Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:26:26.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: epidemiology and ecology in bovine production environments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

David G. Renter  and
Jan M. Sargeant
David G. Renter*
Affiliation:
Food Animal Health and Management Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
Jan M. Sargeant
Affiliation:
Food Animal Health and Management Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Agri-Food Surveillance Systems Branch, Alberta Agriculture, First floor, O.S. Longman Building, 6909–116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 4P2 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, particularly the O157(:H7) serogroup, has become a worldwide public health concern. Since cattle feces are often implicated as the source of E. coli O157 in human infections, considerable resources have been devoted to defining the epidemiology and ecology of E. coli O157 in cattle environments so that control might begin at the farm level. Diagnostic limitations and the complexity of often interrelated microbial, animal, herd, environmental and production factors have hindered the determination of the epidemiology, ecology and subsequent farm-level control of E. coli O157. The widespread distribution of E. coli O157, the transitory nature of fecal shedding, multiple potential environmental sources, lack of species specificity, and age-, feed- and time-related differences in cattle prevalence are documented. However, the significance and/or role of these factors in the epidemiology and ecology of E. coli O157 is still unclear. Cattle are a major source of E. coli O157, but it may be simplistic to believe that most herds are relatively closed systems with small percentages of cattle serving as true reservoirs. Practical on-farm control may require explicit definitions of the seemingly complex system(s) and the microbial, animal, herd, environmental and production factors involved in the multiplication, maintenance and transmission of E. coli O157.

Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , December 2002 , pp. 83 - 94
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackman, D, Marks, S, Mack, P, Caldwell, M, Root, T and Birkhead, G (1997). Swimming-associated haemorrhagic colitis due to Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: evidence of prolonged contamination of a fresh water lake. Epidemiology and Infection 119: 1–8.Google Scholar
Akiba, M, Sameshima, T and Nakazawa, M (2000). Clonal turnover of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in experimentally infected cattle. FEMS Microbiology Letters 184: 79–83.Google Scholar
Allison, LJ, Carter, PE and Thomson-Carter, FM (2000). Characterization of a recurrent clonal type of Escherichia coli O157:H7 causing major outbreaks of infection in Scotland. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38: 1632–1635.Google Scholar
Altekruse, SF, Cohen, ML and Swerdlow, DL (1997). Emerging foodborne diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3: 285–293.Google Scholar
Armstrong, GL, Hollingsworth, J and Morris, JG (1996). Emerging foodborne pathogens: Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model of entry of a new pathogen into the food supply of the developed world. Epidemiology Reviews 18: 29–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, J, Humphrey, TJ and Brown, MW (1999). Survival of Escherichia coli O157 in a soil protozoan: implications for disease. FEMS Microbiology Letters 173: 291–295.Google Scholar
Besser, TE, Hancock, DD, Pritchett, LC, McRae, EM, Rice, DH and Tarr, PI (1997). Duration of detection of fecal excretion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. Journal of Infectious Diseases 175: 726–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besser, TE, Richards, BL, Rice, DH and Hancock, DD (2001). Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection of calves: infectious dose and direct contact transmission. Journal of Infectious Diseases 127: 555–560.Google Scholar
Boyce, TG, Swerlow, DL and Griffin, PM (1995). Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the hemolytic–uremic syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 333: 364–388.Google Scholar
Bruce-Grey-Owen Sound Health Unit (2000). Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a contaminated municipal water supply, Walkerton, Ontario, May–June 2000. Canada Communicable Disease Report 26: 170–173.Google Scholar
Carson, CA, Shear, BL, Ellersieck, MR and Asfaw, A (2001). Identification of fecal Escherichia coli from humans and animals by ribotyping. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 1503–1507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998). Standardized molecular subtyping of foodborne bacterial pathogens by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. CDC training manual. Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Chapman, PA, Siddons, CA, Wright, DJ, Norman, P, Fox, J and Crick, E (1993). Cattle as a possible source of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections in man. Epidemiology and Infection 111; 439–447.Google Scholar
Chapman, PA, Wright, DJ and Siddons, CA (1994). A comparison of immunomagnetic separation and direct culture for the isolation of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from bovine faeces. Journal of Medical Microbiology 40: 424–427.Google Scholar
Chapman, PA, Malo, AT, Siddons, CA and Harkin, M (1997). Use of commercial enzyme immunoassays and immunomagnetic separation systems for detecting Escherichia coli O157 in bovine fecal samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 2549–2553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, PA, Siddons, CA, Cerdan-Malo, AT and Harkin, MA (1997). A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. Epidemiology and Infection 119: 245–250.Google Scholar
Chapman, PA, Cerdan-Malo, AT, Ellin, M, Ashton, R and Harkin, M (2001). Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products in South Yorkshire, UK. International Journal of Food Microbiology 64: 139–150.Google Scholar
Cizek, A, Alexa, P, Literak, I, Hamrik, J, Novak, P and Smola, J (1999). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle and Norwegian rats from a large-scale farm. Letters in Applied Microbiology 28: 435–439.Google Scholar
Cizek, A, Literak, I and Scheer, P (2000). Survival of Escherichia coli O157 in faeces of experimentally infected rats and domestic pigeons. Letters in Applied Microbiology 31: 349–352.Google Scholar
Cody, SH, Glynn, MK, Farrar, JA, Cairns, KL, Griffin, PM, Kobayashi, J, Fyfe, M, Hoffman, R, King, AS, Lewis, JH, Swaminathan, B, Bryant, RG and Vugia, DJ (1999). An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection from unpasteurized commercial apple juice. Annals of Internal Medicine 130: 202–209.Google Scholar
Cobbold, R and Desmarchelier, P (2000). A longitudinal study of shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) prevalence in three Australian diary herds. Veterinary Microbiology 71: 125–137.Google Scholar
Coia, JE (1998). Clinical, microbiological and epidemiological aspects of Escherichia coli O157 infection. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 20: 1–9.Google Scholar
Conedera, G, Chapman, PA, Marangon, S, Tisato, E, Dalvit, P and Zuin, A (2001). A field survey of Escherichia coli O157 ecology on a cattle farm in Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology 66: 85–93.Google Scholar
Corrigan, JJ and Boineau, FG (2001). Hemolytic–uremic syndrome. Pediatric Reviews 22: 365–369.Google Scholar
Cray, WC andMoon, HW (1995). Experimental infection of calves and adult cattle with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1586–1590.Google Scholar
Dargatz, DA, Wells, SJ, Thomas, LA, Hancock, DD and Garber, LP (1997). Factors associated with the presence of Escherichia coli O157 in feces of feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 60: 466–470.Google Scholar
Dean-Nystrom, EA, Bosworth, BT, Cray, WC and Moon, HW (1997). Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the intestines of neonatal calves. Infection and Immunity 65: 1842–1848.Google Scholar
Dodd, CC, Sanderson, MW, Sargeant, JM, Nagaraja, TG and Church, RP (2001). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feed. Proceedings of the 82nd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases,St. Louis, MO. Abstract 77.Google Scholar
Elbasha, EH, Fitzsimmons, TD and Meltzer, MI (2000). Costs and benefits of a subtype-specific surveillance system for identifying Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. Emerging and Infectious Diseases 6: 293–297.Google Scholar
Elder, RO, Keen, JE, Siragusa, GR, Barkocy-Gallagher, GA, Koohmaraie, M and Laegreid, WW (2000). Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97: 2999–3003.Google Scholar
Faith, NG, Shere, JA, Brosch, R, Arnold, KW, Ansay, SE, Lee, MS, Luchansky, JB and Kaspar, CW (1996). Prevalence and clonal nature of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on dairy farms in Wisconsin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 1519–1525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, P (1995). Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7: novel vehicles of infection and emergence of phenotypic variants. Emerging and Infectious Diseases 1: 47–52.Google Scholar
Fenlon, DR and Wilson, J (2000). Growth of Escherichia coli O157 in poorly fermented laboratory silage: a possible environmental dimension in the epidemiology of E. coli O157. Letters in Applied Microbiology 30: 118–121.Google Scholar
Fischer, JR, Zhao, T, Doyle, MP, Goldberg, MR, Brown, CA, Sewell, CT, Kavanaugh, DM and Bauman, CD (2001). Experimental and field studies of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 1218–1224.Google Scholar
Fukushima, H, Hoshina, K and Gomyoda, M (1999). Long-term survival of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O111, and O157 in bovine feces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 5177–5181.Google Scholar
Gagliardi, JV and Karns, JS (2000). Leaching of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in diverse soils under various agricultural management practices. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 877–883.Google Scholar
Galland, JC, Hyatt, DR, Crupper, SS and Acheson, DW (2001). Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and diversity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates from a longitudinal study of beef cattle feedlots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 1619–1627.Google Scholar
Garber, LP, Wells, SJ, Hancock, DD, Doyle, MP, Tuttle, J, Shere, JA and Zhao, T (1995). Risk factors for fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207: 46–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garber, L, Wells, S, Schroeder-Tucker, L and Ferris, K (1999). Factors associated with fecal shedding of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 on dairy farms. Journal of Food Protection 62: 307–312.Google Scholar
Gillespie, JR (2000). Commentary: the underlying interrelated issues of biosecurity. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216: 662–664.Google Scholar
Grif, K, Karch, H, Schneider, C, Daschner, FD, Beutin, L, Cheasty, T, Smith, H, Rowe, B, Dierich, MP and Allerberger, F (1998). Comparative study of five different techniques for epidemiological typing of Escherichia coli O157. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 32: 165–176.Google Scholar
Hancock, DD, Besser, TE, Kinsel, ML, Tarr, PI, Rice, DH and Paros, MG (1994). The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157.H7 in dairy and beef cattle in Washington State. Epidemiology and Infection 113: 199–207.Google Scholar
Hancock, DD, Besser, TE, Rice, DH, Herriott, DE and Tarr, PI (1997). A longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157 in fourteen cattle herds. Epidemiology and Infection 118: 193–195.Google Scholar
Hancock, DD, Rice, DH, Thomas, LA, Dargatz, DA and Besser, TE (1997). Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 60: 462–465.Google Scholar
Hancock, DD, Besser, TE, Rice, DH, Ebel, ED, Herriott, DE and Carpenter, LV (1998). Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlots and dairy farms in the northwestern USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35: 11–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hancock, DD, Besser, TE, Lejeune, J, Davis, M and Rice, DH (2001). The control of VTEC in the animal reservoir. International Journal of Food Microbiology 66: 71–78.Google Scholar
Iwasa, M, Makino, S, Asakura, H, Kobori, H and Morimoto, Y (1999). Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) at a cattle farm in Japan. Journal of Medical Entomology 36: 108–112.Google Scholar
Jackson, SG, Goodbrand, RB, Johnson, RP, Odorico, VG, Alves, D, Rahn, K, Wilson, JB, Welch, MK and Khakhria, R (1998). Escherichia coli O157:H7 diarrhoea associated with well water and infected cattle on an Ontario farm. Epidemiology and Infection 120: 17–20.Google Scholar
Janisiewicz, WJ, Conway, WS, Brown, MW, Sapers, GM, Fratamico, P and Buchanan, RL (1999). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut apple tissue and its potential for transmission by fruit flies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, D, McEwen, SA, Lammerding, AM, McNab, WB and Wilson, JB (1999). Pre-slaughter control of Escherichia coli O157 in beef cattle: a simulation study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 41: 55–74.Google Scholar
Keen, JE and Elder, RO (2002). Isolation of shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from hide surfaces and the oral cavity of finished beef feedlot cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220: 756–763.Google Scholar
Keene, WE, McAnulty, JM, Hoesly, FC, Williams, LPJ, Hedberg, K, Oxman, GL, Barrett, TJ, Pfaller, MA and Fleming, DW (1994). A swimming-associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella sonnei. New England Journal of Medicine 331: 579–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keene, WE, Sazie, E, Kok, J, Rice, DH, Hancock, DD, Balan, VK, Zhao, T and Doyle, MP (1997). An outbreak of Escherichia coli o157H:7 infections traced to jerky made from deer meat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 277: 1229–1231.Google Scholar
Kim, J, Nietfeldt, J and Benson, AK (1999). Octamer-based genome scanning distinguishes a unique subpopulation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96: 13288–13293.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, M, Sasaki, T, Saito, N, Tamura, K, Suzuki, K, Watanabe, H and Agui, N (1999). Houseflies: not simple mechanical vectors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61: 625–629.Google Scholar
Konowalchuk, J, Speirs, JI and Stavric, S (1977). Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 18: 775–779.Google Scholar
Kudva, IT, Hatfield, PG and Hovde, CJ (1995). Effect of diet on the shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a sheep model. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1363–1370.Google Scholar
Kudva, IT, Hatfield, PG and Hovde, CJ (1996). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in microbial flora of sheep. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34: 431–433.Google Scholar
Kudva, IT, Hunt, CW, Williams, CJ, Nance, UM and Hovde, CJ (1997). Evaluation of dietary influences on Escherichia coli O157:H7 shedding by sheep. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 3878–3886.Google Scholar
Kudva, IT, Blanch, K and Hovde, CJ (1998). Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival in ovine or bovine manure and manure slurry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 3166–3174.Google Scholar
Laegreid, WW, Elder, RO and Keen, JE (1999). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in range beef calves at weaning. Epidemiology and Infection 123: 291–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, MS, Kaspar, CW, Brosch, R, Shere, J and Luchansky, JB (1996). Genomic analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from dairy calves during the United States National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Project (1992–1992). Veterinary Microbiology 48: 223–230.Google Scholar
Lejeune, J, Besser, TE and Hancock, DD (2001). Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 3053–3057.Google Scholar
Lynn, TV, Hancock, DD, Besser, TE, Harrison, JH, Rice, DH, Stewart, NT and Rowan, LL (1998). The occurrence and replication of Escherichia coli in cattle feeds. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 1102–1108.Google Scholar
Martin, DL, MacDonald, KL, White, KE, Soler, JT and Osterholm, MT (1990). The epidemiology and clinical aspects of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in Minnesota. New England Journal of Medicine 323: 1161–1167.Google Scholar
Martin, SW, Meek, AH and Willeberg, P (1987). Veterinary Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Maule, A (1997). Survival of the verotoxigenic strain E. coli O157 in laboratory-scale microcosms. In: Kay, D and Fricker, C (editors). Coliforms and E. coli: Problem or Solution?. London: Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 61–65.Google Scholar
Maule, A (1999). Environmental aspects of E. coli O157. International Food Hygiene 9: 21–23.Google Scholar
McDonough, PL, Rossiter, CA, Rebhun, RB, Stehman, SM, Lein, DH and Shin, SJ (2000). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 from cull dairy cows in New York State and comparison of culture methods used during preharvest food safety investigations. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38: 318–322.Google Scholar
Mead, PS, Slutsker, L, Dietz, V, McCraig, LF, Bresee, JS, Shapiro, C, Griffin, PM and Tauxe, RV (1999). Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging and Infectious Diseases 5: 1–35.Google Scholar
Mechie, SC, Chapman, PA and Siddons, CA (1997). A fifteen month study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a dairy herd. Epidemiology and Infection 118: 17–25.Google Scholar
Meyer-Broseta, S, Bastian, SN, Arne, PD, Cerf, O and Sanaa, M (2001). Review of epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of contamination of healthy cattle with Escherichia coli serogroup O157:H7. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 203: 347–361.Google Scholar
Michel, P, Wilson, JB, Martin, SW, Clarke, RC, McEwen, SA and Gyles, CL (1999). Temporal and geographical distributions of reported cases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Ontario. Epidemiology and Infection 122: 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montenegro, MA, Bulte, M, Trumpf, T, Aleksic, S, Reuter, G, Bulling, E and Helmuth, R (1990). Detection and characterization of fecal verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli from healthy cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28: 1417–1421.Google Scholar
Nataro, JP and Kaper, JB (1998). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11: 142–201.Google Scholar
National Animal Health Monitoring System (1995). Escherichia coli. O157:H7 shedding by feedlot cattle. Fort Collins (CO): USDA:APHIS, InfoSheet N182.595.Google Scholar
National Animal Health Monitoring System (1996). In Dairy '97. Part I: Reference of 1996 Dairy Management Practices. Fort Collins (CO): USDA:APHIS, p. 35.Google Scholar
National Animal Health Monitoring System (1998). In Beef '97. Part III: Reference of 1997 Beef Cow–Calf Production Management And Disease control. Fort Collins (CO): USDA:APHIS, p. 25.Google Scholar
National Animal Health Monitoring System (2000). In Feedlot '99. Part III: Health Management and Biosecurity in U.S. Feedlots, 1999. Fort Collins (CO): USDA:APHIS, Section F. Biosecurity: p. 36.Google Scholar
National Animal Health Monitoring System (2001). Escherichia coli O157 in United States feedlots. Fort Collins (CO): USDA:APHIS, InfoSheet N345.1001.Google Scholar
O'Brien, AD, LaVeck, GD, Thompson, MR and Formal, SB (1982). Production of Shigella dysenteriae type 1-like cytotoxin by Escherichia coli. Journal of Infectious Diseases 146: 763–769.Google Scholar
Ostroff, SM, Kobayashi, JM and Lewis, JH (1989). Infections with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Washington State. The first year of statewide disease surveillance. Journal of the American Medical Association 262: 355–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overcash, MR, Humernik, FJ and Miner, JR (1983). Livestock Waste Management. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.Google Scholar
Rahn, K, Renwick, SA, Johnson, RP, Wilson, JB, Clarke, RC, Alves, D, McEwen, S, Lior, H and Spika, J (1997). Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle and the dairy farm environment. Epidemiology and Infection 119: 251–259.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, MA and Casey, TA (2001). Environmental and food safety aspects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in cattle. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 27: 57–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renter, DG (2002) Epidemiology of. Escherichia coli. O157 in range cattle production environments. Dissertation (PhD), Kansas State University.Google Scholar
Renter, DG, Sargeant, JM, Hygnstrom, SE, Hoffman, JD and Gillespie, JR (2001). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging deer in Nebraska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37: 755–760.Google Scholar
Renter, DG, Sargeant, JM, Oberst, RD and Samadpour, M (2003). Diversity, frequency, and persistence of Escherichia coli O157 strains from range cattle environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 542–547.Google Scholar
Rice, DH, Hancock, DD and Besser, TF (1995). Verotoxigenic E. coli O157 colonisation of wild deer and range cattle Veterinary Record 137: 524.Google Scholar
Rice, DH, McMenamin, KM, Pritchett, LC, Hancock, DD and Besser, TE (1999). Genetic subtyping of Escherichia coli O157 isolates from 41 Pacific Northwest USA cattle farms. Epidemiology and Infection 122: 479–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, MS, Corkish, JD, Sayers, AR, McLaren, IM, Evans, SJ and Wray, C (1998). Studies of the presence of verocytotoxic Escherichia coli O157 in bovine faeces submitted for diagnostic purposes in England and Wales and on beef carcases in abattoirs in the United Kingdom. Epidemiology and Infection 120: 187–192.Google Scholar
Riley, LW, Remis, RS, Helgerson, SD, McGee, HB, Wells, JG, Davis, BR, Hebert, RJ, Olcott, ES, Johnson, LM, Hargrett, NT, Blake, PA and Cohen, ML (1983). Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. New England Journal of Medicine 308: 681–685.Google Scholar
Robson, WL (2000). Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Paediatric Drugs 2: 243–252.Google Scholar
Russell, JB, Diez-Gonzalez, F and Jarvis, GN (2000). Invited review: effects of diet shifts on Escherichia coli in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 863–873.Google Scholar
Sanderson, MW, Gay, JM, Hancock, DD, Gay, CC, Fox, LK and Besser, TE (1995). Sensitivity of bacteriologic culture for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33: 2616–2619.Google Scholar
Sanderson, MW, Besser, TE, Gay, JM, Gay, CC and Hancock, DD (1999). Fecal Escherichia coli O157:H7 shedding patterns of orally inoculated calves. Veterinary Microbiology 69: 199–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargeant, JM, Hafer, DJ, Gillespie, JR, Oberst, RD and Flood, SJ (1999). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer sharing rangeland with cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215: 792–794.Google Scholar
Sargeant, JM, Gillespie, JR, Oberst, RD, Phebus, RK, Hyatt, DR, Bohra, LK and Galland, JC (2000). Results of a longitudinal study of the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cow-calf farms. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 1375–1379.Google Scholar
Sekiya, J (1997). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in livestock in Japan. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Épizooties 6: 391–394.Google Scholar
Shere, JA, Bartlett, KJ and Kaspar, CW (1998). Longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 dissemination on four dairy farms in Wisconsin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 1390–1399.Google Scholar
Shere, JA, Kaspar, CW, Bartlett, KJ, Linden, SE, Norell, B, Francey, S and Schaefer, DM (2002). Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle housed in a confined environment following waterborne inoculation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 1947–1954.Google Scholar
Smith, D, Blackford, M, Younts, S, Moxley, R, Gray, J, Hungerford, L, Milton, T and Klopfenstein, T (2001). Ecological relationship between the prevalence of cattle shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 and characteristics of the cattle or conditions of the feedlot pens. Journal of Food Protection 64: 1899–1903.Google Scholar
Swaminathan, B, Barrett, TJ, Hunter, SB, Tauxe, RV and the CDC PulseNet Task Force (2001). PulseNet: the molecular subtyping network for foodborne bacterial disease surveillance, United States. Emerging and Infectious Diseases 7: 382–389.Google Scholar
Tkalcic, S, Brown, CA, Harmon, BG, Jain, AV, Mueller, EP, Parks, A, Jacobsen, KL, Martin, SA, Zhao, T and Doyle, MP (2001). Effects of diet on rumen proliferation and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in calves. Journal of Food Protection 63: 1630–1636.Google Scholar
Van Donkersgoed, J, Graham, T and Gannon, V (1999). The prevalence of verotoxins, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, and Salmonella in the feces and rumen of cattle at processing. Canadian Veterinary Journal 40: 332–338.Google Scholar
Van Donkersgoed, J, Berg, J, Potter, A, Hancock, D, Besser, T, Rice, D, LeJeune, J and Klashinsky, S (2001). Environmental sources and transmission of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42: 714–720.Google Scholar
Vold, L, Klungseth Johansen, B, Kruse, H, Skjerve, E and Wasteson, Y (1998). Occurrence of shigatoxinogenic Escherichia coli O157 in Norwegian cattle herds. Epidemiology and Infection 120: 21–28.Google Scholar
Wallace, DJ, Van Gilder, T, Shallow, S, Fiorentino, T, Segler, SD, Smith, KE, Shiferaw, B, Etzel, R, Garthright, WE and Angulo, FJ (2000). Incidence of foodborne illnesses reported by the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet)—1997. FoodNet Working Group. Journal of Food Protection 63: 807–809.Google Scholar
Wallace, JS, Cheasty, T and Jones, K (1997). Isolation of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from wild birds. Journal of Applied Microbiology 82: 399–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, G and Doyle, MP (1998). Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water. Journal of Food Protection 61: 662–667.Google Scholar
Wells, JG, Davis, BR, Wachsmuth, IK, Riley, LW, Remis, RS, Sokolow, R and Morris, GK (1983). Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 18: 512–520.Google Scholar
Wells, JG, Shipman, LD, Greene, KD, Sowers, EG, Green, JH, Cameron, DN, Downes, FP, Martin, ML, Griffin, PM, Ostroff, , Potter, ME, Tauxe, RV and Wachsmuth, IK (1991). Isolation of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and other shiga-like-toxin-producing E. coli from dairy cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29: 985–989.Google Scholar
Wilson, JB, McEwen, SA, Clarke, RC, Leslie, KE, Wilson, RA, Waltner-Toews, D and Gyles, CL (1992). Distribution and characteristics of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from Ontario dairy cattle. Epidemiology and Infection 108: 423–439.Google Scholar
Wilson, JB, McEwen, SA, Clarke, RC, Leslie, KE, Waltner-Toews, D and Gyles, CL (1993). Risk factors for bovine infection with verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Ontario, Canada. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 16: 159–170.Google Scholar
Wilson, JB, Clarke, RC, Renwick, SA, Rahn, K, Johnson, RP, Karmali, MA, Lior, H, Alves, D, Gyles, CL, Sandhu, KS, McEwen, SA and Spika, JS (1996). Vero cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. Journal of Infectious Diseases 174: 1021–1027.Google Scholar
Wray, C, McLaren, IM, Randall, LP and Pearson, GR (2000). Natural and experimental infection of normal cattle with Escherichia coli O157. Veterinary Record 147: 65–68.Google Scholar
Zhao, T, Doyle, MP, Shere, J and Garber, L (1995). Prevalence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a survey of dairy herds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1290–1293.Google Scholar