Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T14:57:19.847Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Passive immunization with hyperimmune egg-yolk IgY as prophylaxis and therapy for poultry diseases – A review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2015

U. Gadde ,
T. Rathinam  and
Hyun S. Lillehoj
U. Gadde
Affiliation:
Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program at the Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
T. Rathinam
Affiliation:
Scientific Consultant, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Hyun S. Lillehoj*
Affiliation:
Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
*
* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Passive immunization with pathogen-specific egg yolk antibodies (IgY) is emerging as a potential alternative to antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of various human and animal diseases. Laying hens are an excellent source of high-quality polyclonal antibodies, which can be collected noninvasively from egg yolks. The use of IgY offers several advantages in that it is environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and reduces the numbers of animals required for antibody production. This paper reviews the use of IgY antibodies in the treatment and prevention of enteric pathogen infections in poultry. Brief descriptions of the production, structure, and properties of IgY are also presented. Some limitations of the technology and future perspectives are discussed.

Keywords

hyperimmune IgYegg yolk antibodiesenteric infectionspoultry
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , December 2015 , pp. 163 - 176
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abd El-Ghany, WA (2011). Comparison between immunoglobulins IgY and the vaccine for prevention of infectious bursal disease in chickens. Global Veterinaria 6: 16–24.Google Scholar
Akita, EM and Nakai, S (1992). Immunoglobulins from egg yolk: isolation and purification. Journal of Food Science 57: 629–633.Google Scholar
Akita, EM and Nakai, S (1993). Comparison of four purification methods for the production of immunoglobulins from eggs laid by hens immunized with enterotoxigenic E. coli strain. Journal of Immunological Methods 160: 207–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Adwani, SR, Crespo, R and Shah, DH (2013). Production and evaluation of chicken egg-yolk derived antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni colonization-associated proteins. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 10: 624–631.Google Scholar
Alexander, DJ, Aldous, EW and Fuller, CM (2012). The long review: a selective review of 40 years of Newcastle disease research. Avian Pathology 41: 329–335.Google Scholar
Anon (1999). Fachgerechte und tierschutzkonforme Antikörperproduktion in Kaninchen, Huhnern und Labornagetieren. Richtlinie Tierschutz 3.04, ho-800.116–3.04. Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland: Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen.Google Scholar
Bade, H and Stagemann, H (1984). Rapid method of extraction of antibodies from hen egg yolk. Journal of Immunological Methods 72: 421–426.Google Scholar
Baxter, D (2007). Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing. Occupational Medicine (London) 57: 552–556.Google Scholar
Beery, JT, Hugdahl, MB and Doyle, MP (1988). Colonization of gastrointestinal tracts of chicks by Campylobacter jejuni . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54: 2365–2370.Google Scholar
Benedict, AA and Yamaga, K (1966). Immunoglobulins and antibody production in avian species. Chapter 13. In: Marchalonis, JJ (eds) Comparative Immunology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Berghman, LR, Abi-Ghanem, D, Waghela, SD and Ricke, SC (2005). Antibodies: an alternative for antibiotics? Poultry Science 84: 660–666.Google Scholar
Bobeck, EA, Trott, DL, Cook, ME and Yang, M (2006). Methods in heat-stabilization of gallus domesticus immunoglobulin Y (IgY). Poultry Science 85 (suppl. 1): 122.Google Scholar
Bobeck, EA, Cook, CL, Gelbach, BE, Yang, M and Cook, ME (2008). Thermoprotection of bioactive proteins added to animal feed. World's Poultry Science Journal 64 (suppl. 2): 199.Google Scholar
Box, PG, Stedman, RA and Singleton, L (1969). Newcastle disease I. The use of egg yolk derived antibody for passive immunization of chickens. Journal of Comparative Pathology 79: 495–506.Google Scholar
Burley, RW and Cook, WH (1961). Isolation and composition of avian yolk granules and their constituent alpha and beta-lipovitellins. Canadian Journal of Biochemical Physiology 39: 1295–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butaye, P, Devriese, LA and Haesebrouck, F (2003). Antimicrobial growth promoters used in animal feed: effects of less well known antibiotics on gram-positive bacteria. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16: 175–188.Google Scholar
Carlander, D, Kollberg, H, Wejåker, P and Larsson, A (2000). Peroral immunotherapy with yolk antibodies for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections. Immunologic Research 21: 1–6.Google Scholar
Castanon, JIR (2007). History of the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in European poultry feeds. Poultry Science 86: 2466–2471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalghoumi, R, Théwis, A, Portetelle, D and Beckers, Y (2008). Production of hen egg yolk immunoglobulins simultaneously directed against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in the same egg yolk. Poultry Science 87: 32–40.Google Scholar
Chalghoumi, R, Beckers, Y, Portetelle, D and Théwis, A (2009a). Hen egg yolk antibodies (IgY), production and use for passive immunization against bacterial enteric infections in chicken: a review. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society, and Environment 13: 295–308.Google Scholar
Chalghoumi, R, Théwis, A, Beckers, Y, Marcq, C, Portetelle, D and Schneider, YJ (2009b). Adhesion and growth inhibitory effect of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) on Salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium in vitro . Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6: 593–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalghoumi, R, Marcq, C, Théwis, A, Portetelle, D and Beckers, Y (2009c). Effects of feed supplementation with specific hen egg yolk antibody (immunoglobulin Y) on Salmonella species cecal colonization and growth performances of challenged broiler chickens. Poultry Science 88: 2081–2092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, HM, Lu, TC, Chen, CC, Tu, YY and Hwang, JY (2000). Isolation of immunoglobulin from egg yolk by anionic polysaccharides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 995–999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chansarkar, NL (1998). Studies on structural stability of hen's egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY). PhD thesis. University of British Columbia, Canada.Google Scholar
Coleman, M (1999). Using egg antibodies to treat diseases. In: Sim, JS, Nakai, S and Guenter, W (eds) Egg Nutrition and Biotechnology. Wallingford: CAB International, pp. 351–370.Google Scholar
Cook, ME (2001). Method of using anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies to enhance growth or improve feed efficiency. US Patent 6,213,930 B1.Google Scholar
Cook, ME (2002). Method of using anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies to enhance growth or improve feed efficiency. US Patent 6,383,485.Google Scholar
Cook, ME, Miller, CC and Pimentel, JL (1998). CCK antibodies used to improve feed efficiency. US Patent 5,827,517. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, assignee.Google Scholar
Cook, ME, Miller, CC and Pimentel, JL (1999). CCK antibodies used to improve feed efficiency. US Patent 5,989,584. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, assignee.Google Scholar
Cova, L (2005). DNA-designed avian IgY antibodies: novel tools for research, diagnostics and therapy. Journal of Clinical Virology 34: S70–S74.Google Scholar
Dávalos-Pantoja, L, Ortega-Vinuesa, JL, Bastos-González, D and Hidalgo-Álvarez, R (2000). A comparative study between the adsorption of IgY and IgG on latex particles. Journal of Biomaterials Science—Polymer Edition 11: 657–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dho-Moulin, M and Fairbrother, JM (1999). Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Veterinary Research 30: 299–316.Google Scholar
Deignan, T, Kelly, J, Alwan, A and O'Farrelly, C (2000). Comparative analysis of methods of purification of egg yolk immunoglobulin. Food and Agricultural Immunology 12: 77–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diraviyam, T, Jeevitha, T, Saravanan, P, Michael, A and Meenatchisundaram, S (2011a). Preparation of chicken (IgY) antibodies consortium for the prevention of enteric infections in poultry. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research 1: 95–103.Google Scholar
Diraviyam, T, Elakkiya, S, Subbaraj, T, Avanthi, S, Meenatchisundaram, S and Michael, A (2011b). In vitro studies of chicken egg yolk antibodies generated against Salmonella pullorum . International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 3: 450–454.Google Scholar
Diraviyam, T, Zhao, B, Wang, Y, Scahde, R, Michael, A and Zhang, X (2014). Effect of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against diarrhea in domesticated animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 9: e97716. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097716.Google Scholar
Fassina, G, Verdoliva, A, Palombo, G, Ruvo, M and Cassani, G (1998). Immunoglobulin specificity of TG19318: a novel synthetic ligand for antibody affinity purification. Journal of Molecular Recognition 11: 128–133.Google Scholar
Fellah, JS, Kerfourn, F, Wiles, MV, Schwager, J and Charlemagne, J (1993). Phylogeny of immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes: structure of the constant region of Ambystoma mexicanum υ chain deduced from cDNA sequence. Immunogenetics 38: 311–317.Google Scholar
Fu, CY, Huang, H, Wang, XM, Liu, YG, Wang, ZG, Cui, SJ, Gao, HL, Li, Z, Li, JP and Kong, XG (2006). Preparation and evaluation of anti-SARS coronavirus IgY from yolks of immunized SPF chickens. Journal of Virological Methods 133: 112–115.Google Scholar
Gassmann, M, Thömmes, P, Weiser, T and Hübscher, U (1990). Efficient production of chicken egg yolk antibodies against a conserved mammalian protein. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 4: 2528–2532.Google Scholar
Girard, F, Batisson, I, Martinez, G, Breton, C, Harel, J and Fairbrother, JM (2006). Use of virulence factor-specific egg yolk-derived immunoglobulins as a promising alternative for prevention of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli infections. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 46: 340–350.Google Scholar
Goldberg, AL, Baracos, V, Rodemann, P, Waxman, L and Dinarello, C (1984). Control of protein degradation in muscles by prostaglandins, Ca2+ and leukocyte pyrogen (interleukin-1). Federation Proceedings 43: 1301–1306.Google Scholar
Gottstein, B and Hemmeler, E (1985). Egg yolk immunoglobulin Y as an alternative antibody in the serology of echinococcosis. Zeitschrift Fur Parasitenkunde—Parasitology Research 71: 273–276.Google Scholar
Gross, WB (1994). Disease due to Escherichia coli in poultry. In: Gyles, CL (eds) Escherichia coli in Domestic Animals and Humans. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 237–259.Google Scholar
Gürtler, M, Methner, U, Kobilke, H and Fehlhaber, K (2004). Effect of orally administered egg yolk antibodies on Salmonella enteritidis contamination of hens’ eggs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 51: 129–134.Google Scholar
Hamal, KR, Burgess, SC, Pevzner, IY and Erf, GF (2006). Maternal antibody transfer from dams to their egg yolks, egg whites, and chicks in meat lines of chickens. Poultry Science 85: 1364–1372.Google Scholar
Harris, NV, Weiss, NS and Nolan, CM (1986). The role of poultry and meats in the etiology of Campylobacter jejuni/coli enteritis. American Journal of Public Health 76: 407–411.Google Scholar
Hatta, H, Sim, JS and Nakai, S (1988). Separation of phospholipids from egg yolk and recovery of water-soluble proteins. Journal of Food Science 53: 425–427.Google Scholar
Hatta, H, Kim, M and Yamamoto, T (1990). A novel isolation method for hen egg yolk antibody, ‘IgY’. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54: 2531–2535.Google Scholar
Hatta, H, Tsuda, K, Akachi, S, Kim, M and Yamamoto, T (1993a). Productivity and some properties of egg yolk antibody (IgY) against human rotavirus compared with rabbit IgG. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 57: 450–454.Google Scholar
Hatta, H, Tsuda, K, Akachi, S, Kim, M, Yamamoto, T and Ebina, T (1993b). Oral passive immunization effect of anti-human rotavirus IgY and its behavior against proteolytic enzymes. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 57: 1077–1081.Google Scholar
Hermans, D, Steendam, KV, Verbrugghe, E, Verlinden, M, Martel, A, Seliwiorstow, T, Heyndrickx, M, Haesebrouck, F, De Zutter, L, Deforce, D and Pasmans, F (2014). Passive immunization to reduce Campylobacter jejuni colonization and transmission in broiler chickens. Veterinary Research 45: 27–39.Google Scholar
Ikemori, Y, Kuroki, M, Peralta, RC, Yokoyama, H and Kodama, Y (1992). Protection of neonatal calves against fatal enteric colibacillosis by administration of egg yolk powder from hens immunized with K99-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . American Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 2005–2008.Google Scholar
Ikemori, Y, Ohta, M, Umeda, K, Icatlo, FC Jr, Kuroki, M, Yokoyama, H and Kodama, Y (1997). Passive protection of neonatal calves against bovine coronavirus-induced diarrhea by administration of egg yolk or colostrum antibody powder. Veterinary Microbiology 58: 105–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaradat, ZW and Marquardt, RR (2000). Studies on the stability of chicken IgY in different sugars, complex carbohydrates and food materials. Food and Agricultural Immunology 12: 263–272.Google Scholar
Jensenius, JC, Andersen, I, Hau, J, Crone, M and Koch, C (1981). Eggs: conveniently packaged antibodies, methods for purification of yolk IgG. Journal of Immunological Methods 46: 63–68.Google Scholar
Jin, LZ, Baidoo, SK, Marquardt, RR and Frohlich, AA (1998). In vitro inhibition of adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 to piglet intestinal mucus by egg-yolk antibodies. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 21: 313–321.Google Scholar
Kariyawasam, S, Wilkie, BN and Gyles, CL (2004). Resistance of broiler chickens to Escherichia coli respiratory tract infection induced by passively transferred egg-yolk antibodies. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 273–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kassaify, ZG and Mine, Y (2004). Effect of food protein supplements on Salmonella enteritidis infection and prevention in laying hens. Poultry Science 83: 753–760.Google Scholar
Kim, H and Nakai, S (1996). Immunoglobulin separation from egg yolk: a serial filtration system. Journal of Food Science 61: 510–512.Google Scholar
Kim, H and Nakai, S (1998). Simple separation of immunoglobulin from egg yolk by ultrafiltration. Journal of Food Science 63: 485–490.Google Scholar
Kim, JK, Min, W, Lillehoj, HS, Kim, SW, Sohn, EJ, Song, KD and Han, JY (2001). Generation and characterization of recombinant scFv antibodies detecting Eimeria acervulina surface antigens. Hybridoma 20: 175–181.Google Scholar
Klasing, KC, Laurin, DE, Peng, PK and Fry, DM (1987). Immunologically mediated growth depression in chicks: influence of feed intake, corticosterone and interleukin-1. The Journal of Nutrition 117: 1629–1637.Google Scholar
Klemperer, F (1893). Ueber natürliche Immunitätund ihre Verwerthung für die immunisirungstherapie. Archiv. Für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 31: 356–382.Google Scholar
Kovacs-Nolan, J and Mine, Y (2012). Egg yolk antibodies for passive immunity. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 3: 163–182.Google Scholar
Kowalczyk, K, Daiss, J, Halpern, J and Roth, TF (1985). Quantitation of maternal–fetal IgG transport in the chicken. Immunology 54: 755–762.Google Scholar
Kuroki, M, Ohta, Y, Ikemori, Y, Peralta, RC, Yokoyama, H and Kodama, Y (1994). Passive protection against bovine rotavirus in calves by specific immunoglobulins from chicken egg yolk. Archives of Virology 138: 143–148.Google Scholar
Kuronen, I, Kokko, H, Mononen, I and Parviainen, M (1997). Hen egg yolk antibodies purified by antigen affinity under highly alkaline conditions provide new tools for diagnostics. Human intact parathyrin as model antigen. European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 35: 435–440.Google Scholar
Kweon, CH, Kwon, BJ, Woo, SR, Kim, JM, Woo, GH, Son, DH, Hur, W and Lee, YS (2000). Immunoprophylactic effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in piglets. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 62: 961–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, A, Bålöw, R, Lindahl, TL and Forsberg, P (1993). Chicken antibodies: taking advantage of evolution—A review. Poultry Science 72: 1807–1812.Google Scholar
Lee, EN, Sunwoo, HH, Menninen, K and Sim, JS (2002a). In vitro studies of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium . Poultry Science 81: 632–641.Google Scholar
Lee, KA, Chang, SK, Lee, YJ, Lee, JH and Koo, NS (2002b). Acid stability of anti-Helicobacter pylori IgY in aqueous polyol solution. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 35: 488–493.Google Scholar
Lee, KW, Lillehoj, HS, Jeong, W, Jeoung, HY and An, DJ (2011). Avian necrotic enteritis: experimental models, host immunity, pathogenesis, risk factors, and vaccine development. Poultry Science 90: 1381–1390.Google Scholar
Lee, SH, Lillehoj, HS, Park, DW, Jang, SI, Morales, A, García, D, Lucio, E, Larios, R, Victoria, G, Marrufo, D and Lillehoj, EP (2009a). Induction of passive immunity in broiler chickens against Eimeria acervulina by hyperimmune egg yolk immunoglobulin Y. Poultry Science 88: 562–566.Google Scholar
Lee, SH, Lillehoj, HS, Park, DW, Jang, SI, Morales, A, García, D, Lucio, E, Larios, R, Victoria, G, Marrufo, D and Lillehoj, EP (2009b). Protective effect of hyperimmune egg yolk IgY antibodies against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima infections. Veterinary Parasitology 163: 123–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, GA and Clem, LW (1969). Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function III. Immunoglobulins of the chicken. Journal of Experimental Medicine 130: 1337–1352.Google Scholar
Lévesque, S, Martinez, G and Fairbrother, JM (2007). Improvement of adjuvant systems to obtain a cost-effective production of high levels of specific IgY. Poultry Science 86: 630–635.Google Scholar
Lillehoj, HS, Lee, KW (2012). Immune modulation of innate immunity as alternatives-to-antibiotics strategies to mitigate the use of drugs in poultry production. Poultry Science 91: 1286–1291.Google Scholar
Lillehoj, HS, Sasai, KS and Matsuda, H (1994). Development and characterization of chicken–chicken B-cell hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies that detect sporozoite and merozoite antigens of Eimeria . Poultry Science 73: 1685–1693.Google Scholar
Loeken, MR and Roth, TF (1983). Analysis of maternal IgG subpopulations which are transported into the chicken oocyte. Immunology 49: 21–28.Google Scholar
Lösch, U, Schranner, I, Wanke, R and Jürgens, L (1986). The chicken egg, an antibody source. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 33: 609–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lukert, PD and Saif, YM (1997). Infectious bursal disease. In: Calnek, BW, Barnes, HJ, Beard, CW, McDougald, LR and Saif, YM (eds) Diseases of Poultry. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, pp. 721–738.Google Scholar
Magor, KE, Higgins, DA, Middleton, DL and Warr, GW (1994). One gene encodes the heavy chains for three different forms of IgY in the duck. Journal of Immunology 153: 5549–5555.Google Scholar
Mahdavi, AH, Rahmani, HR, Nili, N, Samie, AH and Soleimanian-Zad, S (2010a). Chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) powder against Escherichia coli O78:K80. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9: 366–373.Google Scholar
Mahdavi, AH, Rahmani, HR, Nili, N, Samie, AH, Soleimanian-Zad, S and Jahanian, R (2010b). Effects of dietary egg yolk antibody powder on growth performance, intestinal Escherichia coli colonization, and immunocompetence of challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science 89: 484–494.Google Scholar
Malik, MW, Ayub, N and Quereshi, IZ (2006). Passive immunization using purified IgYs against infectious bursal disease of chickens in Pakistan. Journal of Veterinary Science 7: 43–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marquardt, RR, Jin, LZ, Kim, JW, Fang, L, Frohlich, AA and Baidoo, SK (1999). Passive protective effect of egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli k88+ infection in neonatal and early-weaned piglets. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 23: 283–288.Google Scholar
Meulenaer, BD and Huyghebaert, A (2001). Isolation and purification of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins: a review. Food and Agricultural Immunology 13: 275–288.Google Scholar
Min, W, Kim, JK, Lillehoj, HS, Sohn, EJ, Han, JY, Song, KD and Lillehoj, E (2001). Characterization of recombinant scFv antibody reactive with an apical antigen of Eimeria acervulina . Biotechnology Letters 23: 949–955.Google Scholar
Mine, Y and Kovacs-Nolan, J (2002). Chicken egg yolk antibodies as therapeutics in enteric infectious disease: a review. Journal of Medicinal Food 5: 159–169.Google Scholar
Morrison, SL, Mohammed, MS, Wims, LA, Trinh, R and Etches, R (2001). Sequences in antibody molecules important for receptor-mediated transport into the chicken egg yolk. Molecular Immunology 38: 619–625.Google Scholar
Muhammad, K, Rabbi, F, Hussain, I, Riaz, A, Saeed, K and Hussain, T (2001). Passive immunization against infectious bursal disease in chicks. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 3: 413–415.Google Scholar
Nilsson, E, Stålberg, J and Larsson, A (2012). IgY stability in eggs stored at room temperature or at +4°C. British Poultry Science 53: 42–46.Google Scholar
Ntakarutimana, V, Demedts, P, Van Sande, M and Scharpé, S (1992). A simple and economical strategy for downstream processing of specific antibodies to human transferrin from egg yolk. Journal of Immunological Methods 153: 133–140.Google Scholar
Otani, H, Matsumoto, K, Saeki, A and Hosono, A (1991). Comparative studies on properties of hen egg yolk IgY and rabbit serum IgG antibodies. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft and Technologie 24: 152–158.Google Scholar
Parvari, R, Avivi, A, Lentner, F, Ziv, E, Tel-Or, S, Burstein, Y and Schechter, I (1988). Chicken immunoglobulin γ-heavy chains: limited VH gene repertoire, combinatorial diversification by D gene segments and evolution of the heavy chain locus. The EMBO Journal 7: 739–744.Google Scholar
Patterson, R, Youngner, JS, Weigle, WO and Dixon, FJ (1962). The metabolism of serum proteins in the hen and chick and secretion of serum proteins by the ovary of the hen. The Journal of General Physiology 45: 501–513.Google Scholar
Pauly, D, Dorner, M, Zhang, X, Hlinak, A, Dorner, B and Schade, R (2009). Monitoring of laying capacity, immunoglobulin Y concentration, and antibody titer development in chickens immunized with ricin and botulinum toxins over a two-year period. Poultry Science 88: 281–290.Google Scholar
Peralta, RC, Yokoyama, H, Ikemori, Y, Kuroki, M and Kodama, Y (1994). Passive immunization against experimental salmonellosis in mice by orally administered hen egg-yolk antibodies specific for 14-kDa fimbriae of Salmonella enteritidis . Journal of Medical Microbiology 41: 29–35.Google Scholar
Phillips, LVA (1956). Ensayos sobre immunizacion passive y tratamiento de la enfermedad de Newcastle por uso de plasma y viteolo himerimmunes. Vira Agr. (Lima E. Sum). 33: 111–113.Google Scholar
Polson, A (1990). Isolation of IgY from the yolks of eggs by a chloroform polyethylene glycol procedure. Immunological Investigations 19: 253–258.Google Scholar
Polson, A, von Wechmar, B and Fazakesley, G (1980a). Antibodies to proteins from yolk of immunized hens. Immunological Communications 9: 495–514.Google Scholar
Polson, A, von Wechmar, MB and van Regenmortel, MVH (1980b). Isolation of viral IgY antibodies from yolks of immunized hens. Immunological Communications 9: 475–493.Google Scholar
Polson, A, Coetzer, T, Kruger, JE, von Maltzahn, and van der Merwe, KJ (1985). Improvements in the isolation of IgY from the yolks of eggs laid by immunized hens. Immunological Investigations 14: 323–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahimi, S, Shiraz, ZM, Salehi, TZ, Torshizi, MAK and Grimes, JL (2007a). Prevention of Salmonella infection in poultry by specific egg-derived antibody. International Journal of Poultry Science 6: 230–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, S, Nguyen, SV, Icalto, FC Jr, Umeda, K and Kodama, Y (2013). Oral passive IgY-based immunotherapeutics: a novel solution for prevention and treatment of alimentary tract diseases. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 9: 1039–1048.Google Scholar
Rahman, S, Icatlo, FC and Sa, NV (2014). Immuno-intervention with immunoglobulin Y in alimentary tract infections as an alternative or adjunct to antimicrobials or vaccines. Austin Journal of Clinical Medicine 1: 1012–1015.Google Scholar
Reilly, RM, Domingo, R and Sandhu, J (1997). Oral delivery of antibodies. Future pharmacokinetic trends. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 32: 313–323.Google Scholar
Romito, M, Viljoen, GJ and Du Plessis, DH (2001). Eliciting antigen-specific egg-yolk IgY with naked DNA. Biotechniques 31: 670–675.Google Scholar
Rose, ME, Orlans, E and Buttress, N (1974). Immunoglobulin classes in the hen's egg: their segregation in yolk and white. European Journal of Immunology 4: 521–523.Google Scholar
Sasai, K, Lillehoj, HS, Matsuda, H and Wergin, WP (1996). Characterization of a chicken monoclonal antibody that recognizes the apical complex of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites and partially inhibits sporozoite invasion of CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 82: 82–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schade, R and Hilnak, A (1996). Egg yolk antibodies, state of the art and future prospects. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation 13: 5–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Schade, R, Staak, C, Hendriksen, C, Erhard, M, Hugl, H, Koch, G, Larsson, A, Pollmann, W, van Regenmortel, M, Rijke, E, Spielmann, H, Steinbusch, H and Straughan, D (1996). The production of avian (egg yolk) antibodies: IgY. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 21. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24: 925–934.Google Scholar
Schade, R, Calzado, EG, Sarmiento, R, Chacana, PA, Porankiewicz-Asplund, J and Terzolo, HR (2005). Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY-technology): a review of progress in production and use in research and human and veterinary medicine. ATLA 33: 129–154.Google Scholar
Schmidt, P, Wiedemann, V, Kühlmann, R, Wanke, R, Linckh, E and Lösch, U (1989). Chicken egg antibodies for prophylaxis and therapy of infectious intestinal diseases II. In vitro studies on gastric and enteric digestion of egg yolk antibodies specific against pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 36: 619–628.Google Scholar
Seal, BS, Lillehoj, HS, Donovan, DM and Gay, CG (2013). Alternatives to antibiotics: a symposium on the challenges and solutions for animal production. Animal Health Research Reviews 14: 78–87.Google Scholar
Shane, SM (1992). The significance of Campylobacter jejuni infection in poultry: a review. Avian Pathology 21: 189–213.Google Scholar
Shimizu, M, Fitzsimmons, RC and Nakai, S (1988). Anti-E. coli immunoglobulin Y isolated from egg yolk of immunized chickens as a potential food ingredient. Journal of Food Science 53: 1360–1366.Google Scholar
Shimizu, M, Nagashima, H, Sano, K, Hashimoto, K, Ozeki, M, Tsuda, K and Hatta, H (1992). Molecular stability of chicken and rabbit immunoglobulin G. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 56: 270–274.Google Scholar
Shimizu, M, Nagashima, H and Hashimoto, K (1993). Comparative studies on molecular stability of immunoglobulin G from different species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 106B: 225–261.Google Scholar
Shimizu, M, Nagashima, H, Hashimoto, K and Suzuki, T (1994). Egg yolk antibody (IgY) stability in aqueous solution with high sugar concentrations. Journal of Food Science 59: 763–765.Google Scholar
Shivaprasad, HL (2000). Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease. Revue Scientifique et Technique 19: 405–424.Google Scholar
Song, WP, Xu, FZ, Wang, JL, Yang, B and Lai, PA (2003). Effect of IgY treatment on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in piglets. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica 18: 114–115.Google Scholar
Staak, C, Schwarzkopf, C, Behn, I, Hommel, U, Hlinak, A, Schade, R and Erhard, M (2000). Isolation of IgY from yolk. In: Schade, R, Behn, I, Erhard, M, Hlinak, A and Staak, C (eds) Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies, Production and Application: IgY Technology. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany and New York, USA: Springer Laboratory Manuals, pp. 65–107.Google Scholar
Sugita-Konishi, Y, Ogawa, M, Arai, S, Kumagai, S, Igimi, S and Shimizu, M (2000). Blockade of Salmonella enteritidis passage across the basolateral barriers of human intestinal epithelial cells by specific antibody. Microbiology and Immunology 44: 473–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sunwoo, HH, Lee, EN, Menninen, K, Suresh, MR and Sim, JS (2002). Growth inhibitory effect of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) on Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Science 67: 1486–1494.Google Scholar
Szabó, C (2012). Transport of IgY from egg-yolk to the chicken embryo. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 2: 612–620.Google Scholar
Tamilzarasan, KB, Dinakaran, AM, Selvaraju, G and Dorairajan, N (2009). Efficacy of egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) against enteric pathogens in poultry. Tamilnadu Journal of Veterinary Science 5: 264–268.Google Scholar
Tellez, G, Petrone, VM, Escorcia, M, Morishita, TY, Cobb, CW and Villaseñor, L (2001). Evaluation of avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella enteritidis-, Salmonella typhimurium-, and Salmonella heidelberg-specific antibodies on cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. Journal of Food Protection 64: 287–291.Google Scholar
Thorns, CJ (2000). Bacterial food-borne zoonoses. Revue Scientifique et Technique 19: 226–239.Google Scholar
Timbermont, L, Haesebrouck, F, Ducatelle, R and Van Immerseel, F (2011). Necrotic enteritis in broilers: an updated review on the pathogenesis. Avian Pathology 40: 341–347.Google Scholar
Tini, M, Jewell, UR, Camenisch, G, Chilov, D and Gassmann, M (2002). Generation and application of chicken egg-yolk antibodies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part A 131: 569–574.Google Scholar
Tressler, RL and Roth, TF (1987). IgG receptors on the embryonic chick yolk sac. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 15406–15412.Google Scholar
Tsubokura, K, Berndtson, E, Bogstedt, A, Kaijser, B, Kim, M, Ozeki, M and Hammarström, L (1997). Oral administration of antibodies as prophylaxis and therapy in Campylobacter jejuni-infected chickens. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 108: 451–455.Google Scholar
van den Berg, TP (2000). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: a review. Avian Pathology 29: 175–194.Google Scholar
Vega, C, Bok, M, Chacana, P, Saif, L, Fernandez, F and Parreno, V (2011). Egg yolk IgY: protection against rotavirus induced diarrhea and modulatory effect on the systemic and mucosal antibody responses in newborn calves. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 142: 156–169.Google Scholar
Wang, LH, Li, XY, Jin, LJ, You, JS, Zhou, Y and Li, SY (2011). Characterization of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs) specific for the most prevalent capsular serotypes of mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus . Veterinary Microbiology 149: 415–421.Google Scholar
Warr, GW, Magor, KE and Higgins, DA (1995). IgY: clues to the origins of modern antibodies. Immunology Today 16: 392–398.Google Scholar
Welkos, SL (1984). Experimental gastroenteritis in newly-hatched chicks infected with Campylobacter jejuni . Journal of Medical Microbiology 18: 233–248.Google Scholar
Wilkie, DC, Van Kessel, AG, Dumonceaux, TJ and Drew, MD (2006). The effect of hen-egg antibodies on Clostridium perfringens colonization in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 74: 279–292.Google Scholar
Wills, FK and Luginbuhl, RE (1963). The use of egg yolk for passive immunization of chickens against Newcastle disease. Avian Diseases 7: 5–12.Google Scholar
Xu, JJ, Ren, CZ, Wang, SS, Liu, DD, Cao, LQ and Tao, JP (2013). Protective efficacy of multivalent egg yolk immunoglobulin against Eimeria tenella infection in chickens. Iranian Journal of Parasitology 8: 449–458.Google Scholar
Xu, Y, Li, X, Jin, L, Zhen, Y, Lu, Y, Li, S, You, J and Wang, L (2011). Application of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins in the control of terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases: a review. Biotechnology Advances 29: 860–868.Google Scholar
Yazawa, S, Hosomi, O and Takeya, A (1991). Isolation and characterization of anti-H antibody from egg yolk of immunized hens. Immunological Investigations 20: 569–581.Google Scholar
Yegani, M and Korver, D (2007). Are egg yolk antibodies an alternative to antibiotics? World Poultry 23: 22–25.Google Scholar
Yokoyama, H, Peralta, RC, Diaz, R, Sendo, S, Ikemori, Y and Kodama, Y (1992). Passive protective effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins against experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in neonatal piglets. Infection and Immunity 60: 998–1007.Google Scholar
Yokoyama, H, Peralta, RC, Horikoshi, T, Hiraoka, J, Ikemori, Y, Kuroki, M and Kodama, Y (1993). A 2-step procedure for purification of hen egg-yolk immunoglobulin-G-utilization of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate and synthetic affinity ligand gel (AVID AL(R)). Poultry Science 72: 275–281.Google Scholar
Yokoyama, H, Umeda, K, Peralta, RC, Hashi, T, Icatlo, FC Jr, Kuroki, M, Ikemori, Y and Kodama, Y (1998). Oral passive immunization against experimental salmonellosis in mice using chicken egg yolk antibodies specific for Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium . Vaccine 16: 388–393.Google Scholar
Yousif, AA, Mohammad, WA, Khodeir, MH, Abo Zeid, AZA, El-Sanousi, AA, Saber, MS and Reda, IM (2006). Oral administration of hyperimmune IgY: an immunoecological approach to curbing acute infectious bursal disease virus infection. Egyptian Journal of Immunology 13: 85–94.Google Scholar
Zuo, Y, Fan, J, Fan, H, Li, T and Zhang, X (2009). Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of egg yolk immunoglobulin against porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets. Frontiers of Agriculture in China 3: 104–108.Google Scholar