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Interspecies and intraspecies transmission of influenza A viruses: viral, host and environmental factors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2010

Hadi M. Yassine ,
Chang-Won Lee ,
Renukaradhya Gourapura  and
Yehia M. Saif
Hadi M. Yassine
Affiliation:
Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
Chang-Won Lee
Affiliation:
Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
Renukaradhya Gourapura
Affiliation:
Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
Yehia M. Saif*
Affiliation:
Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
*
†Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Influenza A viruses are enveloped viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae that encompasses four more genera: Influenza B, Influenza C, Isavirus and Thogotovirus. Type A viruses belong to the only genus that is highly infectious to a variety of mammalian and avian species. They are divided into subtypes based on two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). So far, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified worldwide, making a possible combination of 144 subtypes between both proteins. Generally, individual viruses are host-specific, however, interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses is not uncommon. All of the HA and NA subtypes have been isolated from wild birds; however, infections in humans and other mammalian species are limited to a few subtypes. The replication of individual influenza A virus in a specific host is dependent on many factors including, viral proteins, host system and environmental conditions. In this review, the key findings that contribute to the transmission of influenza A viruses amongst different species are summarized.

Keywords

influenzainterspecies transmissionvirus–host interaction
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 11 , Issue 1: Influenza in Animals , June 2010 , pp. 53 - 72
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

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