. Journal of Experimental Medicine 167: 1767–1779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, K-M, Gruener, NH, Southwood, S, Sidney, J, Pape, GR, Chisari, FV and Sette, A (1999). A3- and B7-supertype-restricted CTL epitopes on HCV in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Immunology 162: 1156–1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chauhan, B, Knutsen, AP, Hutsheson, PS, Slavin, RG and Bellone, CJ (1996). T cell subsets, epitope mapping and HLA-restriction in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97: 2324–2331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Childerstone, AJ, Cedillo-Baron, L, Foster-Cuevas, M and Parkhouse, RM (1999). Demonstration of bovine CD8+ T-cell responses to foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Journal of General Virology 80: 663–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciechanover, A (1994). The ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway. Cell 79: 13–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciernik, FI, Berzofsky, JA and Carbone, DP (1996). Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antitumor immunity with DNA vaccines expressing single T cell epitopes. Journal of Immunology 156: 2369–2375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collen, T (1994). Foot and mouth disease (Aphthovirus): viral T cell epitopes. In: Goddeeris, BM and Morrison, WI (eds), Cell-mediated Immunity in Ruminants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 173–197.Google Scholar
Cresswell, P, Arunachalam, B, Bangia, N, Dick, T, Diedrich, G, Hughes, E and Maric, M (1999). Thiol oxidation and reduction in MHC-restricted antigen processing and presentation. Immunological Research 19: 191–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, CJ, Joosten, I, Bernoco, D, Arriens, MA, Bester, J, Ceriotti, G, Ellis, S, Hensen, EJ, Hines, HC, Horin, P, Kristensen, B, Lewin, HA, Meggiolaro, D, Morgan, ALG, Morita, M, Nilsson, PR, Oliver, RA, Ostergard, H, Park, CA, Schuberth, H-J, Simon, M, Spooner, RL and Stewart, JA (1994). Polymorphism of bovine MHC class I genes. Joint report of the Fifth International Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA) Workshop, Interlaken, Switzerland, 1 August 1992. European Journal of Immunogenetics 21: 239–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, MM and Bjorkman, PJ (1988). T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition. Nature 334: 395–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Graaf, DC, Walravens, K, Godfroid, J and Peeters, JE (1998). A Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst low molecular mass fraction evokes a CD4+ T-cell-dependent IFN-gamma response in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. International Journal of Parasitology 28: 1875–1880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
del Val, M, Schlicht, H-J, Volkmer, H, Messerle, M, Reddehase, MJ and Koszinowski, U (1991). Protection against lethal cytomegalovirus infection by a recombinant vaccine containing a single nonameric T-cell epitope. Journal of Virology 65: 3641–3646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denis, M, Slaoui, M, Keil, G, Babiuk, LA, Ernst, E, Pastoret, P-P and Thiry, E (1993). Identification of different target glycoproteins for bovine herpes virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes depending on the method of in vitro stimulation. Immunology 78: 7–13.Google ScholarPubMed
DiBrino, M, Parker, KC, Shiloach, J, Knierman, M, Lukszo, J, Turner, RV, Biddison, WE and Coligan, JE (1993). Endogenous peptides bound to HLA-A3 possess a specific combination of anchor residues that permit identification of potential antigenic peptides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90: 1508–1512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimmock, NJ (1993). Neutralization of animal viruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 183: 1–146.Google ScholarPubMed
Doolan, DL, Hoffman, SL, Southwood, S, Wentworth, PA, Sidney, J, Chesnut, RW, Keogh, E, Appella, E, Nutman, TB, Lal, AA, Gordon, DM, Oloo, A and Sette, A (1997). Degenerate cytotoxic T cell epitopes from P. falciparum restricted by multiple HLA-A and HLA-B supertype alleles. Immunity 7: 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earnest-DeYoung, JV, Thacker, EL, Vaughn, EM, Piinow, CC and Carpenter, S (1999). Characterization of primary cell cultures as potential target cells for analysis of bovine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of Virological Methods 77: 139–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, SA and Ballingall, KT (1999). Cattle MHC: evolution in action? Immunological Reviews 167: 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, SA, Brae, KA and Morrison, WI (1992). Transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain sequences demonstrate at least two expressed bovine MHC class I loci. Immunogenetics 37: 49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, SA, Staines, KA and Morrison, WI (1996). cDNA sequence of cattle MHC class I genes transcribed in serologically defined haplotypes A18 and A31. Immunogenetics 43: 156–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhard, VH (1994). Structure of peptides associated with class I and class II MHC molecules. Annual Review of Immunology 12: 181–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eugui, EM and Emery, DL (1981). Genetically restricted cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cattle immune to Theileria parva. Nature 290: 251–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eskra, L and Splitter, GA (1997). Bovine herpesvirus-1 infects activated CD4+ lymphocytes. Journal of General Virology 78: 2159–2166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falk, K, Rotzschke, O, Stevanovic, S, Jung, G and Rammensee, H-G (1991). Allele-specific motifs revealed by sequencing of self-peptides eluted from MHC molecules. Nature 351: 290–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feltkamp, MC, Smits, HL, Vierboom, MP, Minnaar, RP, de Jongh, BM, Drijfhout, JW, ter Schegget, J, Melief, CJ and Kast, WM (1993). Vaccination with cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope-containing peptide protects against a tumor induced by human papillomavirus type 16-transformed cells. European Journal of Immunology 23: 2242–2249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fremont, DH, Matsumura, M, Stura, EA, Peterson, PA and Wilson, IA (1992). Crystal structure of two viral peptides in complex with murine MHC class I H-2Kb. Science 257: 919–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frerichs, GN, Woods, SB, Lucas, MH and Sands, JJ (1982). Safety and efficacy of live and inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. Veterinary Record 111: 116–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaddum, RM, Cook, RS, Thomas, LH and Taylor, G (1996 a). Primary cytotoxic T-cell responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in calves. Immunology 88: 421–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaddum, RM, Ellis, SA, Willis, AC, Cook, RS, Staines, KA, Thomas, LH and Taylor, G (1996 b). Identification of potential CTL epitopes of bovine RSV using allele-specific peptide motifs from bovine MHC class I molecules. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 54: 211–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaddum, RM, Willis, AC and Ellis, SA (1996 c). Peptide motifs from three cattle MHC (BoLA) class I antigens. Immunogenetics 43: 238–239.Google ScholarPubMed
Garber, TL, Hughes, AL, Watkins, DI and Templeton, JW (1994). Evidence for at least three transcribed BoLA class I loci. Immunogenetics 39: 257–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, KC, Scott, CA, Brunmark, A, Carbone, FR, Peterson, PA, Wilson, IA and Teyton, L (1996). CD8 enhances formation of stable T-cell receptor/MHC class I molecule complexes. Nature 384: 577–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatei, MH, Good, MF, Daniel, RCW and Lavin, MF (1993). T-cell responses to highly conserved CD4 and CD8 epitopes on the outer membrane protein of bovine leukemia virus: relevance to vaccine development. Journal of Virology 67: 1796–1802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, EPJ and Rweyemamu, MM (1977). Bovine herpesviruses. Part I. Bovine herpesvirus 1. Veterinary Bulletin 47: 317–343.Google Scholar
Glass, EJ and Spooner, RL (1991). Parasite–accessory cell interactions in theileriosis. Antigen presentation by Theileria annulata-infected macrophages and production of continuously growing antigen-presenting cell lines. European Journal of Immunology 20: 2491–2497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsby, RA, Kindt, TJ and Osborne, BA (2000). Kuby Immunology. New York: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Grandea, AG III, Lehner, PJ, Cresswell, P and Spies, T (1997). Regulation of MHC class I hetero-dimer stability and interaction with TAP by tapasin. Immunogenetics 46: 477–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guidotti, LG, Borrow, P, Brown, A, McClary, H, Koch, R and Chisari, FV (1999 a). Noncytopathic clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from the hepatocyte. Journal of Experimental Medicine 189: 1555–1564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guidotti, LG, Rochford, R, Chung, J, Shapiro, M, Purcess, R and Chisari, FV (1999 b). Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute hepatitis B virus infection. Science 284: 825–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, K, DeBiasio, R, Tishon, A, Lewicki, H, Gairin, JE, LaRocca, G, Taylor, DL and Oldstone, M (1994). Antigen presentation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing studied in individual, living cells. Virology 201: 330–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammond, C, Denzin, LK, Pan, M, Griffith, JM, Geuze, H and Cresswell, P (1998). The tetraspan protein CD82 is a resident of MHC class II compartments where it associates with HLA-DR, -DM, and -DO molecules. Journal of Immunology 161: 3282–3291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanke, T and McMichael, A (1999). Pre-clinical development of a multi-CTL epitope-based DNA prime MVA boost vaccine for AIDS. Immunology Letters 66: 177–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanke, T, Graham, FL, Rosenthal, KL and Johnson, DC (1991). Identification of an immunodominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition site in glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus by using recombinant adenovirus vectors and synthetic peptides. Journal of Virology 65: 1177–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanke, T, Schneider, J, Gilbert, SC, Hill, AVS and McMichael, A (1998). DNA multi-CTL epitope vaccines for HIV and Plasmodium falciparum: immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 16: 426–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanon, E, Lambot, M, Hoornaert, S, Lyaku, J and Pastoret, P-P (1998). Bovine herpesvirus 1-induced apoptosis: phenotypic characterization of susceptible peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Archives of Virology 143: 441–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harty, JT and Bevan, MJ (1992). CD8+ T cells specific for a single nonamer epitope of Listeria monocytogenes are protective in vivo. Journal of Experimental Medicine 175: 1531–1538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegde, NR and Srikumaran, S (1996). Prediction of potential cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1 based on allele-specific peptide motifs and proteolytic cleavage specificities. Virus Genes 13: 121–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegde, NR, Ellis, SA, Gaddum, RM, Tregaskes, CA, Sarath, G and Srikumaran, S (1995). Peptide motif of the cattle MHC class I antigen BoLA-A11. Immunogenetics 42: 302–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegde, NR, Lewin, HA, Duggan, MJ, Stabel, JR and Srikumaran, S (1998). Development of a syngeneic bovine fibroblast cell line: implications for the study of bovine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Viral Immunology 11: 37–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegde, NR, Deshpande, MS, Godson, DL, Babiuk, LA and Srikumaran, S (1999). Bovine lymphocyte antigen-A11-specific peptide motif as a means to identify cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1. Viral Immunology 12: 149–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinkley, S, Hill, AB and Srikumaran, S (1998). Bovine herpesvirus-1 infection affects the peptide transport activity in bovine cells. Virus Research 53: 91–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hislop, AD, Good, MF, Mateo, L, Gardner, J, Gatei, MH, Daniel, RC, Meyers, BV, Lavin, MF and Suhrbier, A (1998). Vaccine-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect against retroviral challenge. Nature Medicine 4: 1193–1196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hosken, NA, Bevan, MJ and Carbone, FR (1989). Class I-restricted presentation occurs without internalization or processing of exogenous antigenic peptides. Journal of Immunology 142: 1079–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huczko, EL, Bodnar, WM, Benjamin, D, Sakaguchi, K, Zhu, NZ, Shabanowitz, J, Henderson, RA, Appella, E, Hunt, DF and Engelhard, VH (1993). Characteristics of endogenous peptides eluted from the class I MHC molecule HLA-B7 determined by mass spectrometry and computer modeling. Journal of Immunology 151: 2572–2587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, EA, Hammond, C and Cresswell, P (1997). Misfolded major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains are translocated into the cytoplasm and degraded by the proteasome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 1896–1901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, DF, Henderson, RA, Shabanowitz, J, Sakaguchi, K, Michel, H, Sevilir, N, Cox, AL, Appella, E and Engelhard, VH (1992). Characterization of peptides bound to the class I MHC molecule HLA-A2.1 by mass spectrometry. Science 255: 1261–1263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, DL, van Drunnen Littel-van den Hurk, S and Babiuk, LA (1990). Lymphocyte proliferative responses to separated bovine herpesvirus 1 proteins in immune cattle. Journal of Virology 64: 5114–5122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishioka, GY, Fikes, J, Hermanson, G, Livingston, B, Crimi, C, Qin, M, del Guercio, MF, Oseroff, C, Dahlberg, C, Alexander, J, Chesnut, RW and Sette, A (1999). Utilization of MHC class I transgenic mice for development of minigene DNA vaccines encoding multiple HLA-restricted CTL epitopes. Journal of Immunology 162: 3915–3925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jager, E, Ringhoffer, M, Altmannsberger, M, Arand, M, Karbach, J, Jager, D, Oesch, F and Knuth, A (1997). Immunoselection in vivo: independent loss of MHC class I and melanocyte differentiation antigen expression in metastatic melanoma. International Journal of Cancer 71: 142–147.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, PE (1998). Antigen processing: HLA-DO—a hitchhiking inhibitor of HLA-DM. Current Biology 12: R128-R131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joosten, I, Teale, AJ, van der Poel, A and Hensen, EJ (1992). Biochemical evidence of the expression of two major histocompatibility complex class I genes on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Animal Genetics 23: 113–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawashima, I, Tsai, V, Southwood, S, Takesako, K, Celis, E and Sette, A (1998). Identification of gp100-derived, melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes restricted by HLA-A3 supertype molecules by primary in vitro immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. International Journal of Cancer 78: 518–524.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawashima, I, Tsai, V, Southwood, S, Takesaka, K, Sette, A and Celis, E (1999). Identification of HLA-A3-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from carcinoembryonic antigen and HER-2/neu by primary in vitro immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Cancer Research 59: 431–435.Google ScholarPubMed
Khanna, R, Burrows, S, Nicholls, J and Poulsen, LM (1998). Identification of cytotoxic T cell epitopes within Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1): evidence for HLA A2 supertype-restricted immune recognition of EBV-infected cells by LMP1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. European Journal Immunology 28: 451–458.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, TP and Splitter, GA (1990). Recombinant herpesviral proteins produced by cell-free translation provide a novel approach for the mapping of T lymphocyte epitopes. Journal of Immunology 145: 718–723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehner, PJ and Trowsdale, J (1998). Antigen presentation: coming out gracefully. Current Biology 8: R605-R608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehner, PJ, Surman, MJ and Cresswell, P (1998). Soluble tapasin restores MHC class I expression and function in the tapasin-negative cell line ˙220. Immunity 8: 221–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewin, HA (1996). Genetic organization, polymorphism, and function of the bovine major histocompatibility complex. In: Schook, LB and Lamont, SJ (eds), The Major Histocompatibility Complex Region of Domestic Animals. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 65–98.Google Scholar
Lindquist, JA, Jensen, ON, Mann, M and Hammerling, GJ (1998). ER-60, a chaperone with thiol-dependent reductase activity involved in MHC class I assembly. EMBO Journal 17: 2186–2195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipford, GB, Bauer, S, Wagner, H and Heeg, K (1995). Peptide engineering allows cytotoxic T-cell vaccination against human papilloma virus tumor antigen, E6. Immunology 84: 298–303.Google ScholarPubMed
Livingston, BD, Crimi, C, Grey, H, Ishioka, G, Chisari, FV, Fikes, J, Grey, H, Chesnut, RW and Sette, A (1997). The hepatitis B virus-specific CTL responses induced in humans by the lipopeptide vaccination are comparable to those elicited by acute viral infection. Journal of Immunology 159: 1383–1392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ljunggren, H-G, Stam, NJ, Ohlen, C, Neefjes, JJ, Hoglund, P, Heemels, M-T, Bastin, J, Schumacher, TN, Townsend, A, Karre, K and Ploegh, HL (1990). Empty MHC class I molecules come out in the cold. Nature 346: 476–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lodmell, DL, Niwa, A, Hayashi, K and Notkins, AL (1973). Prevention of cell-to-cell spread of herpes simplex virus by leukocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 137: 706–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madden, DR (1995). The three-dimensional structure of peptide-MHC molecules. Annual Review of Immunology 13: 587–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madden, DR, Garboczi, DN and Wiley, DC (1993). The antigenic identity of peptide-MHC complexes: a comparison of the conformations of five viral peptides presented by HLA-A2. Cell 75: 693–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mager, A, Masengo, R, Mammerickx, M and Letesson, JJ (1994). T cell proliferative response to bovine leukemia virus (BLV): identification of T cell epitopes on the major core protein (p24) in BLV-infected cattle with normal hematological values. Journal of General Virology 75: 2223–2231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, RL, Israel, BA and Letchworth, GJ III. (1988). Monoclonal antibody analysis of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein antigenic areas relevant to natural infection. Virology 165: 338–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Soria, E, Steimle, V, Burkhardt, C, Beffy, P, Tiercy, JM, Epplen, JT, Mach, B and Irle, C (1994). An HLA-DRB a helix motif shared by DR11 and DR8 alleles is implicated in the pleuriallelic restriction of peptide-specific T-cell lines. Human Immunology 40: 279–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Momburg, F and Hammerling, GJ (1998). Generation and TAP-mediated transport of peptides for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Advances in Immunology 68: 191–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moretta, A (1997). Molecular mechanisms in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cell 90: 13–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, WI and McKeever, DJ (1998). Immunology of infections with Theileria parva in cattle. Chemical Immunology 70: 163–185.Google ScholarPubMed
Nataraj, C and Srikumaran, S (1994). Bovine X murine hybridomas specific for bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) glyco- proteins. Viral Immunology 7: 11–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nataraj, C, Eidmann, S, Hariharan, MJ, Sur, JH, Perry, GA and Srikumaran, S (1997). Bovine herpesvirus 1 down-regulates the expression of bovine MHC class I molecules. Viral Immunology 10: 21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oldstone, MBA (1994). The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infectious disease: history, criteria, and state of the art. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 189: 1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Ortmann, B, Copeman, J, Lehner, PJ, Sadasivan, B, Herberg, JA, Grandea, AG, Riddell, SR, Tampe, R, Spies, T, Trowsdale, J and Cresswell, P (1997). A critical role for tapasin in the assembly and function of multimeric MHC class I-TAP complexes. Science 277: 1306–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ou, D, Chong, P, Tripet, B and Gillam, S (1992). Analysis of T- and B-cell epitopes of capsid protein of rubella virus by using synthetic peptides. Journal of Virology 66: 1674–1681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ou, D, Mitchell, LA and Tingle, A (1997). HLA-DR restrictive supertypes dominate promiscuous T cell recognition: association of multiple HLA-DR molecules with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Journal of Rheumatology 24: 253–261.Google ScholarPubMed
Ou, D, Mitchell, LA and Tingle, A (1998). Seven functional categories based on DR restrictive supertype structural supermotifs dominate the promiscuous T-cell recognition of antigenic peptides. Human Immunology 59: 665–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pamer, EG, Harty, JT and Bevan, MJ (1991). Precise prediction of a dominant class I MHC-restricted epitope of Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 353: 852–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panjwani, N, Akbari, O, Garcia, S, Brazil, M and Stockinger, B (1999). The HSC73 molecular chaperone: involvement in MHC class II antigen presentation. Journal of Immunology 163: 1936–1942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pieters, J (1997). MHC class II compartments: specialized organelles of the endocytic pathway in antigen presenting cells. Biological Chemistry 8: 751–758.Google Scholar
Pollock, JM, Douglas, AJ, Mackie, DP and Neill, SD (1995). Peptide mapping of bovine T-cell epitope for 38 kDa tuberculosis antigen. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 41: 85–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, PM, Brown, CG and Spooner, RL (1983). Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in Theileria annulata infection of cattle with evidence for BoLA restriction. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 53: 88–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Rammensee, H-G, Friede, T and Stevanovic, S (1995). MHC ligands and peptide motifs: first listing. Immunogenetics 41: 178–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhodes, SG, Cocksedge, JM, Collins, RA and Morrison, WI (1999). Differential cytokine responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle. Journal of General Virology 80: 1673–1679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rock, KL, Gramm, C, Rothstein, L, Clark, K, Stein, R, Dick, L, Hwang, D and Goldberg, AL (1994). Inhibitors of the proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules. Cell 78: 761–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenquist, BD (1983). Viruses as etiological agents of bovine respiratory disease. In: Loan, TW (ed.), Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Symposium. Texas: Texas A & M University Press, pp. 363–376.Google Scholar
Rothbard, JB and Gefter, ML (1991). Interactions between immunogenic peptides and MHC proteins. Annual Review of Immunology 9: 527–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothel, JS, Dufty, JH and Wood, PR (1990). Studies on the bovine major histocompatibility class I and class II antigens using homozygous typing cells and antigen-specific BoT4+ blast cells. Animal Genetics 21: 141–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saper, MA, Bjorkman, PJ and Wiley, DC (1991). Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-A2 at 2.6 Å resolution. Journal of Molecular Biology 219: 277–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sawhney, SMS, Hasima, NN, Glass, EJ, Al-Murrani, SWK, Nichani, A, Spooner, RL, Williams, JL and Russell, GC (1995). Transfection, expression, and DNA sequence of a gene encoding a BoLA-A11 antigen. Immunogenetics 41: 246–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, M, Zinkernagel, RM and Hengartner, H (1991). Peptide-induced antiviral protection by cytotoxic T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88: 991–993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sette, A and Sidney, J (1998). HLA supertypes and supermotifs: a functional perspective on HLA polymorphism. Current Opinion in Immunology 10: 478–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sidney, J, Grey, HM, Kubo, RT and Sette, A (1996). Practical, biochemical, and evolutionary implications of the discovery of HLA class I supermotifs. Immunology Today 17: 261–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, DS and Maguire, JE (1990). Regulation of the expression of class I MHC genes. Critical Reviews in Immunology 10: 235–257.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, R III, Kapatsa, JC, Rosenbaum, BA and Adams, LG (1990). Bovine T-lymphocyte lines reactive with Brucella abortus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 512–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Splitter, G, Oliviera, S, Carey, M, Miller, C, Ko, J and Covert, J (1996). T lymphocyte mediated protection against facultative intracellular bacteria. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 54: 309–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Splitter, GA, Eskra, L and Abruzzini, AF (1988). Cloned bovine cytolytic T cells recognize bovine herpes virus-1 in a genetically restricted, antigen-specific manner. Immunology 63: 145–150.Google Scholar
Stich, RW, Rice-Ficht, AC, Tuo, W and Brown, WC (1999). Babesia bovis: common protein fractions recognized by oligoclonal Babesia bovis-specific CD4+ T cell lines from genetically diverse cattle. Experimental Parasitology 91: 40–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suhrbier, A (1997). Multi-epitope DNA vaccines. Immunology and Cell Biology 75: 402–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sykulev, Y, Joo, M, Vturina, I, Tsomides, TJ and Eisen, HN (1996). Evidence that a single peptide–MHC complex on a target cell can elicit a cytolytic T cell response. Immunity 4: 565–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanaka, K, Tanahashi, N, Tsurumi, C, Yokota, KY and Shimbara, N (1997). Proteasomes and antigen processing. Advances in Immunology 64: 1–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, SA, Khanna, R, Gardner, J, Burrows, SR, Coupar, B, Moss, DJ and Suhrbier, A (1995). Minimal epitopes expressed in a recombinant polyepitope protein are processed and presented to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: implications for vaccine design. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 5845–5849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, SA, Elliott, SL, Sherritt, MA, Sproat, KW, Coupar, BEH, Scalzo, AA, Forbes, CA, Ladhams, AM, Mo, XY, Tripp, RA, Doherty, PC, Moss, DJ and Suhrbier, A (1996). Recombinant polyepitope vaccines for the delivery of multiple CD8 cytotoxic T cell epitopes. Journal of Immunology 157: 822–826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, SA, Burrows, SR, Misko, IS, Moss, DJ, Coupar, BEH and Khanna, R (1998 a). Targeting a polyepitope protein incorporating multiple class II-restricted viral epitopes to the secretory/endocytic pathway facilitates immune recognition by CD4+ cytolytic T lymphocytes: A novel approach to vaccine design. Journal of Virology 72: 2246–2252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, SA, Sherritt, MA, Medveczky, J, Elliott, SL, Moss, DJ, Fernando, GJP, Brown, LE and Suhrbier, A (1998 b). Delivery of multiple CD8 cytotoxic T cell epitopes by DNA vaccination. Journal of Immunology 160: 1717–1723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Threlkeld, SC, Wentworth, PA, Kalams, S, Wilkes, BM, Ruhl, DJ, Keogh, E, Sidney, J, Southwood, S, Walker, BD and Sette, A (1997). Degenerate and promiscuous recognition by CTL of peptides presented by the MHC class I A3-like superfamily. Journal of Immunology 159: 1648–1657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tikoo, SK, Campos, M, Popowych, YI, van Drunnen Littel-van den Hurk, S and Babiuk, LA (1995). Lymphocyte proliferative responses to recombinant bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) glycoprotein gD (gIV) in immune cattle: identification of a T cell epitope. Viral Immunology 8: 19–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toes, REM, Hoeben, RC, van der Voort, EIH, Ressing, ME, van der Eb, AJ, Melief, CJM and Offringa, R (1997). Protective anti-tumor immunity induced by vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses encoding multiple tumor-associated cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in a string-of-beads fashion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 14660–14665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Totte, P, Nyanjui, J, Bensaid, A and McKeever, D (1999). Bovine CD4+ T-cell lines reactive with soluble and membrane antigens of Cowdria ruminantium. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 70: 269–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toye, PG, MacHugh, ND, Bensaid, AM, Alberti, S, Teale, AJ and Morrison, WI (1990). Transfection into mouse L cells of genes encoding two serologically and functionally distinct bovine class I MHC molecules from a MHC-homozygous animal: evidence for a second class I locus in cattle. Immunology 70: 20–26.Google Scholar
Townsend, AR, Rothbard, J, Gotch, FM, Bahadur, G, Wraith, D and McMichael, AJ (1986). The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be defined with short synthetic peptides. Cell 44: 959–968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trowsdale, J (1995). ‘Both man & bird & beast’: comparative organization of MHC genes. Immunogenetics 41: 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United States Department of Agriculture (1996). National Agricultural Statistics Service, Agricultural Statistics Board, May 1996.Google Scholar
van der Most, RG, Murali-Krishna, K, Whitton, JL, Oseroff, C, Alexander, J, Southwood, S, Sidney, J, Chesnut, RW, Sette, A and Ahmed, R (1998). Identification of Db- and Kb-restricted sub-dominant cytotoxic T-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. Virology 240: 158–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Drunnen Littel-van den Hurk, S, Gifford, GA and Babiuk, LA (1990). Epitope specificity of the protective immune response induced by individual bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoproteins. Vaccine 8: 358–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Drunnen Littel-van den Hurk, S, Tikoo, SK, Liang, X and Babiuk, LA (1993). Bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines. Immunology and Cell Biology 71: 405–420.Google Scholar
van Oirschot, JT, Kaashoek, MJ and Rijsewijk, FAM (1996). Advances in the development and evaluation of bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccines. Veterinary Microbiology 53: 43–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogt, AB, Kropshofer, H and Hammerling, GJ (1997). How HLA-DM affects the peptide repertoire bound to HLA-DR molecules. Human Immunology 54: 170–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallny, HJ and Rammensee, H-G (1990). Identification of classical minor histocompatibility antigen as cell-derived peptide. Nature 343: 275–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weenink, SM and Gautam, A (1997). Antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules. Immunology and Cell Biology 75: 69–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wei, ML and Cresswell, P (1992). HLA-A2 molecules in an antigen-processing mutant cell contain signal sequence-derived peptides. Nature 356: 443–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wentink, GH, Rutten, VP, van Exsel, AC, de Jong Wa Vleugel, H and Hensen, EJ (1990). Failure of an in vitro lymphoproliferative assay specific for bovine herpesvirus type 1 to detect immunized or latently infected animals. Veterinary Quarterly 12: 175–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wentworth, PA, Sette, A, Celis, E, Sidney, J, Southwood, S, Crimi, C, Stitely, S, Keogh, E, Wong, NC, Livingston, B, Alazard, D, Vitiello, A, Grey, HM, Chisari, FV, Chesnut, RW and Fikes, J (1996). Identification of A2-restricted hepatitis C virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from conserved regions of the viral genome. International Immunology 8: 651–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whetstone, CA, Wheeler, JG and Reed, DE (1986). Investigation of possible vaccine-induced epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, using restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 1789–1795.Google ScholarPubMed
Whitton, JL, Sheng, N, Oldstone, MBA and McKee, TA (1993). A ‘string-of-beads’ vaccine, composing linked minigenes, confers protection from lethal-dose virus challenge. Journal of Virology 67: 348–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, DB and Watts, TH (1995). Molecular chaperones in antigen presentation. Current Opinion in Immunology 7: 77–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winkler, MT, Doster, A and Jones, C (1999). Bovine herpesvirus 1 can infect CD4(+) T lymphocytes and induce programmed cell death during acute infection of cattle. Journal of Virology 73: 8657–8668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zatechka, DS Jr, Hegde, NR, Hariharan, K and Srikumaran, S (1998). Identification of murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1. Vaccine 17: 686–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zelisaewski, D, Gaudebout, P, Golvano, JJ, Dorval, I, Prevost, A, Borras-Cuesta, F and Sterkers, G (1994). Molecular basis for degenerate T-cell recognition of one peptide in the context of several DR molecules. Human Immunology 41: 28–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, K and Unanue, ER (1981). Identification of a macrophage antigen-processing event required for I-region-restricted antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 127: 1869–1875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed