Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:08:20.282Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microarrays in veterinary diagnostics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Harriet E. Feilotter
Harriet E. Feilotter*
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Microarrays have numerous applications in the clinical setting, and these uses are not confined to the study of common human diseases. Indeed, the high-throughput technology affects clinical diagnostics in a variety of contexts, and this is reflected in the increasing use of microarray-based tools in the development of diagnostic and prognostic tests and in the identification of novel therapeutic targets. While much of the value of microarray-based experimentation has been derived from the study of human disease, there is equivalent potential for its role in veterinary medicine. Even though the resources devoted to the study of animal molecular diagnostics may be less than those available for human research, there is nonetheless a growing appreciation of the value of genome-wide information as it applies to animal disease. Therefore, this review focuses on the basics of microarray experimentation, and how this technology lends itself to a variety of diagnostic approaches in veterinary medicine.

Keywords

microarraysdiagnosticsDNAmolecular markers
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , December 2004 , pp. 249 - 255
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, CJ, Platt, SR, Jakobs, C, Verhoeven, NM, Dennis, R, Garosi, L and Shelton, GD (2003). L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria in Staffordshire Bull Terriers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17: 551–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alizadeh, AA, Eisen, MB, Davis, RE, Ma, C, Lossos, IS, Rosenwald, A, Boldrick, JC, Sabet, H, Tran, T, Yu, X, Powell, JI, Yang, L, Marti, GE, Moore, T, Hudson, J, Lu, L Jr, Lewis, DB, Tibshirani, R, Sherlock, G, Chan, WC, Greiner, TC, Weisenburger, DD, Armitage, JO, Warnke, R, Levy, R, Wilson, W, Grever, MR, Byrd, JC, Botstein, D, Brown, PO and Staudt, LM (2000). Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403: 503–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakay, M, Chen, YW, Borup, R, Zhao, P, Nagaraju, K and Hoffman, EP (2002). Sources of variability and effect of experimental approach on expression profiling data interpretation. BMC Bioinformatics 3: 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Band, MR, Olmstead, C, Everts, RE, Liu, ZL and Lewin, HA (2002). A 3800 gene microarray for cattle functional genomics: comparison of gene expression in spleen, placenta, and brain. Animal Biotechnology 13: 163–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berthier, D, Quere, R, Thevenon, S, Belemsaga, D, Piquemal, D, Marti, J and Maillard, JC (2003). Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) in bovine trypanotolerance: preliminary results. Genetics, Selection, Evolution 35 (Suppl. 1): S35–S47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilban, M, Buehler, LK, Head, S, Desoye, G and Quaranta, V (2002). Normalizing DNA microarray data. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 4: 57–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Booth, SA, Drebot, MA, Martin, IE and Ng, LK (2003). Design of oligonucleotide arrays to detect point mutations: molecular typing of antibiotic resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and hantavirus infected deer mice. Molecular and Cellular Probes 17: 77–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borucki, MK, Krug, MJ, Muraoka, WT and Call, DR (2003). Discrimination among Listeria monocytogenes isolates using a mixed genome DNA microarray. Veterinary Microbiology 92: 351–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brazma, A and Vilo, J (2000). Gene expression data analysis. FEBS Letters 480: 17–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenton, JD, Aparicio, SA and Caldas, C (2001). Molecular profiling of breast cancer: portraits but not physiognomy. Breast Cancer Research 3: 77–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, JP, Williams, BA, Wold, BJ and Quake, SR (2002). Significance and statistical errors in the analysis of DNA microarray data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 12975–12978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, R, Williamson, J, Hensley, A, Butler, E, Touchton, G and Smith, E (2003). Buccal cells as a source of DNA for comparative animal genomic analysis. Biotechnology Letters 25: 451–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, HB (2000). Discovering patterns in microarray data. Molecular Diagnosis 5: 349–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, JL, Madsen, SA, Yao, J, Sipkovsky, SS and Coussens, PM (2001). An immunogenomics approach to understanding periparturient immunosuppression and mastitis susceptibility in dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 42: 407–424.Google ScholarPubMed
Carter, NP, Fiegler, H and Piper, J (2002). Comparative analysis of comparative genomic hybridization microarray technologies: report of a workshop sponsored by the Wellcome Trust. Cytometry 49: 43–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, J, Iannone, MA, Li, MS, Taylor, JD, Rivers, P, Nelsen, AJ, Slentz-Kesler, KA, Roses, A and Weiner, MP (2000). A microsphere-based assay for multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism analysis using single base chain extension. Genome Research 10: 549–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, YJ, Kodell, R, Sistare, F, Thompson, KL, Morris, S and Chen, JJ (2003). Normalization methods for analysis of microarray gene-expression data. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 13: 57–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chizhikov, V, Rasooly, A, Chumakov, K and Levy, DD (2001). Microarray analysis of microbial virulence factors. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 3258–3263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chizhikov, V, Wagner, M, Ivshina, A, Hoshino, Y, Kapikian, AZ and Chumakov, K (2002). Detection and genotyping of human group A rotaviruses by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40: 2398–2407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chuaqui, RF, Bonner, RF, Best, CJ, Gillespie, JW, Flaig, MJ, Hewitt, SM, Phillips, JL, Krizman, DB, Tangrea, MA, Ahram, M, Linehan, WM, Knezevic, V and Emmert-Buck, MR (2002). Post-analysis follow-up and validation of microarray experiments. Nature Genetics 32 (Suppl.): 509–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, CH, Bernard, PS and Perou, CM (2002). Molecular portraits and the family tree of cancer. Nature Genetics 32 (Suppl.): 533–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Churchill, GA (2002). Fundamentals of experimental design for cDNA microarrays. Nature Genetics 32 (Suppl.): 490–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coussens, PM and Nobis, W (2002). Bioinformatics and high throughput approach to create genomic resources for the study of bovine immunobiology. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 86: 229–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coussens, PM, Colvin, CJ, Wiersma, K, Abouzied, A and Sipkovsky, S (2002). Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Infection and Immunity 70: 5494–5502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dettling, M and Buhlmann, P (2002). Supervised clustering of genes. Genome Biology 3: RESEARCH0069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhanasekaran, SM, Barrette, TR, Ghosh, D, Shah, R, Varambally, S, Kurachi, K, Pienta, KJ, Rubin, MA and Chinnaiyan, AM (2001). Delineation of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer. Nature 412: 822–826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draghici, S, Khatri, P, Martins, RP, Ostermeier, GC and Krawetz, SA (2003). Global functional profiling of gene expression. Genomics 81: 98–104.Google ScholarPubMed
Drogemuller, C, Distl, O and Leeb, T (2003). X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (ED1) in men, mice, and cattle. Genetics, Selection, Evolution 35 (Suppl. 1): S137–S145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duggan, DJ, Bittner, M, Chen, Y, Meltzer, P and Trent, JM (1999). Expression profiling using cDNA microarrays. Nature Genetics 21: 10–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, KA, Thomas, R, Binns, MM and Breen, M (2000). Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in dogs—application to the study of a canine glial tumour cell line. Veterinary Journal 160: 77–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisen, MB, Spellman, PT, Brown, PO and Botstein, D (1998). Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 14863–14868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emara, MG and Kim, H (2003). Genetic markers and their application in poultry breeding. Poultry Science 82: 952–957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmert-Buck, MR, Strausberg, RL, Krizman, DB, Bonaldo, MF, Bonner, RF, Bostwick, DG, Brown, MR, Buetow, KH, Chuaqui, RF, Cole, KA, Duray, PH, Englert, CR, Gillespie, JW, Greenhut, S, Grouse, L, Hillier, LW, Katz, KS, Klausner, RD, Kuznetzov, V, Lash, AE, Lennon, G, Linehan, WM, Liotta, LA, Marra, MA, Munson, PJ, Ornstein, DK, Prabhu, VV, Prang, C, Schuler, GD, Soares, MB, Tolstoshev, CM, Vocke, CD and Waterston, RH (2000). Molecular profiling of clinical tissues specimens: feasibility and applications. Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 2: 60–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firestein, GS and Pisetsky, DS (2002). DNA microarrays: boundless technology or bound by technology? Guidelines for studies using microarray technology. Arthritis and Rheumatism 46: 859–861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, JR, Sturdevant, DE, Mackie, SM, Gill, SR and Musser, JM (2001). Evolutionary genomics of Staphylococcus aureus: insights into the origin of methicillin-resistant strains and the toxic shock syndrome epidemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 8821–8826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forozan, F, Mahlamaki, EH, Monni, O, Chen, Y, Veldman, R, Jiang, Y, Gooden, GC, Ethier, SP, Kallioniemi, A and Kallioniemi, OP (2000). Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of 38 breast cancer cell lines: a basis for interpreting complementary DNA microarray data. Cancer Research 60: 4519–4525.Google ScholarPubMed
Freeman, WM, Robertson, DJ and Vrana, KE (2000). Fundamentals of DNA hybridization arrays for gene expression analysis. Biotechniques 29: 1042–1046, 1048–1055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabrielson, E, Berg, K and Anbazhagan, R (2001). Functional genomics, gene arrays, and the future of pathology. Modern Pathology 14: 1294–1299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, GJ, Jensen, RV, Hsiao, LL, Gullans, SR, Blumenstock, JE, Ramaswamy, S, Richards, WG, Sugarbaker, DJ and Bueno, R (2002). Translation of microarray data into clinically relevant cancer diagnostic tests using gene expression ratios in lung cancer and mesothelioma. Cancer Research 62: 4963–4967.Google ScholarPubMed
Gut, IG (2001). Automation in genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Human Mutation 17: 475–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardiman, G (2002). Microarray technologies—an overview. University of California San Diego Extension, Bioscience, Microarray Technologies—an overview, March 13–15, 2002. Pharmacogenomics 3: 293–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haskins, M, Casal, M, Ellinwood, NM, Melniczek, J, Mazrier, H and Giger, U (2002). Animal models for mucopolysaccharidoses and their clinical relevance. Acta Paediatrica Supplementum 91: 88–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaton, MP, Grosse, WM, Kappes, SM, Keele, JW, Chitko-McKown, CG, Cundiff, LV, Braun, A, Little, DP and Laegreid, WW (2001). Estimation of DNA sequence diversity in bovine cytokine genes. Mammalian Genome 12: 32–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedenfalk, I, Duggan, D, Chen, Y, Radmacher, M, Bittner, M, Simon, R, Meltzer, P, Gusterson, B, Esteller, M, Kallioniemi, OP, Wilfond, B, Borg, A and Trent, J (2001). Gene-expression profiles in hereditary breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 344: 539–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedenfalk, I, Ringner, M, Ben-Dor, A, Yakhini, Z, Chen, Y, Chebil, G, Ach, R, Loman, N, Olsson, H, Meltzer, P, Borg, A and Trent, J (2003). Molecular classification of familial non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 2532–2537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegde, P, Qi, R, Abernathy, K, Gay, C, Dharap, S, Gaspard, R, Hughes, JE, Snesrud, E, Lee, N and Quackenbush, J (2000). A concise guide to cDNA microarray analysis. Biotechniques 29: 548–550, 552–554, 556 passim.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holloway, AJ, van Laar, RK, Tothill, RW and Bowtell, DD (2002). Options available—from start to finish—for obtaining data from DNA microarrays II. Nature Genetics 32 (Suppl.): 481–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, TR, Mao, M, Jones, AR, Burchard, J, Marton, MJ, Shannon, KW, Lefkowitz, SM, Ziman, M, Schelter, JM, Meyer, MR, Kobayashi, S, Davis, C, Dai, H, He, YD, Stephaniants, SB, Cavet, G, Walker, WL, West, A, Coffey, E, Shoemaker, DD, Stoughton, R, Blanchard, AP, Friend, SH and Linsley, PS (2001). Expression profiling using microarrays fabricated by an ink-jet oligonucleotide synthesizer. Nature Biotechnology 19: 342–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenssen, TK, Kuo, WP, Stokke, T and Hovig, E (2002). Associations between gene expressions in breast cancer and patient survival. Human Genetics 111: 411–420.Google ScholarPubMed
Judson, R and Stephens, JC (2001). Notes from the SNP vs. haplotype front. Pharmacogenomics 2: 7–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, MD, Jatkoe, TA, Stumpf, CR, Lu, J, Thomas, JD and Madore, SJ (2000). Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of oligonucleotide (50mer) microarrays. Nucleic Acids Research 28: 4552–4557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, MK and Churchill, GA (2001). Statistical design and the analysis of gene expression microarray data. Genetical Research 77: 123–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkness, EF, Bafna, V, Halpern, AL, Levy, S, Remington, K, Rusch, DB, Delcher, AL, Pop, M, Wang, W, Fraser, CM and Venter, JC (2003). The dog genome: survey sequencing and comparative analysis. Science 301: 1898–1903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knox, DP, Redmond, DL, Skuce, PJ and Newlands, GF (2001). The contribution of molecular biology to the development of vaccines against nematode and trematode parasites of domestic ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology 101: 311–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakhani, SR, O'Hare, MJ and Ashworth, A (2001). Profiling familial breast cancer. Nature Medicine 7: 408–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landi, S, Gemignani, F, Gioia-Patricola, L, Chabrier, A and Canzian, F (2003). Evaluation of a microarray for genotyping polymorphisms related to xenobiotic metabolism and DNA repair. Biotechniques 35: 816–820, 822, 824–827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, ML and Whitmore, GA (2002). Power and sample size for DNA microarray studies. Statistics in Medicine 21: 3543–3570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, HC, Cheng, HH, Tirunagaru, V, Sofer, L and Burnside, J (2001). A strategy to identify positional candidate genes conferring Marek's disease resistance by integrating DNA microarrays and genetic mapping. Animal Genetics 32: 351–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lockhart, DJ and Winzeler, EA (2000). Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays. Nature 405: 827–836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenz, MC (2002). Genomic approaches to fungal pathogenicity. Current Opinion in Microbiology 5: 372–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mariadason, JM, Arango, D, Corner, GA, Aranes, MJ, Hotchkiss, KA, Yang, W and Augenlicht, LH (2002). A gene expression profile that defines colon cell maturation in vitro. Cancer Research 62: 4791–4804.Google ScholarPubMed
Marth, GT, Korf, I, Yandell, MD, Yeh, RT, Gu, Z, Zakeri, H, Stitziel, NO, Hillier, L, Kwok, PY and Gish, WR (1999). A general approach to single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery. Nature Genetics 23: 452–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyers-Wallen, VN (2001). Relevance of the canine genome project to veterinary medical practice. In: Concannon, PW, England, G and Verstegen, J, editors. Recent advances in Small Animal Reproduction Ithaca (NY): International Veterinary Information Service A1218.0601Google Scholar
Murphy, D (2002). Gene expression studies using microarrays: principles, problems and prospects. Advances in Physiology Education 26: 256–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, SJ, Menotti-Raymond, M, Murphy, WJ, Nash, WG, Wienberg, J, Stanyon, R, Copeland, NG, Jenkins, NA, Womack, JE and Marshall Graves, JA (1999). The promise of comparative genomics in mammals. Science 286: 458–462, 479–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perou, CM, Sorlie, T, Eisen, MB, van de Rijn, M, Jeffrey, SS, Rees, CA, Pollack, JR, Ross, DT, Johnsen, H, Akslen, LA, Fluge, O, Pergamenschikov, A, Williams, C, Zhu, SX, Lonning, PE, Borresen-Dale, AL, Brown, PO and Botstein, D (2000). Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406: 747–752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petricoin, EF 3rd, Hackett, JL, Lesko, LJ, Puri, RK, Gutman, SI, Chumakov, K, Woodcock, J, Feigal, DW Jr, Zoon, KC and Sistare, FD (2002). Medical applications of microarray technologies: a regulatory science perspective. Nature Genetics 32 (Suppl.): 474–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollack, JR, Perou, CM, Alizadeh, AA, Eisen, MB, Pergamenschikov, A, Williams, CF, Jeffrey, SS, Botstein, D and Brown, PO (1999). Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy-number changes using cDNA microarrays. Nature Genetics 23: 41–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollack, JR, Sorlie, T, Perou, CM, Rees, CA, Jeffrey, SS, Lonning, PE, Tibshirani, R, Botstein, D, Borresen-Dale, AL and Brown, PO (2002). Microarray analysis reveals a major direct role of DNA copy number alteration in the transcriptional program of human breast tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 12963–12968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quackenbush, J (2002). Microarray data normalization and transformation. Nature Genetics 32 (Suppl.): 496–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajeevan, MS, Vernon, SD, Taysavang, N and Unger, ER (2001). Validation of array-based gene expression profiles by real-time (kinetic) RT-PCR. Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 3: 26–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramaswamy, S, Ross, KN, Lander, ES and Golub, TR (2003). A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nature Genetics 33: 49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reich, DE, Gabriel, SB and Altshuler, D (2003). Quality and completeness of SNP databases. Nature Genetics 33: 457–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saiki, RK, Walsh, PS, Levenson, CH and Erlich, HA (1989). Genetic analysis of amplified DNA with immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86: 6230–6234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sellon, RK (2003). Update on molecular techniques for diagnostic testing of infectious disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 33: 677–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seo, MY, Rha, SY, Yang, SH, Kim, SC, Lee, GY, Park, CH, Yang, WI, Ahn, JB, Park, BW and Chung, HC (2003). The pattern of gene copy number changes in bilateral breast cancer surveyed by cDNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 13: 17–24.Google Scholar
Shimatsu, Y, Katagiri, K, Furuta, T, Nakura, M, Tanioka, Y, Yuasa, K, Tomohiro, M, Kornegay, JN., Nonaka, I and Takeda, S (2003). Canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMDJ). Experimental Animals 52: 93–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shipp, MA, Ross, KN, Tamayo, P, Weng, AP, Kutok, JL, Aguiar, RC, Gaasenbeek, M, Angelo, M, Reich, M, Pinkus, GS, Ray, TS, Koval, MA, Last, KW, Norton, A, Lister, TA, Mesirov, J, Neuberg, DS, Lander, ES, Aster, JC and Golub, TR (2002). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma outcome prediction by gene-expression profiling and supervised machine learning. Nature Medicine 8: 68–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sieb, JP, Kraner, S, Thompson, PN and Steinlein, OK (2003). Congenital myasthenic syndrome in cattle due to homozygosity for a truncating mutation in the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) epsilon-subunit gene. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 998: 125–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siedow, JN (2001). Making sense of microarrays. Genome Biology 2. Reports 4003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slonim, DK (2002). From patterns to pathways: gene expression data analysis comes of age. Nature Genetics 32 (Suppl.): 502–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smyth, GK, Yang, YH and Speed, T (2003). Statistical issues in cDNA microarray data analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology 224: 111–136.Google ScholarPubMed
Snijders, AM, Meijer, GA, Brakenhoff, RH, van den Brule, AJ and van Diest, PJ (2000). Microarray techniques in pathology: tool or toy? Molecular Pathology 53: 289–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southern, EM (2001). DNA microarrays. History and overview. Methods in Molecular Biology 170: 1–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Stremmel, C, Wein, A, Hohenberger, W and Reingruber, B (2002). DNA microarrays: a new diagnostic tool and its implications in colorectal cancer. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 17: 131–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suchyta, SP, Sipkovsky, S, Kruska, R, Jeffers, A, McNulty, A, Coussens, MJ, Tempelman, RJ, Halgren, RG, Saama, PM, Bauman, DE, Boisclair, YR, Burton, JL, Collier, RJ, DePeters, EJ, Ferris, TA, Lucy, MC, McGuire, MA, Medrano, JF, Overton, TR, Smith, TP, Smith, GW, Sonstegard, TS, Spain, JN, Spiers, DE, Yao, J and Coussens, PM (2003). Development and testing of a high-density cDNA microarray resource for cattle. Physiological Genomics 15: 158–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takeda, H and Sugimoto, Y (2003). Construction of YAC/BAC contig map for the BTA 6q21 region containing a locus for bovine chondrodysplastic dwarfism. Animal Biotechnology 14: 51–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, R, Smith, KC, Ostrander, EA, Galibert, F, Breen, M. (2003). Chromosome aberrations in canine multicentric lymphomas detected with comparative genomic hybridisation and a panel of single locus probes. British Journal of Cancer 89: 1530–1537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Vijver, MJ, He, YD, van't Veer, LJ, Dai, H, Hart, AA, Voskuil, DW, Schreiber, GJ, Peterse, JL, Roberts, C, Marton, MJ, Parrish, M, Atsma, D, Witteveen, A, Glas, A, Delahaye, L, van der Velde, T, Bartelink, H, Rodenhuis, S, Rutgers, ET, Friend, SH and Bernards, R (2002). A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 347: 1999–2009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van 't Veer, LJ, Dai, H, van de Vijver, MJ, He, YD, Hart, AA, Mao, M, Peterse, HL, van der Kooy, K, Marton, MJ, Witteveen, AT, Schreiber, GJ, Kerkhoven, RM, Roberts, C, Linsley, PS, Bernards, R and Friend, SH (2002). Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415: 530–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venta, PJ, Li, J, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V, Brewer, GJ and Schall, WD (2000). Mutation causing von Willebrand's disease in Scottish Terriers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14: 10–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Vernet, G (2002). DNA-chip technology and infectious diseases. Virus Research 82: 65–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vignal, A, Milan, D, SanCristobal, M and Eggen, A (2002). A review on SNP and other types of molecular markers and their use in animal genetics. Genetics, Selection, Evolution 34: 275–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volokhov, D, Rasooly, A, Chumakov, K and Chizhikov, V (2002). Identification of Listeria species by microarray-based assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40: 4720–4728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, D, Coscoy, L, Zylberberg, M, Avila, PC, Boushey, HA, Ganem, D and DeRisi, JL (2002a). Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 15687–15692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, RF, Beggs, ML, Robertson, LH and Cerniglia, CE (2002b). Design and evaluation of oligonucleotide-microarray method for the detection of human intestinal bacteria in fecal samples. FEMS Microbiology Letters 213: 175–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wildsmith, SE and Elcock, FJ (2001). Microarrays under the microscope. Molecular Pathology 54: 8–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, YH and Speed, T (2002). Design issues for cDNA microarray experiments. Nature Reviews. Genetics 3: 579–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yao, J, Burton, JL, Saama, P, Sipkovsky, S and Coussens, PM (2001). Generation of EST and cDNA microarray resources for the study of bovine immunobiology. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 42: 391–405.Google Scholar
Yao, J, Coussens, PM, Saama, P, Suchyta, S and Ernst, CW (2002). Generation of expressed sequence tags from a normalized porcine skeletal muscle cDNA library. Animal Biotechnology 13: 211–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, H, Yu, CY and Singer, B (2003). Cell and tumor classification using gene expression data: Construction of forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 4168–4172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed