Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T14:50:34.432Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Passive and active components of neonatal innate immune defenses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Matthew A. Firth ,
Patricia E. Shewen  and
Douglas C. Hodgins
Matthew A. Firth
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaNIG 2W1
Patricia E. Shewen
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaNIG 2W1
Douglas C. Hodgins*
Affiliation:
Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaNIG 2W1
*
*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Innate immune defenses are crucial for survival in the first days and weeks of life. At birth, newborns are confronted with a vast array of potentially pathogenic microorganisms that were not encountered in utero. At this age, cellular components of the adaptive immune system are in a naïve state and are slow to respond. Antibodies received from the dam are essential for defense, but represent a finite and dwindling resource. Innate components of the immune system detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microorganisms (and their products) by means of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Soluble mediators of the innate system such as complement proteins, pentraxins, collectins, ficolins, defensins, lactoferrin, lysozyme etc. can bind to structures on pathogens, leading to agglutination, interference with receptor binding, opsonization, neutralization, direct membrane damage and recruitment of additional soluble and cellular elements through inflammation. Cell-associated receptors such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can activate cells and coordinate responses (both innate and adaptive). In this paper, accumulated knowledge of the receptors, soluble and cellular elements that contribute to innate defenses of young animals is reviewed. Research interest in this area has been intermittent, and the literature varies in quantity and quality. It is hoped that documentation of the limitations of our knowledge base will lead to more extensive and enlightening studies.

Keywords

neonateinnate immunity
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , December 2005 , pp. 143 - 158
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adinolfi, M (1981). Ontogeny of complement, lysozyme and lactoferrin in man. In: Lambert, HP and Wood, CBS (eds) Immunological Aspects of Infection in the Fetus and Newborn. London: Academic Press, pp.19–52.Google Scholar
Ahmad-Nejad, P, Hacker, H, Rutz, M, Bauer, S, Vabulas, RM and Wagner, H (2002). Bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate Toll-like receptors at distinct cellular compartments. European Journal of Immunology 32: 1958–1968.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiyama, K, Sugii, S and Hirota, Y (1992). Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for conglutinin, mannan-binding protein, and serum amyloid-P component in bovine sera. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 2102–2104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andoniou, CE, van Dommelen, SLH, Voigt, V, Andrews, DM, Brizard, G, Asselin-Paturel, C, Delale, T, Stacey, KJ, Trinchieri, G and Degli-Esposti, MA (2005). Interaction between conventional dendritic cells and natural killer cells is integral to the activation of effective antiviral immunity. Nature Immunology 6: 1011–1019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armogida, SA, Yannaras, NM, Melton, AL and Srivastava, MD (2004). Identification and quantification of innate immune system mediators in human breast milk. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 25: 297–304.Google ScholarPubMed
Artursson, K, Lindersson, M, Varela, N, Scheynius, A and Alm, GV (1995). Interferon-alpha production and tissue localization of interferon-alpha/beta producing cells after intradermal administration of Aujeszky's disease virus-infected cells in pigs. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 41: 121–129.Google Scholar
Atkinson, AP, Cedzynski, M, Szemraj, J, St Swierzko, A, Bak-Romaniszyn, L, Banasik, M, Zeman, K, Matsushita, M, Turner, ML and Kilpatrick, DC (2004). L-ficolin in children with recurrent respiratory infections. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 138: 517–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballow, M, Fang, F, Good, RA and Day, NK (1974). Developmental aspects of complement components in the newborn: the presence of complement components and C3 proactivator (properdin factor B) in human colostrum. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 18: 257–266.Google ScholarPubMed
Bernadina, WE, van Leeuwen, MA, Hendrikx, WM and Kienberg, EJ (1991). Serum opsonic activity and neutrophil phagocytic capacity of newborn lambs before and 24–36 hours after colostrum intake. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 29: 127–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernoco, M, Lui, IK, Wuest-Ehlert, CJ, Miller, ME and Bowers, J (1987). Chemotactic and phagocytic function of peripheral blood Polymorphonuclear leucocytes in newborn foals. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 35 (suppl.): 599–605.Google ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, HB, Kineter, AL, Jackson, R and Fauci, AS (2004). Neonatal natural killer cells produce chemokines and suppress HIV replication in vitro. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 20: 1189–1195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bordet, J and Streng, O (1909). Les phénomènes d'absorption de la conglutinine du serum de boeuf. Zentralblatt Bakteriologie (Originale) 49: 260–276.Google Scholar
Bourlioux, P, Koletzko, B, Guarner, F and Braesco, V (2003). The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: report on the Danone Symposium 'The Intelligent Intestine', held in Paris, June 14, 2002. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78: 675–683.Google Scholar
Brogden, KA, Kalfa, VC, Ackermann, MR, Palmquist, DE, McCray, PB and Tack, BT (2001). The ovine cathelicidin SMAP29 kills ovine respiratory pathogens in vitro and in an ovine model of pulmonary infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45: 331–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, AS, Hammermueller, J, DeLay, JP and Hayes, MA (2003). Expression and secretion of ficolin beta by porcine neutrophils. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1624: 36–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caccavo, D, Pellegrino, NM, Altamura, M, Rigon, A, Amati, L, Amoroso, A and Jirillo, E (2002). Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions of lactoferrin and its potential therapeutic application. Journal of Endotoxin Research 8: 403–417.Google ScholarPubMed
Caverly, JM, Diamond, G, Gallup, JM, Brogden, KA, Dixon, RA and Ackermann, MR (2003). Coordinated expression of tracheal antimicrobial peptide and inflammatory-response elements in the lungs of neonatal calves with acute bacterial pneumonia. Infection and Immunity 71: 2950–2955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaturvedi, P, Warren, CD, Buescher, CR, Pickering, LK and Newburg, DS (2001). Survival of human milk oligosaccharides in the intestine of infants. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 501: 315–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chelvarajan, RL, Collins, SM, Doubinskala, E, Goes, S, Van Willigen, J, Flanagan, D, de Villers, WJS, Bryson, S and Bondada, S (2004). Defective macrophage function in neonates and its impact on unresponsiveness of neonates to polysaccharide antigens. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 75: 982–994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, AT, Ayin, SA and Kessel, PR (1996). Functional immaturity in neonatal polymorphonuclear leukocytes of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Medical Primatology 25: 84–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, RD (1989). Neutrophil kinetics in the fetus and neonate. American Journal of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology 11: 215–223.Google ScholarPubMed
Dalle, JH, Menezes, J, Wagner, E, Blagdon, M, Champagne, J, Champagne, MA and Duval, M (2005). Characterization of cord blood natural killer cells: implications for transplantation and neonatal infections. Pediatric Research 57: 649–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Arena, G, Musto, P, Cascavilla, N, Di-Giorgio, G, Fusilli, S, Zendoli, F and Carotenuto, M (1998). Flow cytometric characterization of human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes: immunophenotypic features. Haematologica 83: 197–203.Google Scholar
Davidson, B, Meinen-Derr, JK, Wagner, CL, Newburg, DS and Morrow, AL (2004). Fucosylated oligosaccharides in human milk in relation to gestational age and stage of lactation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 554: 427–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, CA, Vallota, EH and Forristal, J (1979). Serum complement levels in infancy: age related changes. Pediatric Research 13: 1043–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, NKB, Pickering, RJ, Gewurz, H and Good, RA (1969). Ontogenic development of the complement system. Immunology 16: 319–326.Google Scholar
Demmers, S, Johannisson, A, Grondahl, G and Jensen-Waern, M (2001). Neutrophil functions and serum IgG in growing foals. Equine Veterinary Journal 33: 676–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Paula, PF, Barbosa, JE, Junior, PR, Ferriani, VLP, Latorre, MRDO, Nudelman, V and Isaac, L (2003). Ontogeny of complement regulatory proteins–concentrations of factor H, factor I, C4b-binding protein, properdin and vitronectin in healthy children of different ages and in adults. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 58: 572–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derbyshire, JB (1989). The interferon sensitivity of selected porcine viruses. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 52–55.Google ScholarPubMed
De Wit, D, Tonon, S, Olislagers, V, Goriely, S, Boutriaux, M, Goldman, M and Willems, F (2003). Impaired responses to toll-like receptor 4 and toll-like receptor 3 ligands in human cord blood. Journal of Autoimmunity 21: 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Wit, D, Olislagers, V, Goriely, S, Vermeulen, F, Wagner, H, Goldman, M and Willems, F (2004). Blood plasmacytoid dendritic cell responses to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are impaired in human newborns. Blood 103: 1030–1032.Google Scholar
Du Clos, TW and Mold, C (2004). C-reactive protein: an activator of innate immunity and a modulator of adaptive immunity. Immunologic Research 30: 261–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton-Bassiri, A, Dillon, SB, Cunningham, M, Rycyzyn, MA, Mills, J, Sarisky, RT and Mbow, ML (2004). Toll-like receptor 9 can be expressed at the cell surface of distinct populations of tonsils and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infection and Immunity 72: 7202–7211.Google Scholar
Eisenthal, A, Hassner, A, Shenav, M, Baron, S and Lifschitz-Mercer, B (2003). Phenotype and function of lymphocytes from the neonatal umbilical cord compared to paired maternal peripheral blood cells isolated during delivery. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 75: 45–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, MJ, Sherman, MP, Campbell, LA and Shami, SG (1987). Proliferation of pulmonary alveolar macrophages during post natal development in rabbit lungs. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 136: 384–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fales-Williams, AJ, Brogden, KA, Huffman, E, Gallup, JM and Ackermann, MR (2002). Cellular distribution of anionic antimicrobial peptide in normal lung and during acute pulmonary inflammation. Veterinary Pathology 39: 706–711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fessler, DMT and Abrams, ET (2004). Infant mouthing behavior: the immunocalibration hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses 63: 925–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filipp, D, Alizadeh-Khiavi, K, Richardson, C, Palma, A, Paredes, N, Takeuchi, O, Akira, S and Julius, M (2001). Soluble CD14 enriched in colostrums and milk induces B cell growth and differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98: 603–608.Google Scholar
Flaminio, MJ, Rush, BR, Davis, EG, Hennessy, K, Shuman, W and Wilkerson, MJ (2000). Characterization of peripheral blood and pulmonary leukocyte function in healthy foals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 15: 267–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogarty, U and Leadon, DP (1987). Comparison of systemic and local respiratory tract cellular immunity in the neonatal foal. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 35 (suppl.): 593–598.Google ScholarPubMed
Fox, SE, Lu, W, Maheshwari, A, Christensen, RD and Calhoun, DA (2005). The effects and comparative differences of neutrophil specific chemokines on neutrophil chemotaxis of the neonate. Cytokine 29: 135–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friis, P, Svehag, SE, Andersen, O, Gahrn-Hansen, B and Leslie, RG (1991). Conglutinin exhibits a complement-dependent enhancement of the respiratory burst of phagocytes stimulated by E. coli. Immunology 74: 680–684.Google ScholarPubMed
Friis-Christiansen, P, Thiel, S, Svehag, SE, Dessau, R, Svendsen, P, Andersen, O, Laursen, SB and Jensenius, JC (1990). In vivo and in vitro antibacterial activity of conglutinin, a mammalian plasma lectin. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 31: 453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gewirtz, AT, Navas, TA, Lyons, S, Godowski, PJ and Madara, JL (2001). Cutting edge: bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression. Journal of Immunology 167: 1882–1885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gjerstorff, M, Madsen, J, Bendixen, C, Holmskov, U and Hansen, S (2004). Genomic and molecular characterization of bovine surfactant protein D (SP-D). Molecular Immunology 41: 369–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grondahl, G, Johannisson, A, Demmer, S and Waeren, JM (1999). Influence of age and plasma treatment on neutrophil phagocytosis and CD18 expression in foals. Veterinary Microbiology 3: 241–254.Google Scholar
Grondahl, G, Sternberg, S, Waeren, MJ and Johannisson, A (2001). Opsonic capacity of foal serum for the two neonatal pathogens Escherichia coli and Actinobacillus equuli. Equine Veterinary Journal 33: 670–675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grubor, B, Gallup, JM, Ramirez-Romero, R, Bailey, TB, Crouch, EC, Brogden, KA and Ackermann, MR (2004). Surfactant protein D expression in normal and pneumonic ovine lung. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 101: 235–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagiwara, K, Kataoka, S, Yamanaka, H, Kirisawa, R and Iwai, H (2000). Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76: 183–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagiwara, K, Yamanaka, H, Higuchi, H, Nagahata, H, Kirisawa, R and Iwai, H (2001). Oral administration of IL-1β enhanced proliferation of lymphocytes and the O 2 - production of neutrophil in the newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81: 59–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, P, McDonald, T and Hodge, G (2004). Potential immaturity of the T cell and antigen-presenting cell interaction in cord blood with particular emphasis on the CD40-CD40 ligand costimulatory pathway. Immunology 113: 26–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanel, RM, Crawford, PC, Hernandez, J, Benson, NA and Levy, JK (2003). Neutrophil function and plasma opsonic capacity in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal kittens. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64: 538–543.Google Scholar
Hanna, N, Vasquez, P, Pham, P, Heck, DE, Laskin, JD, Laskin, DL and Weinberger, B (2005). Mechanisms underlying reduced apoptosis in neonatal neutrophils. Pediatric Research 57: 56–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, S and Holmskov, U (1998). Structural aspects of collectins and receptors for collectins. Immunobiology 199: 165–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hietala, SK and Ardans, AA (1987). Neutrophil phagocytic and serum opsonic response of the foal to Corynebacterium equi. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 14: 279–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmskov, U, Jensenius, JC, Tornoe, I and Lovendahl, P (1998). The plasma levels of conglutinin are heritable in cattle and low levels predispose to infection. Immunology 93: 431–436.Google Scholar
Holmskov, U, Thiel, S and Jensenius, JC (2003). Collectins and ficolins: humoral lectins of the innate immune system. Annual Review of Immunology 21: 547–578.Google Scholar
Hornung, V, Schlender, J, Guenthner-Biller, M, Rothenfusser, S, Endres, S, Conzelmann, K-K and Hartmann, G (2004). Replication-dependent potent IFN-α induction in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells by a single-stranded RNA virus. The Journal of Immunology 173: 5935–5943.Google Scholar
Hoskinson, CD, Chew, BP and Wong, TS (1990). Age-related changes in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in the piglet. Journal of Animal Science 68: 2471–2478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingram, DG and Barnum, DA (1965). Fluctuations in the level of conglutinin in bovine serum. Canadian Veterinary Journal 6: 162–169.Google Scholar
Ingram, DG (1971). Complement and conglutinin in the cow. Journal of Dairy Science 54: 1320–1321.Google ScholarPubMed
Ingram, DG (1972). Biological aspects of conglutinin and immunoconglutinins. In: Ingram, DG (ed.) Biological Activities of Complement. Basel: S. Karger, pp. 215–228.Google Scholar
Isaacs, CE (2005). Human milk inactivates pathogens individually, additively, and synergistically. Journal of Nutrition 135: 1286–1288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janeway, CA, Travers, P, Walport, M and Shlomchik, MJ (2005). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland Science, pp. 55–75.Google Scholar
Kakoma, I and Kinyanjui, M (1974). The effect of breed and age on the distribution of conglutinin and immunoconglutinin in normal cattle. Research in Veterinary Science 17: 122–124.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, DC, Fujita, T and Matsushita, M (1999). P35, an opsonic lectin of the ficolin family, in human blood from neonates, normal adults, and recurrent miscarriage patients. Immunology Letters 67: 109–112.Google Scholar
Koenig, JM and Yoder, MC (2004). Neonatal neutrophils: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Clinical Perinatology 31: 39–51.Google Scholar
Koenig, JM, Stegner, JJ, Schmeck, AC, Saxonhouse, MA and Kenigsberg, LE (2005). Neonatal neutrophils with prolonged survival exhibit enhanced inflammatory and cytotoxic responsiveness. Pediatric Research 57: 424–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kollmann, TR, Way, SS, Harowicz, HL, Hajjar, AM and Wilson, CB (2004). Deficient MHC class I cross-presentation of soluble antigen by murine neonatal dendritic cells. Blood 103: 4240–4242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotecha, S, Mildner, RJ, Prince, LR, Vyas, JR, Currie, AE, Lawson, RA and Whyte, MK (2003). The role of neutrophil apoptosis in the resolution of acute lung injury in newborn infants. Thorax 58: 961–967.Google Scholar
Kvistgaard, AS, Pallesen, LT, Arias, CF, Lopez, S, Petersen, TE, Heegaard, CW and Rasmussen, JT (2004). Inhibitory effects of human and bovine milk constituents on rotavirus infections. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 4088–4096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamotte, BG and Eberhart, RJ (1976). Blood leukocytes, neutrophil phagocytosis, and plasma corticosteroids in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 37: 1189–1193.Google Scholar
Lauw, FN, Caffrey, DR and Golenbock, DT (2005). Of mice and man: TLR11 (finally) finds profilin. Trends in Immunology 26: 509–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le, Y, Lee, SH, Kon, OL and Lu, J (1998). Human L-ficolin: plasma levels, sugar specificity, and assignment of its lectin activity to the fibrinogen-like (FBG) domain. FEBS Letters 425: 367–370.Google Scholar
Leblanc, MM and Pritchard, EL (1988). Effects of bovine colostrum, foal serum immunoglobulin concentration and intravenous plasma transfusion on chemiluminescence response of foal neutrophils. Animal Genetics 19: 435–445.Google Scholar
LeBouder, E, Rey-Nores, JE, Rushmere, NK, Grigorov, M, Lawn, SD, Affolter, M, Griffin, GE, Ferrara, P, Schiffrin, EJ, Morgan, BP and Labeta, MO (2003). Soluble forms of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 capable of modulating TLR2 signaling are present in human plasma and breast milk. Journal of Immunology 171: 6680–6689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, EK and Kehrli, ME (1998). Expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils of periparturient cows and neonatal calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59: 37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, JW, Paape, MJ, Elsasser, TH and Zhao, X (2003). Recombinant soluble CD14 reduces severity of intramammary infection by Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 71: 4034–4039.Google Scholar
Lee, YM, Leiby, KR, Allar, J, Paris, K, Lerch, B and Okarma, TB (1991). Primary structure of bovine conglutinin, a member of the C-type animal lectin family. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266: 2715–2723.Google Scholar
Levy, O (2005). Innate immunity of the human newborn: distinct cytokine responses to LPS and other Toll-like receptor agonists. Journal of Endotoxin Research 11: 113–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, O, Martin, S, Eichenwald, E, Ganz, T, Valore, E, Carroll, SF, Lee, K, Goldmann, D and Thorne, GM (1999). Impaired innate immunity in the newborn: newborn neutrophils are deficient in bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. Pediatrics 104: 1327–1333.Google Scholar
Levy, O, Zarember, KA, Roy, RM, Cywes, C, Godowski, PF and Wessels, MR (2004). Selective impairment of TLR-mediated innate immunity in human newborns: neonatal blood plasma reduces monocyte TNF-α induction by bacterial lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, and imiquimod, but preserves the response to R-848. The Journal of Immunology 173: 4627–4634.Google Scholar
Linscott, WD and Triglia, RP (1981). The bovine complement system. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 137: 413–430.Google Scholar
Liu, Y, Endo, Y, Homma, S, Kanno, K, Yaginuma, H and Fugita, T (2005). Ficolin A and ficolin B are expressed in distinct ontogenic patterns and cell types in the mouse. Molecular Immunology 42: 1265–1273.Google Scholar
Liu, Y-J (2005). IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annual Review of Immunology 23: 275–306.Google Scholar
Lonnerdal, B (2003). Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77: 1537S–1543S.Google Scholar
Lui, IK, Walsh, EM, Bernococ, M and Cheung, AT (1987). Bronchoalveolar lavage in the newborn foal. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 35 (suppl.): 587–592.Google Scholar
Ma, YG, Cho, MY, Zhao, M, Park, JW, Matsushita, M, Fujita, T and Lee, BL (2004). Human mannose-binding lectin and L-ficolin function as specific pattern recognition proteins in the lectin activation pathway of complement. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279: 25307–25312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallory, GB (2001). Surfactant proteins: role in lung physiology and disease in early life. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2: 151–158.Google Scholar
Matsushita, M and Fujita, T (2002). The role of ficolins in innate immunity. Immunobiology 205: 490–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maruyama, H, Galvan, M, Waffarn, F and Tenner, AJ (2003). Human cord blood leukocyte innate immune responses to defense collagens. Pediatric Research 54: 724–731.Google Scholar
McTaggart, C, Yovich, JV, Penhale, J and Raidal, SL (2001). A comparison of foal and adult horse neutrophil function using flow cytometric techniques. Research in Veterinary Science 71: 73–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medzhitov, R, Preston-Hurlburt, P and Janeway, CA Jr (1997). A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388: 394–397.Google Scholar
Menge, C, Neufeld, B, Hirt, W, Schmeer, N, Bauerfeind, R, Baljer, G and Wieler, LH (1998). Compensation of preliminary blood phagocyte immaturity in the newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 62: 309–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molloy, EJ, O'Neill, AJ, Grantham, JJ, Sheridan-Pereira, M, Fitzpatrick, JM, Webb, DW and Watson, RW (2005). Granulocyte colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor have differential effects on neonatal and adult neutrophil survival and function. Pediatric Research 57: 806–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrow, AL, Ruiz-Palacios, GM, Altaye, M, Jiang, X, Guerrero, ML, Meinzen-Derr, JK, Farkas, T, Chaturvedi, P, Pickering, LK and Newburg, DS (2004). Human milk oligosaccharide blood group epitopes and innate immune protection against campylobacter and calicivirus diarrhea in breast-fed infants. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 554: 443–446.Google Scholar
Morrow, AL, Ruiz-Palacios, GM, Jiang, X and Newburg, DS (2005). Human-milk glycans that inhibit pathogen binding protect breast-feeding infants against infectious diarrhea. Journal of Nutrition 135: 1304–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mueller, R, Boothby, JT, Carroll, EJ and Panico, L (1983a). Changes in complement values in calves during the first month of life. American Journal of Veterinary Research 44: 747–750.Google Scholar
Mueller, R, Carroll, EJ and Panico, L (1983b). Hemolytic complement titers and complement C3 levels in endotoxin-induced mastitis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 44: 1442–1445.Google Scholar
Muneta, Y, Uenishi, H, Kikuma, R, Yoshihara, K, Shimoji, Y, Yamamoto, R, Hamashima, N, Yokomiso, Y and Mori, Y (2003). Porcine TLR2 and TLR6: identification and their involvement in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 23: 583–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muniz-Jungueira, MI, Pecanha, LM, da Silva-Filho, VL, de Almedia Cardoso, MC and Tosta, CE (2003). Novel technique for assessment of postnatal maturation of the phagocytic function of neutrophils and monocytes. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10: 1096–1102.Google Scholar
Nabhan, MA, Girardet, JM, Campagna, S, Gaillard, JL and Le Roux, Y (2004). Isolation and characterization of copolymers of beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, kappa-casein, and alphas1-casein generated by pressurization and thermal treatment of raw milk. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 3614–3622.Google Scholar
Nanthakumar, NN, Dai, D, Newburg, DS and Walker, WA (2003). The role of indigenous microflora in the development of murine intestinal fucosyl- and sialyltransferases. The FASEB Journal 17: 44–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newburg, DS (1999). Human milk glycoconjugates that inhibit pathogens. Current Medical Chemistry 6: 117–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newburg, DS (2005). Innate immunity and human milk. Journal of Nutrition 135: 1308–1312.Google Scholar
Nowacki, W, Cederblad, B, Renard, C, La Bonnardière, and Charley, B (1993). Age-related increase of porcine natural interferon α producing cell frequency and of interferon yield per cell. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 37: 113–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Neill, LA, Fitzgerald, KA and Bowie, AG (2003). The Toll-IL-1 receptor adaptor family grows to five members. Trends in Immunology 24: 286–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oram, JD and Reiter, B (1968). Inhibition of bacteria by lactoferrin and other iron chelating agents. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 170: 351–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ouwehand, A, Isolauri, E and Salminen, S (2002). The role of the intestinal microflora for the development of the immune system in early childhood. European Journal of Nutrition 41: 132–137.Google Scholar
Pabst, HF and Spady, DW (1990). Effect of breast feeding on antibody response to conjugate vaccine. Lancet 336: 269–270.Google Scholar
Perret, S, Sabin, C, Dumon, C, Pokorna, M, Gautier, C, Galanina, O, Ilia, S, Bovin, N, Nicaise, M, Desmadril, M, Gilboa-Garber, N, Wimmerova, M, Mitchell, EP and Imberty, A (2005). Structural basis for the interaction between human milk oligosaccharides and the bacterial lectin PA-IIL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemical Journal 389: 325–332.Google Scholar
Philip, R and Epstein, LB (1986). Tumor necrosis factor as immunomodulatory and mediator of monocytes cytotoxicity induced by itself, γ interferon and interleukin 1. Nature 323: 86–89.Google Scholar
Quigley, JD and Drewry, JJ (1998). Nutrient and immunity transfer from cow to calf pre- and post calving. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 2779–2790.Google Scholar
Rainard, P (2002). Complement factor B and the alternative pathway of complement activation in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Research 69: 1–12.Google Scholar
Rainard, P and Poutrel, B (1995). Deposition of complement components on Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine milk in the absence of inflammation. Infection and Immunity 63: 3422–3427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reading, PC, Holmskov, U and Anders, EM (1998). Antiviral activity of bovine collectins against rotaviruses. Journal of General Virology 79: 2255–2263.Google Scholar
Rebuck, N, Gibson, A and Finn, A (1995). Neutrophil adhesion molecules in term and pre-term infants: normal or enhanced leukocyte integrins but defective L-selectin expression and shedding. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 101: 183–189.Google Scholar
Reissland, P and Wandinger, KP (1999). Increased cortisol levels in human umbilical cord blood inhibit interferon alpha production of neonates. Immunobiology 200: 227–233.Google Scholar
Renshaw, HW and Litteneker, NM (1978). Levels of total hemolytic complement activity in paired maternal newborn sheep sera. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin, Reihe B 25: 689–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renshaw, HW and Everson, DO (1979). Classical and alternative complement pathway activities in paired dairy cow-newborn calf sera. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1: 259–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ribeiro-do-Couto, LM, Poelen, M, Hooibrink, B, Dormans, JA, Roholl, PJ and Boog, CJ (2003). Ultrastructural characterization of effector-target interactions for human neonatal and adult NK cells reveals reduced intercellular surface contacts of neonatal cells. Human Immunology 64: 490–496.Google Scholar
Rice, CE and Duhamel, L (1957). A comparison of the complement, conglutinin, and natural anti-sheep red cell antibody titres of the serum of newborn and older calves. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 21: 109–116.Google Scholar
Rice, CE and L'Ecuyer, C (1963). Complement titres of naturally and artificially raised piglets. I. In piglets of different birth weights. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science 27: 157–161.Google Scholar
Ridge, JP, Fuchs, EJ and Matzinger, P (1996). Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning on newborn T cells with dendritic cells. Science 271: 1723–1726.Google Scholar
Riffault, S, Carrat, C, Besnardeau, L, La Bonnardière, C and Charley, B (1997). In vivo induction of interferon-alpha in pig by non-infectious coronavirus: tissue localization and in situ phenotypic characterization of interferon-alpha-producing cells. Journal of General Virology 78: 2483–2487.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Palacios, GM, Cervantes, LE, Ramos, P, Chavez-Munguia, B and Newburg, DS (2003). Campylobacter jejuni binds intestinal H(O) antigen (Fucα1, 2Galβ1, 4GlcNAc), and fucosyloligosaccharides of human milk inhibit its binding and infection. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278: 14112–14120.Google Scholar
Sano, H and Kuroki, Y (2005). The lung collectins, SP-A and SP-D, modulate pulmonary innate immunity. Molecular Immunology 42: 279–287.Google Scholar
Schaller-Bals, S, Schulze, A and Bals, R (2002). Increased levels of antimicrobial peptides in tracheal aspirates of newborn infants during infection. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 165: 992–995.Google Scholar
Schroedl, W, Jaekel, L and Krueger, M (2003). C-reactive protein and antibacterial activity in blood plasma of colostrum-fed calves and the effect of lactulose. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 3313–3320.Google Scholar
Seganti, L, Di Biase, AM, Marchetti, M, Pietrantoni, A, Tinari, A and Superti, F (2004). Antiviral activity of lactoferrin towards naked viruses. Biometals 17: 295–299.Google Scholar
Sherman, M, Goldstein, E, Lippert, W and Wennberg, R (1977). Neonatal lung defense mechanisms: a study of the alveolar macrophage system in neonatal rabbits. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 116: 433–440.Google Scholar
Shimosato, T, Kitazawa, H, Katoh, S, Tomioka, Y, Karima, R, Ueha, S, Kawai, Y, Hishinuma, T, Matsushima, K and Saito, T (2003). Swine Toll-like receptor 9 recognizes CpG motifs of human cell stimulant. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1627: 56–61.Google Scholar
Siegrist, C-A (2003). Mechanisms by which maternal antibodies influence infant vaccine responses: review of hypotheses and definition of main determinants. Vaccine 21: 3406–3412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonntag, J, Brandenburg, U, Polzehl, D, Strauss, E, Vogel, M, Dudenhausen, JW and Obladen, M (1998). Complement system in healthy term newborns: reference values in umbilical cord blood. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 1: 131–135.Google Scholar
Stiehm, ER, Kronenberg, LH, Rosenblatt, HM, Bryson, Y and Merigan, TC (1982). UCLA conference. Interferon: immunobiology and clinical significance. Annals of Internal Medicine 96: 80–93.Google Scholar
Takeda, K and Akira, S (2005). Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. International Immunology 17: 1–14.Google Scholar
Taylor, PW (1995). Resistance of bacteria to complement. In: Roth, JA (ed.) Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, pp. 49–64.Google Scholar
Terai, I and Kobayashi, K (1993). Perinatal changes in serum mannose-binding protein (MBP) levels. Immunology Letters 38: 185–187.Google Scholar
Thilaganathan, B, Meher-Homji, N and Nicolades, KH (1995). Labor: an immunologically beneficial process for the neonate. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 171: 1271–1272.Google Scholar
Tillett, WS and Francis, T (1930). Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein fraction of pneumococcus. Journal of Experimental Medicine 52: 561–571.Google Scholar
Tizard, IR (2004). Veterinary Immunology. An Introduction, 7th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier).Google Scholar
Toman, M, Faldyna, M, Knotigova, P, Pokorova, D and Sinkora, J (2002). Postnatal development of leukocyte subset composition and activity in dogs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 87: 321–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trebichavsky, I, Madel, L and Vetvicka, V (1987). Immunological markers and the fine structure of alveolar cells in germfree pigs. Folia Biolgica (Praha) 33: 246–252.Google Scholar
Triglia, RP and Linscott, WD (1980). Titers of nine complement components, conglutinin and C3b-inactivator in adult and fetal bovine sera. Molecular Immunology 17: 741–748.Google Scholar
Tsan, M and Gau, B (2004). Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 76: 514–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsao, PN, Chiang, BL, Yang, YH, Tsai, MJ, Lu, FL, Chou, HC and Tsou, KI (2002). Longitudinal follow-up of lymphocyte subsets during the first year of life. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology 20: 147–153.Google Scholar
Turner, MA, Power, S and Emmerson, AJB (2004). Gestational age and the C-reactive protein response. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 89: F272–F273.Google Scholar
Tyler, JW, Cullor, JS, Douglas, VL, Parker, KM and Smith, WL (1989). Ontogeny of the third component of complement in neonatal swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50: 1141–1144.Google Scholar
Ulvatne, H, Samuelsen, O, Haukland, HH, Kramer, M and Vorland, LH (2004). Lactoferricin B inhibits bacterial macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 237: 377–384.Google Scholar
Van der Kraan, MI, Nazmi, K, Teeken, A, Groenink, J, van't Hof, W, Veerman, EC, Bolscher, JG and Nieuw-Amerongen, AV (2005). Lactoferrampin, an antimicrobial peptide of bovine lactoferrin, exerts its candidacidal activity by a cluster of positively charged residues at the C-terminus in combination with a helix-facilitating N-terminal part. Biological Chemistry 386: 137–142.Google Scholar
Verschoor, A, Brockman, MA, Gadjeva, M, Knipe, DM and Carroll, MC (2003). Myeloid C3 determines induction of humoral responses to peripheral herpes simplex virus infection. The Journal of Immunology 171: 5363–5371.Google Scholar
Wakamiya, N, Okuno, Y, Sasao, F, Ueda, S, Yoshimatsu, K, Naiki, M and Kurimura, T (1992). Isolation and characterization of conglutinin as an influenza A virus inhibitor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 187: 1270–1278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Zarlenga, DS, Paape, MJ, Dahl, GE and Tomita, GM (2003). Functional analysis of recombinant bovine CD14. Veterinary Research 34: 413–421.Google Scholar
Warren, CD, Chaturvedi, P, Newburg, AR, Oftedal, OT, Tilden, CD and Newburg, DS (2001). Comparison of oligosaccharides in milk specimens from humans and twelve other species. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 501: 325–332.Google Scholar
Weiss, RA, Chanana, AD and Joel, DD (1985). The status of pulmonary host defense in the neonatal sheep: cellular and humoral aspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 459: 40–55.Google Scholar
Weiss, RA, Chanana, AD and Joel, DD (1986). Postnatal maturation of pulmonary antimicrobial defense mechanisms in conventional and germ-free lambs. Pediatric Research 20: 496–504.Google Scholar
Werling, D, Hope, JC, Howard, CJ and Jungi, TW (2004). Differential production of cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen by bovine macrophages and dendritic cells stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. Immunology 111: 41–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolach, B, Carmi, D, Gilboa, S, Satar, M, Segal, S, Dolfin, T and Schlesinger, M (1994). Some aspects of the humoral immunity and the phagocytic function in newborn infants. Israeli Journal of Medical Science 30: 331–335.Google Scholar
Yager, JA, Duder, CK, Prescott, JF and Zink, MC (1987). The interaction of Rhodococcus equi and foal neutrophils in vitro. Veterinary Microbiology 14: 287–294.Google Scholar
Yarovinsky, F, Zhang, D, Anderson, JF, Bannenberg, GL, Serhan, CN, Hayden, MS, Hieny, S, Sutterwala, FS, Flavell, RA, Ghosh, S and Sher, A (2005). TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin-like protein. Science 308: 1626–1629.Google Scholar
Yolken, RH, Peterson, JA, Vonderfecht, SL, Fouts, ET, Midthun, K and Newburg, DS (1992). Human milk mucin inhibits rotavirus replication and prevents experimental gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 90: 1984–1991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yonemasu, K, Kitajima, H, Tanabe, S, Ochi, T and Shinkai, H (1978). Effect of age on C1q and C3 levels in human serum and their presence in colostrum. Immunology 35: 523–5230.Google Scholar
Zach, TL and Hostetter, MK (1989). Biochemical abnormalities of the third component of complement in neonates. Pediatric Research 26: 116–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarember, KA and Godowski, PJ (2002). Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines. Journal of Immunology 168: 554–561.Google Scholar
Zeligs, BJ, Nerurkar, LS and Bellanti, JA (1977). Maturation of the rabbit alveolar macrophage during animal development. III. Phagocytic and bactericidal functions. Pediatric Research 11: 1208–1211.Google Scholar
Zink, MC and Yager, JA (1984). Cellular constituents of clinically normal foal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during postnatal maturation. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45: 893–897.Google ScholarPubMed