Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T14:52:21.781Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Global perspectives on nematode parasite control in ruminant livestock: the need to adopt alternatives to chemotherapy, with emphasis on biological control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Peter J. Waller
Peter J. Waller*
Affiliation:
SWEPAR, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
*
E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +46 18 309162
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Effective, sustainable control of nematode parasites of grazing livestock is becoming evermore challenging and difficult. This is largely due to two contrasting issues. One is the rapid escalation of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is arguably the greatest problem now facing the small ruminant industries worldwide. Secondly, there is the increasing trend towards organic farming, in which there is prohibition of the prophylactic use of all chemical compounds. Livestock producers urgently need non-chemotherapeutic alternatives in parasite control. Researchers have responded to this challenge and a variety of quite different approaches have been the subject of intense investigation in many countries for several decades now. These vary in relation to their stage of development for on-farm use, their utility, and their applicability across the spectrum of grazing livestock enterprises throughout the world. One relatively recent innovation is the biological control approach to nematode parasites. This has now reached the stage of commercialization. This review focuses on these issues and provides an overview of the possible ways in which the biological control of nematode parasites could be employed in grazing ruminant livestock systems worldwide.

Keywords

enmatode parasiteslivestockbiological controlDuddingtonia flagrans
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , June 2003 , pp. 35 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baker, RL (1996) Characterisation and utilisation of sheep and goat breeds that are resistant to helminths. In: LeJambre, LF and Knox, MR (editors). In Sustainable Parasite Control in Small Ruminants. Proceedings, ACIAR Workshop, Bogor, Indonesia, April 1996. pp 172–177. Canberra: ACIAR.Google Scholar
Barger, IA (1996) Prospects for integration of novel parasite control options into grazing systems. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 1001–1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barger, IA (1997) Control by management. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 493–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barger, IA, Siale, K, Banks, DJD and LeJambre, LF (1994) Rotational grazing for control of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in a wet tropical environment. Veterinary Parasitology 53, 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandrawathani, P, Omar, J and Waller, PJ (1998) The control of the free-living stages of Strongyloides papillosus by the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Veterinary Parasitology 76, 321–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandrawathani, P, Omar, J, Waller, PJ, Höglund, J, Larsen, M and Zahari, WM (2002) Nematophagous fungi as a biological control agent for nematode parasites of small ruminants in Malaysia: a special emphasis on Duddingtonia flagrans. Veterinary Research 33, 685–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coles, GC (2002) Cattle nematodes resistant to anthelmintics: why so few cases? Veterinary Research 33, 481–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimander, SO, Höglund, J, Uggla, A, Spörndly, E and Waller, PJ (2003) Evaluation of gastro-intestinal nematode parasite control strategies for first season grazing cattle in Sweden. Veterinary Parasitology 111, 193–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Echevarria, F and Pinheiro, A (2001) Efficiency of anthelmintics in cattle. In 18th International Conference of the World Association of the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, 26–30 August, Stresa, Italy. Abstracts. p. 147.Google Scholar
Elbers, ARW and Schukken, X (1995) Critical features of veterinary field trials. Veterinary Record 136, 187–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faedo, M (2001) Growth, trapping and genetic diversity of Duddingtonia flagrans— a biological control agent of free-living larval stages of ruminant parasitic nematodes. PhD Thesis, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen: Denmark.Google Scholar
Faedo, M, Larsen, M, Dimander, SO, Yeates, GW, Höglund, JH and Waller, PJ (2002) Growth of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in soil surrounding feces deposited by cattle or sheep fed the fungus to control nematode parasites. Biological Control 23, 64–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (1992). Distribution and impact of helminth diseases of livestock in developing countries. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, No. 96. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
FAO (1998). Biological control of gastro-intestinal nematodes of ruminants using predacious fungi. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, No. 141. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
FAO (2000). In FAO Production Yearbook. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
FAO (2002). Biological control of nematode parasites of small ruminants in Asia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Fiel, CA, Samuell, CA, Steffan, PE and Rodriguez, EM (2001) Resistance of Cooperia to ivermectin treatments in grazing cattle of the humid Pampa, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology 97, 213–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillespie, A (2002) Duddingtonia flagrans for control of parasites in farm animals: a commercial perspective. In Biological Control of Nematode Parasites of Small Ruminants in Asia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. pp. 41–43.Google Scholar
Gray, GD (1995) Genetic variation in resistance to parasites. In: Gray, GD, Woolaston, RR and Eaton, BT (editors). Breeding for Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Small Ruminants. ACIAR Monograph Series. Canberra: ACIAR. pp. 43–52.Google Scholar
Gray, GD (1997) The use of genetically resistant sheep to control nematode parasitism. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 345–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knox, MR (1996) Integrated control programs using medicated blocks. In: LeJambre, LF and Knox, MR (editors). Sustainable Parasite Control in Small Ruminants. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings. No. 74. Canberra: ACIAR. pp 141–145.Google Scholar
Knox, MR and Zahari, MW (1997) Urea molasses blocks for parasite control. In Biological Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes of Ruminants using Predacious Fungi. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper: No. 141. pp. 23–38.Google Scholar
Knox, MR, Josh, PF and Anderson, LJ (2002) Deployment of Duddingtonia flagrans in an improved pasture system: dispersal, persistence, and effects on free-living soil nematodes and microarthropods. Biological Control 24, 176–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, M (1999) Biological control of helminths. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 139–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, M (1999) Biological control of helminths. International Journal for Parasitology 29: 139–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, M, Nansen, P, Wolstrup, J, Grønvold, J, Henriksen, SA&Zorn,, A (1995) Biological control of trichostrongyles in calves by the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans fed to animals under natural grazing conditions. Veterinary Parasitology 60: 321–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malan, FS&van Wyk, JA (1992) The packed cell volume and colour of the conjunctiva as aids for monitoring Haemonchus contortus infestation in sheep. In: In Proceedings of the South African Veterinary Association, Biennial Congress, Grahamstown, South Africa. p. 139.Google Scholar
McEwan, JC, Bisset, SA&Morris, CA (1997) The selection of sheep for natural resistance to internal parasites. In: Barrell, GK (editor). Sustainable Control of Internal Parasites in Ruminants. Canterbury, New Zealand: Lincoln University. pp.161–182.Google Scholar
Nansen, P, Larsen, M, Grønvold, J, Wolstrup, J, Zorn, A&Henriksen, SA (1995) Prevention of clinical trichostrongylidosis in calves by strategic feeding with the predacious fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Parasitology Research 81: 371–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, BD&Randolph, TF (1999) Improving the assessment of the economic impact of parasitic diseases and of their control in production animals. Veterinary Parasitology 84: 145–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinemeyer, CR (1995) Should you deworm your clients' dairy cattle? Veterinary Medicine 5: 496–502.Google Scholar
Sangster, NC (1999) Anthelmintic resistance: past, present and future. International Journal for Parasitology 29: 115–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sani, RA&Chandrawathani, P (1996) Gastrointestinal parasitism in small ruminants in Malaysia. In: LeJambre, LF&Knox, MR (editors). Sustainable Parasite Control in Small Ruminants. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings. No. 74. Canberra: ACIAR. pp 98–100.Google Scholar
Scaronarkumacrknas, M, Larsen, M, Nansen, P&Hansen, JW (2000) Biological control of trichostrongylid infections in calves on pasture in Lithuania using Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus. Journal of Helminthology 74: 355–359.Google Scholar
Skipp, RA, Yeates, GW, Chen, LY&Glare, TR (2002) Occurrence, morphological characteristics and ribotyping of New Zealand isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans, a candidate for biocontrol of animal parasitic nematodes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 45: 187–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taira, N and Ura, S (1991) Sudden death in calves associated with Strongyloides papillosus infection. Veterinary Parasitology 39, 313–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wyk, JA and Bath, GF (2002) The FAMACHA© system for managing haemonchosis in sheep and goats by clinically identifying individual animals for treatment. Veterinary Research 33, 509–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wyk, JA, Malan, FS and Randles, JL (1997) How long before resistance makes it impossible to control some field strains of Haemonchus contortus in South Africa with any anthelmintics? Veterinary Parasitology 70, 111–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermunt, JJ, West, DM and Pomroy, WE (1995) Multiple resistance to ivermectin and oxfendazole in Cooperia species in cattle. Veterinary Record 137, 43–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waller, PJ (1994) The development of anthelmintic resistance in ruminant livestock. Acta Tropica 56, 233–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ (1997) Anthelmintic resistance. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 391–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ (1997) Nematode parasite control of livestock in the tropics/subtropics: the need for novel approaches. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 1193–1201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ (1997) Sustainable helminth control of ruminants in developing countries. Veterinary Parasitology 71, 195–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ (1999) International approaches to the concept of integrated control of nematode parasites of livestock. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 155–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waller, PJ, Donnelly, JR, Dobson, RJ, Donald, AD, Axelsen, A and Morley, FHW (1987) Effects of helminth infection on the pre-weaning production of ewes and lambs: evaluation of pre- and post-lambing drenching and the provision of safe lambing pasture. Australian Veterinary Journal 64, 339–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ, Axelsen, A, Donald, AD, Morley, FHW, Donnelly, JR and Dobson, RJ (1987) Effects of helminth infection on the pre-weaning production of ewes and lambs: comparison between safe and contaminated pasture. Australian Veterinary Journal 64, 357–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ, Knox, MR and Faedo, M (2001) The potential of nematophagous fungi to control the free living stages of nematode parasites of sheep: feeding and block studies with Duddingtonia flagrans. Veterinary Parasitology 102, 321–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ, Faedo, M and Ellis, K (2001) The potential of nematophagous fungi to control the free living stages of nematode parasites of sheep: towards the development of a fungal controlled release device. Veterinary Parasitology 102, 321–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, PJ, Schwan, O&Ljungström, B-L (2002) Biological control of sheep parasites in Sweden—farmer trial. In Proceedings, 3rd Novel Approaches. A Workshop Meeting on Helminth Control in Livestock in the New Millennium. Moredun Research Institute. Midlothian, United Kingdom. p. 29.Google Scholar
Woolaston, RR and Baker, RL (1996) Prospects of breeding small ruminants for resistance to internal parasites. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 845–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeates, GW, Waller, PJ and King, KL (1997) Soil nematodes as indicators of the effect of management on grasslands in the New England Tablelands (NSW): effect of measures for control of parasites of sheep. Pedobiologia 41, 537–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeates, GW, Dimander, S-O, Waller, PJ and Höglund, J (2002) Environmental impact on soil nematodes following the use of either ivermectin sustained release boluses or the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to control nematode parasites of cattle in Sweden. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica A Animal Science 52, 233–242.Google Scholar
Yeates, GW, Dimander, S-O, Waller, PJ and Höglund, J (2003) Soil nematodes beneath faecal pats from cattle treated with either ivermectin sustained-release bolus or the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to control nematode parasites. In Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica A Animal Science, in press.Google Scholar