Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T17:21:22.198Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in animals: current status and future directions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2018

Jian Sun ,
Ximin Zeng ,
Xing-Ping Li ,
Xiao-Ping Liao ,
Ya-Hong Liu  and
Jun Lin
Jian Sun
Affiliation:
National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Ximin Zeng
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
Xing-Ping Li
Affiliation:
National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Xiao-Ping Liao
Affiliation:
National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Ya-Hong Liu*
Affiliation:
National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Jun Lin*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Colistin, a peptide antibiotic belonging to the polymyxin family, is one of the last effective drugs for the treatment of multidrug resistant Gram-negative infections. Recent discovery of a novel mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, from people and food animals has caused a significant public health concern and drawn worldwide attention. Extensive usage of colistin in food animals has been proposed as a major driving force for the emergence and transmission of mcr-1; thus, there is a worldwide trend to limit colistin usage in animal production. However, despite lack of colistin usage in food animals in the USA, mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates were still isolated from swine. In this paper, we provided an overview of colistin usage and epidemiology of mcr-1 in food animals, and summarized the current status of mechanistic and evolutionary studies of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance. Based on published information, we further discussed several non-colistin usage risk factors that may contribute to the persistence, transmission, and emergence of colistin resistance in an animal production system. Filling the knowledge gaps identified in this review is critical for risk assessment and risk management of colistin resistance, which will facilitate proactive and effective strategies to mitigate colistin resistance in future animal production systems.

Keywords

Colistin resistanceMCR-1epidemiologyanimalrisk factors
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 18 , Special Issue 2: Antimicrobial resistance: from basic science to translational innovation , December 2017 , pp. 136 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

The authors contributed equally to this paper.

References

Aminov, RI and Mackie, RI (2007). Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiology Letters 271: 147–161.Google Scholar
Anjum, MF, Duggett, NA, AbuOun, M, Randall, L, Nunez-Garcia, J, Ellis, RJ, Rogers, J, Horton, R, Brena, C, Williamson, S, Martelli, F, Davies, R and Teale, C (2016). Colistin resistance in Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from a pig farm in Great Britain. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2306–2313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arcilla, MS, van Hattem, JM, Matamoros, S, Melles, DC, Penders, J, de Jong, MD and Schultsz, C and Consortium, C (2016). Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 147–149.Google Scholar
Bai, L, Hurley, D, Li, J, Meng, Q, Wang, J, Fanning, S and Xiong, Y (2016). Characterisation of multidrug-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli cultured from pigs in China: co-occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and mcr-1-encoding genes on plasmids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 48: 445–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, M, Bushby, SR and Wilkinson, S (1964). Sodium sulphomethyl derivatives of polymyxins. British Journal of Pharmacology Chemotherapy 23: 552–574.Google Scholar
Baron, S, Hadjadj, L, Rolain, JM and Olaitan, AO (2016). Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: knowns and unknowns. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 48: 583–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, V, Barr, K, Millar, MR and Lacey, RW (1986). Beta-lactam antibiotics increase the frequency of plasmid transfer in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 17: 409–413.Google Scholar
Beaber, JW, Hochhut, B and Waldor, MK (2004). SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Nature 427: 72–74.Google Scholar
Bengoechea, JA and Skurnik, M (2000). Temperature-regulated efflux pump/potassium antiporter system mediates resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides in Yersinia. Molecular Microbiology 37: 67–80.Google Scholar
Bergen, PJ, Li, J, Rayner, CR and Nation, RL (2006). Colistin methanesulfonate is an inactive prodrug of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 1953–1958.Google Scholar
Bergen, PJ, Forrest, A, Bulitta, JB, Tsuji, BT, Sidjabat, HE, Paterson, DL, Li, J and Nation, RL (2011). Clinically relevant plasma concentrations of colistin in combination with imipenem enhance pharmacodynamic activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa at multiple inocula. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55: 5134–5142.Google Scholar
Beyrouthy, R, Robin, F, Lessene, A, Lacombat, I, Dortet, L, Naas, T, Ponties, V and Bonnet, R (2017). MCR-1 and OXA-48 in vivo acquisition in KPC-producing Escherichia coli after colistin treatment. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e00017-17.Google Scholar
Bratu, S, Tolaney, P, Karumudi, U, Quale, J, Mooty, M, Nichani, S and Landman, D (2005). Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B and other agents. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56: 128–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brauer, A, Telling, K, Laht, M, Kalmus, P, Lutsar, I, Remm, M, Kisand, V and Tenson, T (2016). Plasmid with colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from pig slurry in Estonia. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 6933–6936.Google Scholar
Brennan, E, Martins, M, McCusker, MP, Wang, J, Alves, BM, Hurley, D, El Garch, F, Woehrle, F, Miossec, C, McGrath, L, Srikumar, S, Wall, P and Fanning, S (2016). Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in bovine animals, Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22: 1650–1652.Google Scholar
Brogden, KA (2005). Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nature Reviews. Microbiology 3: 238–250.Google Scholar
Brogden, KA, Ackermann, M, McCray, PB Jr and Tack, BF (2003). Antimicrobial peptides in animals and their role in host defences. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 22: 465–478.Google Scholar
Brown, JM, Dorman, DC and Roy, LP (1970). Acute renal failure due to overdosage of colistin. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 923–924.Google Scholar
Campos, J, Cristino, L, Peixe, L and Antunes, P (2016). MCR-1 in multidrug-resistant and copper-tolerant clinically relevant Salmonella 1, 4, 5, 12:i:- and S. Rissen clones in Portugal, 2011 to 2015. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles 21: pii=30270.Google Scholar
Campos, MA, Vargas, MA, Regueiro, V, Llompart, CM, Alberti, S and Bengoechea, JA (2004). Capsule polysaccharide mediates bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Infection and Immunity 72: 7107–7114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carnevali, C, Morganti, M, Scaltriti, E, Bolzoni, L, Pongolini, S and Casadei, G (2016). Occurrence of mcr-1 in colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from humans and animals in Italy, 2012 to 2015. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 7532–7534.Google Scholar
Catry, B, Cavaleri, M, Baptiste, K, Grave, K, Grein, K, Holm, A, Jukes, H, Liebana, E, Navas, AL, Mackay, D, Magiorakos, AP, Romo, MA, Moulin, G, Madero, CM, Pomba, MC, Powell, M, Pyorala, S, Rantala, M, Ruzauskas, M, Sanders, P, Teale, C, Threlfall, EJ, Torneke, K, van Duijkeren, E and Edo, JT (2015). Use of colistin-containing products within the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA): development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 46: 297–306.Google Scholar
Chen, X, Zhao, X, Che, J, Xiong, Y, Xu, Y, Zhang, L, Lan, R, Xia, L, Walsh, TR, Xu, J, Lu, J and Li, J (2017). Detection and dissemination of the colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, from isolates and faecal samples in China. Journal of Medical Microbiology 66: 119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, YC, Chuang, YC, Chang, CC, Jeang, CL and Chang, MC (2004). A K+ uptake protein, TrkA, is required for serum, protamine, and polymyxin B resistance in Vibrio vulnificus. Infection and Immunity 72: 629–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiou, C-S, Chen, Y-T, Wang, Y-W, Liu, Y-Y, Kuo, H-C, Tu, Y-H, Lin, A-C, Liao, Y-S and Hong, Y-P (2017). Dissemination of mcr-1-carrying plasmids among colistin-resistant Salmonella strains from humans and food-producing animals, Taiwan. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e00338-17.Google Scholar
Cotter, PD, Hill, C and Ross, RP (2005). Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 3: 777–788.Google Scholar
Curcio, L, Luppi, A, Bonilauri, P, Gherpelli, Y, Pezzotti, G, Pesciaroli, M and Magistrali, CF (2017). Detection of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in pathogenic Escherichia coli from pigs affected by post-weaning diarrhoea in Italy. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 10: 80–83.Google Scholar
Davies, J (2014). Antibiotic resistance in and from nature. In: Atlas, RM and Maloy, S (eds) One Health: People, Animals, and the Environment. Washington, DC, USA: American Society of Microbiology, pp. 185–194.Google Scholar
Delgado-Blas, JF, Ovejero, CM, Abadia-Patino, L and Gonzalez-Zorn, B (2016). Coexistence of mcr-1 and bla NDM-1 in Escherichia coli from Venezuela. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 6356–6358.Google Scholar
Denervaud Tendon, V, Poirel, L and Nordmann, P (2017). Transferability of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. Microbial Drug Resistance March 2017, ahead of print. [Available online at https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2016.0191.].Google Scholar
Di Pilato, V, Arena, F, Tascini, C, Cannatelli, A, Henrici De Angelis, L, Fortunato, S, Giani, T, Menichetti, F and Rossolini, GM (2016). mcr-1.2, a new mcr variant carried on a transferable plasmid from a colistin-resistant KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain of sequence type 512. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 5612–5615.Google Scholar
Dobias, J, Poirel, L and Nordmann, P (2017). Cross-resistance to human cationic antimicrobial peptides and to polymyxins mediated by the plasmid-encoded MCR-1? Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23: 676.e1–676.e5.Google Scholar
Doumith, M, Godbole, G, Ashton, P, Larkin, L, Dallman, T, Day, M, Day, M, Muller-Pebody, B, Ellington, MJ, de Pinna, E, Johnson, AP, Hopkins, KL and Woodford, N (2016). Detection of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in human and food isolates of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli in England and Wales. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2300–2305.Google Scholar
El Garch, F, Sauget, M, Hocquet, D, LeChaudee, D, Woehrle, F and Bertrand, X (2017). mcr-1 is borne by highly diverse Escherichia coli isolates since 2004 in food-producing animals in Europe. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23: 51.e1–51.e4.Google Scholar
Ernst, RK, Guina, T and Miller, SI (2001). Salmonella typhimurium outer membrane remodeling: role in resistance to host innate immunity. Microbes and Infection 3: 1327–1334.Google Scholar
Falgenhauer, L, Waersada, S-E, Gwozdzinski, K, Ghosh, H, Doijad, S, Bunk, B, Sproeer, C, Imirzalioglu, C, Seifert, H, Irrgang, A, Fischer, J, Guerra, B, Kaesbohrer, A, Overmann, J, Goesmann, A and Chakraborty, T (2016). Chromosomal locations of mcr-1 and bla (CTX-M-15) in fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli ST410. Emerging Infectious Disease 22:1689–1691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandes, MR, Moura, Q, Sartori, L, Silva, KC, Cunha, MP, Esposito, F, Lopes, R, Otutumi, LK, Goncalves, DD, Dropa, M, Matte, MH, Monte, DF, Landgraf, M, Francisco, GR, Bueno, MF, de Oliveira Garcia, D, Knobl, T, Moreno, AM and Lincopan, N (2016). Silent dissemination of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in South America could contribute to the global spread of the mcr-1 gene. Eurosurveillance 21: pii=30214.Google Scholar
Fernandes, MR, Sellera, FP, Esposito, F, Sabino, CP, Cerdeira, L and Lincopan, N (2017). Colistin-resistant mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli in public beaches, an infectious threat emerging in recreational waters. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e00234-17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueiredo, R, Card, RM, Nunez, J, Pomba, C, Mendonca, N, Anjum, MF and Da Silva, GJ (2016). Detection of an mcr-1-encoding plasmid mediating colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica from retail meat in Portugal. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2338–2340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, R, Hu, Y, Li, Z, Sun, J, Wang, Q, Lin, J, Ye, H, Liu, F, Srinivas, S, Li, D, Zhu, B, Liu, YH, Tian, GB and Feng, Y (2016). Dissemination and mechanism for the MCR-1 colistin resistance. PLoS Pathogens 12: e1005957.Google Scholar
Grami, R, Mansour, W, Mehri, W, Bouallegue, O, Boujaafar, N, Madec, J and Haenni, M (2016). Impact of food animal trade on the spread of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance, Tunisia, July 2015. Eurosurveillance 21: 6–10.Google Scholar
Groisman, EA, Kayser, J and Soncini, FC (1997). Regulation of polymyxin resistance and adaptation to low-Mg2+ environments. Journal of Bacteriology 179: 7040–7045.Google Scholar
Guenther, S, Falgenhauer, L, Semmler, T, Imirzalioglu, C, Chakraborty, T, Roesler, U and Roschanski, N (2017). Environmental emission of multiresistant Escherichia coli carrying the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 from German swine farms. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 72:1289–1292. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw585.Google ScholarPubMed
Gunn, JS, Ryan, SS, Van Velkinburgh, JC, Ernst, RK and Miller, SI (2000). Genetic and functional analysis of a PmrA-PmrB-regulated locus necessary for lipopolysaccharide modification, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and oral virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infection and Immunity 68: 6139–6146.Google Scholar
Guyonnet, J, Manco, B, Baduel, L, Kaltsatos, V, Aliabadi, MH and Lees, P (2010). Determination of a dosage regimen of colistin by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modeling for treatment of G.I.T. Disease in pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 88: 307–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haenni, M, Metayer, V, Gay, E and Madec, J-Y (2016). Increasing trends in mcr-1 prevalence among extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from French calves despite decreasing exposure to colistin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 6433–6434.Google Scholar
Hancock, RE and Chapple, DS (1999). Peptide antibiotics. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43: 1317–1323.Google Scholar
Hasman, H, Hammerum, AM, Hansen, F, Hendriksen, RS, Olesen, B, Agerso, Y, Zankari, E, Leekitcharoenphon, P, Stegger, M, Kaas, RS, Cavaco, LM, Hansen, DS, Aarestrup, FM and Skov, RL (2015). Detection of mcr-1 encoding plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from human bloodstream infection and imported chicken meat, Denmark 2015. Euro Surveillance 20: pii=30085.Google Scholar
Hawley, JS, Murray, CK and Jorgensen, JH (2008). Colistin heteroresistance in Acinetobacter and its association with previous colistin therapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52: 351–352.Google Scholar
Hu, Y, Liu, F, Lin, IYC, Gao, GF and Zhu, B (2016). Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 146–147.Google Scholar
Huang, X, Yu, L, Chen, X, Zhi, C, Yao, X, Liu, Y, Wu, S, Guo, Z, Yi, L, Zeng, Z and Liu, JH (2017). High prevalence of colistin resistance and mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli isolated from food animals in China. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 562.Google Scholar
Irrgang, A, Roschanski, N, Tenhagen, B-A, Grobbel, M, Skladnikiewicz-Ziemer, T, Thomas, K, Roesler, U and Kaesbohrer, A (2016). Prevalence of mcr-1 in E. coli from livestock and food in Germany, 2010–2015. Plos ONE 11: e0159863.Google Scholar
Kawanishi, M, Abo, H, Ozawa, M, Uchiyama, M, Shirakawa, T, Suzuki, S, Shima, A, Yamashita, A, Sekizuka, T, Kato, K, Kuroda, M, Koike, R and Kijima, M (2017). Prevalence of colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and absence of mcr-2 in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy food-producing animals in Japan. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02057-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02057-16.Google Scholar
Kazimierczak, KA, Scott, KP, Kelly, D and Aminov, RI (2009). Tetracycline resistome of the organic pig gut. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 1717–1722.Google Scholar
Kempf, I, Jouy, E and Chauvin, C (2016). Colistin use and colistin resistance in bacteria from animals. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 48: 598–606.Google Scholar
Khalifa, HO, Ahmed, AM, Oreiby, AF, Eid, AM, Shimamoto, T and Shimamoto, T (2016). Characterisation of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli isolated from animals in Egypt. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 47: 413–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kieffer, N, Nordmann, P and Poirel, L (2017). Moraxella species as potential sources of MCR-like polymyxin resistance determinants. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 61: e00129-17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kluytmans-van den Bergh, MF, Huizinga, P, Bonten, MJ, Bos, M, De Bruyne, K, Friedrich, AW, Rossen, JW, Savelkoul, PH and Kluytmans, JA (2016). Presence of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in retail chicken meat but not in humans in the Netherlands since 2009. Eurosurveillance 21: 12–18.Google Scholar
Ko, KS, Suh, JY, Kwon, KT, Jung, SI, Park, KH, Kang, CI, Chung, DR, Peck, KR and Song, JH (2007). High rates of resistance to colistin and polymyxin B in subgroups of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Korea. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 60: 1163–1167.Google Scholar
Koch-Weser, J, Sidel, VW, Federman, EB, Kanarek, P, Finer, DC and Eaton, AE (1970). Adverse effects of sodium colistimethate. Manifestations and specific reaction rates during 317 courses of therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 72: 857–868.Google Scholar
Komura, S and Kurahashi, K (1979). Partial purification and properties of L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid activating enzyme from a polymyxin E producing organism. Journal of Biochemistry 86: 1013–1021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kong, L-H, Lei, C-W, Ma, S-Z, Jiang, W, Liu, B-H, Wang, Y-X, Guan, R, Men, S, Yuan, Q-W, Cheng, G-Y, Zhou, W-C and Wang, H-N (2017). Various sequence types of Escherichia coli isolates coharboring bla (NDM-5) and mcr-1 genes from a commercial swine farm in China. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02167-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02167-16.Google Scholar
Koyama, Y, Kurosasa, A, Tsuchiya, A and Takakuta, K (1950). A new antibiotic ‘colistin’ produced by spore-forming soil bacteria. Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo) 3: 457–458.Google Scholar
Kraus, D and Peschel, A (2006). Molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 306: 231–250.Google Scholar
Kruse, H and Sorum, H (1994). Transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids between bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 4015–4021.Google Scholar
Kuo, S-C, Huang, W-C, Wang, H-Y, Shiau, Y-R, Cheng, M-F and Lauderdale, T-L (2016). Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli isolates from humans and retail meats, Taiwan. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2327–2329.Google Scholar
Kusumoto, M, Ogura, Y, Gotoh, Y, Iwata, T, Hayashi, T and Akiba, M (2016). Colistin-resistant mcr-1-positive pathogenic Escherichia coli in swine, Japan, 2007–2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22: 1315–1317.Google Scholar
Kwa, A, Kasiakou, SK, Tam, VH and Falagas, ME (2007). Polymyxin B: similarities to and differences from colistin (polymyxin E). Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 5: 811–821.Google Scholar
Leangapichart, T, Gautret, P, Brouqui, P, Mimish, Z, Raoult, D and Rolain, JM (2016). Acquisition of mcr-1 plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae during hajj 2013 and 2014. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 6998–6999.Google Scholar
Lei, L, Wang, Y, Schwarz, S, Walsh, TR, Ou, Y, Wu, Y, Li, M and Shen, Z (2017). mcr-1 in enterobacteriaceae from companion animals, Beijing, China, 2012–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases 23: 710–711.Google Scholar
Lentz, SA, de Lima-Morales, D, Cuppertino, VM, de Nunes, LS, da Motta, AS, Zavascki, AP, Barth, AL and Martins, AF (2016). Letter to the editor: Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 gene isolated from poultry not exposed to polymyxins in Brazil. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles 21: pii=30267.Google Scholar
Li, A, Yang, Y, Miao, M, Chavda, KD, Mediavilla, JR, Xie, X, Feng, P, Tang, YW, Kreiswirth, BN, Chen, L and Du, H (2016a). Complete sequences of mcr-1-harboring plasmids from extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 4351–4354.Google Scholar
Li, J, Milne, RW, Nation, RL, Turnidge, JD and Coulthard, K (2003). Stability of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate in aqueous media and plasma as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47: 1364–1370.Google Scholar
Li, J, Nation, RL, Turnidge, JD, Milne, RW, Coulthard, K, Rayner, CR and Paterson, DL (2006a). Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 6: 589–601.Google Scholar
Li, J, Rayner, CR, Nation, RL, Owen, RJ, Spelman, D, Tan, KE and Liolios, L (2006b). Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 2946–2950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, X-P, Fang, L-X, Song, J-Q, Xia, J, Huo, W, Fang, J-T, Liao, X-P, Liu, Y-H, Feng, Y and Sun, J (2016b). Clonal spread of mcr-1 in PMQR-carrying ST34 Salmonella isolates from animals in China. Scientific Reports 6: 38511. doi: 10.1038/srep38511.Google Scholar
Li, XP, Fang, LX, Jiang, P, Pan, D, Xia, J, Liao, XP, Liu, YH and Sun, J (2017). Emergence of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Citrobacter freundii. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 49: 786–787.Google Scholar
Li, Z, Tan, C, Lin, J and Feng, Y (2016c). Diversified variants of the mcr-1-carrying plasmid reservoir in the swine lung microbiota. Science China-Life Sciences 59: 971–973.Google Scholar
Liakopoulos, A, Mevius, DJ, Olsen, B and Bonnedahl, J (2016). The colistin resistance mcr-1 gene is going wild. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2335–2336.Google Scholar
Lim, SK, Kang, HY, Lee, K, Moon, DC, Lee, HS and Jung, SC (2016). First detection of the mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli isolated from livestock between 2013 and 2015 in South Korea. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 6991–6993.Google Scholar
Lima Barbieri, N, Nielsen, DW, Wannemuehler, Y, Cavender, T, Hussein, A, Yan, SG, Nolan, LK and Logue, CM (2017). mcr-1 identified in Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). PLoS ONE 12: e0172997.Google Scholar
Liu, B-T, Song, F-J, Zou, M, Hao, Z-H and Shan, H (2017a). Emergence of colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Cronobacter sakazakii producing NDM-9 and in Escherichia coli from the same animal. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e01444-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01444-16.Google Scholar
Liu, B-T, Song, F-J, Zou, M, Zhang, Q-D and Shan, H (2017b). High incidence of Escherichia coli strains coharboring mcr-1 and bla (NDM) from chickens. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02347-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02347-16.Google Scholar
Liu, YY, Wang, Y, Walsh, TR, Yi, LX, Zhang, R, Spencer, J, Doi, Y, Tian, G, Dong, B, Huang, X, Yu, LF, Gu, D, Ren, H, Chen, X, Lv, L, He, D, Zhou, H, Liang, Z, Liu, JH and Shen, J (2016). Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 161–168.Google Scholar
Lu, X, Hu, Y, Luo, M, Zhou, H, Wang, X, Du, Y, Li, Z, Xu, J, Zhu, B, Xu, X and Kan, B (2017). MCR-1.6, a new MCR variant carried by an Incp plasmid in a colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate from a healthy individual. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02632-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02632-16.Google Scholar
Malhotra-Kumar, S, Xavier, BB, Das, AJ, Lammens, C, Butaye, P and Goossens, H (2016). Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 harboured on a multidrug resistant plasmid. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 283–284.Google Scholar
Martiny, AC, Martiny, JB, Weihe, C, Field, A and Ellis, JC (2011). Functional metagenomics reveals previously unrecognized diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in gulls. Frontiers in Microbiology 2: 238.Google Scholar
McCoy, AJ, Liu, H, Falla, TJ and Gunn, JS (2001). Identification of Proteus mirabilis mutants with increased sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45: 2030–2037.Google Scholar
McPhee, JB, Lewenza, S and Hancock, RE (2003). Cationic antimicrobial peptides activate a two-component regulatory system, PmrA-PmrB, that regulates resistance to polymyxin B and cationic antimicrobial peptides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Molecular Microbiology 50: 205–217.Google Scholar
Meinersmann, RJ, Ladely, SR, Plumblee, JR, Cook, KL and Thacker, E (2017). Prevalence of mcr-1 in the cecal contents of food animals in the United States. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02244-16.Google Scholar
Meletis, G, Tzampaz, E, Sianou, E, Tzavaras, I and Sofianou, D (2011). Colistin heteroresistance in carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66: 946–947.Google Scholar
Mohsin, M, Raza, S, Roschanski, N, Schaufler, K and Guenther, S (2016). First description of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a wild migratory bird from Asia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 48: 463–464.Google Scholar
Monte, DF, Mem, A, Fernandes, MR, Cerdeira, L, Esposito, F, Galvão, JA, Franco, BDGM, Lincopan, N and Landgraf, M (2017). Chicken meat as a reservoir of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strains carrying mcr-1 genes in South America. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02718-16.Google Scholar
Nation, RL and Li, J (2009). Colistin in the 21st century. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 22: 535–543.Google Scholar
Nguyen, NT, Nguyen, HM, Nguyen, CV, Nguyen, TV, Nguyen, MT, Thai, HQ, Ho, MH, Thwaites, G, Ngo, HT, Baker, S and Carrique-Mas, J (2016). Use of colistin and other critical antimicrobials on pig and chicken farms in southern Vietnam and its association with resistance in commensal Escherichia coli bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82: 3727–3735.Google Scholar
Ohsaki, Y, Hayashi, W, Saito, S, Osaka, S, Taniguchi, Y, Koide, S, Kawamura, K, Nagano, Y, Arakawa, Y and Nagano, N (2017). First detection of Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 gene from retail domestic chicken meat in Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 70: 590–592.Google Scholar
Olaitan, AO, Chabou, S, Okdah, L, Morand, S and Rolain, JM (2016). Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 147.Google Scholar
Partridge, SR (2017). mcr-2 in the IncX4 plasmid pKP37-BE is flanked by directly oriented copies of ISEc69. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 72: 1533–1535.Google Scholar
Pehrsson, EC, Forsberg, KJ, Gibson, MK, Ahmadi, S and Dantas, G (2013). Novel resistance functions uncovered using functional metagenomic investigations of resistance reservoirs. Frontiers in Microbiology 4: 145.Google Scholar
Perreten, V, Strauss, C, Collaud, A and Gerber, D (2016). Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli in South Africa. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 4414–4415.Google Scholar
Perrin-Guyomard, A, Bruneau, M, Houee, P, Deleurme, K, Legrandois, P, Poirier, C, Soumet, C and Sanders, P (2016). Prevalence of mcr-1 in commensal Escherichia coli from French livestock, 2007 to 2014. Eurosurveillance 21: 6–8.Google Scholar
Peschel, A and Sahl, HG (2006). The co-evolution of host cationic antimicrobial peptides and microbial resistance. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4: 529–536.Google Scholar
Pham Thanh, D, Thanh Tuyen, H, Nguyen Thi Nguyen, T, Chung The, H, Wick, RR, Thwaites, GE, Baker, S and Holt, KE (2016). Inducible colistin resistance via a disrupted plasmid-borne mcr-1 gene in a 2008 Vietnamese Shigella sonnei isolate. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2314–2317.Google Scholar
Poirel, L, Kieffer, N, Brink, A, Coetze, J, Jayol, A and Nordmann, P (2016). Genetic features of mcr-1-producing colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in South Africa. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 4394–4397.Google Scholar
Poirel, L, Kieffer, N and Nordmann, P (2017). In vitro study of ISApl1-mediated mobilization of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: 00127–17.Google Scholar
Poudyal, A, Howden, BP, Bell, JM, Gao, W, Owen, RJ, Turnidge, JD, Nation, RL and Li, J (2008). In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62: 1311–1318.Google Scholar
Pulss, S, Semmler, T, Prenger-Berninghoff, E, Bauerfeind, R and Ewers, C (2017). First report of an E. coli strain from swine carrying an OXA-181-carbapenemase and colistin resistance determinant MCR-1. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 50: 232–236.Google Scholar
Quan, J, Li, X, Chen, Y, Jiang, Y, Zhou, Z, Zhang, H, Sun, L, Ruan, Z, Feng, Y, Akova, M and Yu, Y (2017). Prevalence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from bloodstream infections in China: a multicentre longitudinal study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17: 400–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quesada, A, Ugarte-Ruiz, M, Rocio Iglesias, M, Concepcion Porrero, M, Martinez, R, Florez-Cuadrado, D, Campos, MJ, Garcia, M, Piriz, S, Luis Saez, J and Dominguez, L (2016). Detection of plasmid mediated colistin resistance (MCR-1) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from poultry and swine in Spain. Research in Veterinary Science 105: 134–135.Google Scholar
Rhouma, M, Beaudry, F, Theriault, W, Bergeron, N, Laurent-Lewandowski, S, Fairbrother, JM and Letellier, A (2015). Gastric stability and oral bioavailability of colistin sulfate in pigs challenged or not with Escherichia coli O149: F4 (K88). Research in Veterinary Science 102: 173–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhouma, M, Beaudry, F and Letellier, A (2016). Resistance to colistin: what is the fate for this antibiotic in pig production? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 48: 119–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riley, MA and Wertz, JE (2002). Bacteriocins: evolution, ecology, and application. Annual Review of Microbiology 56: 117–137.Google Scholar
Rolain, J-M, Kempf, M, Leangapichart, T, Chabou, S, Olaitan, AO, Le Page, S, Morand, S and Raoult, D (2016). Plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in colistin-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in France and Laos. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 6994–6995.Google Scholar
Roschanski, N, Falgenhauer, L, Grobbel, M, Guenther, S, Kreienbrock, L, Imirzalioglu, C and Roesler, U (2017). Retrospective survey of mcr-1 and mcr-2 in German pig-fattening farms, 2011–2012. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 50: 266–271.Google Scholar
Rossi, LM, Rangasamy, P, Zhang, J, Qiu, XQ and Wu, GY (2008). Research advances in the development of peptide antibiotics. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 97: 1060–1070.Google Scholar
Ruzauskas, M and Vaskeviciute, L (2016). Detection of the mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli prevalent in the migratory bird species Larus argentatus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2333–2334.Google Scholar
Schwartz, BS, Warren, MR, Barkley, FA and Landis, L (1959). Microbiological and pharmacological studies of colistin sulfate and sodium colistinmethanesulfonate. Antibiot Annu 7: 41–60.Google Scholar
Schwarz, S and Johnson, AP (2016). Transferable resistance to colistin: a new but old threat. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2066–2070.Google Scholar
Sellera, FP, Fernandes, MR, Sartori, L, Carvalho, MP, Esposito, F, Nascimento, CL, Dutra, GH, Mamizuka, EM, Perez-Chaparro, PJ, McCulloch, JA and Lincopan, N (2017). Escherichia coli carrying IncX4 plasmid-mediated mcr-1 and bla CTX-M genes in infected migratory magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 72: 1255–1256.Google Scholar
Sennati, S, Di Pilato, V, Riccobono, E, Di Maggio, T, Villagran, AL, Pallecchi, L, Bartoloni, A, Rossolini, GM and Giani, T (2017). Citrobacter braakii carrying plasmid-borne mcr-1 colistin resistance gene from ready-to-eat food from a market in the Chaco region of Bolivia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 72: 2127–2129.Google Scholar
Shen, Z, Wang, Y, Shen, Y, Shen, J and Wu, C (2016). Early emergence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli from food-producing animals. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 293.Google Scholar
Shi, Y, Cromie, MJ, Hsu, FF, Turk, J and Groisman, EA (2004). PhoP-regulated Salmonella resistance to the antimicrobial peptides magainin 2 and polymyxin B. Molecular Microbiology 53: 229–241.Google Scholar
Shryock, TR (2004). The future of anti-infective products in animal health. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2: 425–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sit, CS and Vederas, JC (2008). Approaches to the discovery of new antibacterial agents based on bacteriocins. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 86: 116–123.Google Scholar
Sommer, MO, Dantas, G and Church, GM (2009). Functional characterization of the antibiotic resistance reservoir in the human microflora. Science 325: 1128–1131.Google Scholar
Stoesser, N, Mathers, AJ, Moore, CE, Day, NP and Crook, DW (2016). Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and pHNSHP45 plasmid in human isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 285–286.Google Scholar
Sun, J, Li, X-P, Yang, R-S, Fang, L-X, Huo, W, Li, S-M, Jiang, P, Liao, X-P and Liu, Y-H (2016a). Complete nucleotide sequence of an IncI2 plasmid coharboring bla (CTX-M-55) and mcr-1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 5014–5017.Google Scholar
Sun, J, Yang, RS, Zhang, Q, Feng, Y, Fang, LX, Xia, J, Li, L, Lv, XY, Duan, JH, Liao, XP and Liu, YH (2016b). Co-transfer of bla NDM-5 and mcr-1 by an IncX3-X4 hybrid plasmid in Escherichia coli. Nature Microbiology 1: 16176.Google Scholar
Sun, J, Fang, LX, Wu, Z, Deng, H, Yang, RS, Li, XP, Li, SM, Liao, XP, Feng, Y and Liu, YH (2017a). Genetic analysis of the IncX4 plasmids: implications for a unique pattern in the mcr-1 acquisition. Scientific Reports 7: 424.Google Scholar
Sun, J, Xu, Y, Gao, R, Lin, J, Wei, W, Srinivas, S, Li, D, Yang, RS, Li, XP, Liao, XP, Liu, YH and Feng, Y (2017b). Deciphering MCR-2 colistin resistance. MBio 8: e00625-17.Google Scholar
Sun, P, Bi, Z, Nilsson, M, Zheng, B, Berglund, B, Stalsby Lundborg, C, Borjesson, S, Li, X, Chen, B, Yin, H and Nilsson, LE (2017c). Occurrence of bla KPC-2, bla CTX-M, and mcr-1 in enterobacteriaceae from well water in rural China. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02569-16.Google Scholar
Sunkara, LT, Achanta, M, Schreiber, NB, Bommineni, YR, Dai, G, Jiang, W, Lamont, S, Lillehoj, HS, Beker, A, Teeter, RG and Zhang, G (2011). Butyrate enhances disease resistance of chickens by inducing antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression. PLoS ONE 6: e27225.Google Scholar
Sunkara, LT, Zeng, X, Curtis, AR and Zhang, G (2014). Cyclic AMP synergizes with butyrate in promoting beta-defensin 9 expression in chickens. Molecular Immunology 57: 171–180.Google Scholar
Suzuki, S, Ohnishi, M, Kawanishi, M, Akiba, M and Kuroda, M (2016). Investigation of a plasmid genome database for colistin-resistance gene mcr-1. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 284–285.Google Scholar
Thanner, S, Drissner, D and Walsh, F (2016). Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture. MBio 7: e02227-15.Google Scholar
Tian, GB, Doi, Y, Shen, J, Walsh, TR, Wang, Y, Zhang, R and Huang, X (2017). MCR-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak in China. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17: 577.Google Scholar
Toke, O (2005). Antimicrobial peptides: new candidates in the fight against bacterial infections. Biopolymers 80: 717–735.Google Scholar
Trung, NV, Matamoros, S, Carrique-Mas, JJ, Nghia, NH, Nhung, NT, Chieu, TTB, Mai, HH, van Rooijen, W, Campbell, J, Wagenaar, JA, Hardon, A, Mai, NTN, Hieu, TQ, Thwaites, G, de Jong, MD, Schultsz, C and Hoa, NT (2017). Zoonotic transmission of mcr-1 colistin resistance gene from small-scale poultry farms, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases 23: 529–532.Google Scholar
Tse, H and Yuen, KY (2016). Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 145–146.Google Scholar
Unger, F, Eisenberg, T, Prenger-Berninghoff, E, Leidner, U, Ludwig, ML, Rothe, M, Semmler, T and Ewers, C (2017). Imported reptiles as a risk factor for the global distribution of Escherichia coli harbouring the colistin resistance gene mcr-1. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 49: 122–123.Google Scholar
van der Does, AM, Bergman, P, Agerberth, B and Lindbom, L (2012). Induction of the human cathelicidin LL-37 as a novel treatment against bacterial infections. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 92: 735–742.Google Scholar
Veldman, K, van Essen-Zandbergen, A, Rapallini, M, Wit, B, Heymans, R, van Pelt, W and Mevius, D (2016). Location of colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in enterobacteriaceae from livestock and meat. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2340–2342.Google Scholar
Walsh, TR and Wu, Y (2016). China bans colistin as a feed additive for animals. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 1102–1103.Google Scholar
Wang, Q, Sun, J, Ding, Y, Li, XP, Liu, YH and Feng, Y (2017a). Genomic insights into mcr-1-positive plasmids carried by the colistin-resistant Escherichia coli from the inpatients. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e00361-17. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00361-17.Google Scholar
Wang, Y, Tian, GB, Zhang, R, Shen, Y, Tyrrell, JM, Huang, X, Zhou, H, Lei, L, Li, HY, Doi, Y, Fang, Y, Ren, H, Zhong, LL, Shen, Z, Zeng, KJ, Wang, S, Liu, JH, Wu, C, Walsh, TR and Shen, J (2017b). Prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and molecular epidemiology of mcr-1-positive enterobacteriaceae in patients and healthy adults from China: an epidemiological and clinical study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17: 390–399.Google Scholar
Wang, Y, Zhang, R, Li, J, Wu, Z, Yin, W, Schwarz, S, Tyrrell, JM, Zheng, Y, Wang, S, Shen, Z, Liu, Z, Liu, J, Lei, L, Li, M, Zhang, Q, Wu, C, Zhang, Q, Wu, Y, Walsh, TR and Shen, J (2017c). Comprehensive resistome analysis reveals the prevalence of NDM and MCR-1 in Chinese poultry production. Nature Microbiology 2: 16260.Google Scholar
Wanty, C, Anandan, A, Piek, S, Walshe, J, Ganguly, J, Carlson, RW, Stubbs, KA, Kahler, CM and Vrielink, A (2013). The structure of the neisserial lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (LptA) required for resistance to polymyxin. Journal of Molecular Biology 425: 3389–3402.Google Scholar
Webb, HE, Granier, SA, Marault, M, Millemann, Y, den Bakker, HC, Nightingale, KK, Bugarel, M, Ison, SA, Scott, HM and Loneragan, GH (2016). Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 144–145.Google Scholar
Wehkamp, J, Schauber, J and Stange, EF (2007). Defensins and cathelicidins in gastrointestinal infections. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 23: 32–38.Google Scholar
Wichmann, F, Udikovic-Kolic, N, Andrew, S and Handelsman, J (2014). Diverse antibiotic resistance genes in dairy cow manure. MBio 5: e01017.Google Scholar
Winfield, MD and Groisman, EA (2004). Phenotypic differences between Salmonella and Escherichia coli resulting from the disparate regulation of homologous genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 17162–17167.Google Scholar
Xavier, BB, Lammens, C, Butaye, P, Goossens, H and Malhotra-Kumar, S (2016a). Complete sequence of an IncFII plasmid harbouring the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 isolated from Belgian pig farms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2342–2344.Google Scholar
Xavier, BB, Lammens, C, Ruhal, R, Kumar-Singh, S, Butaye, P, Goossens, H and Malhotra-Kumar, S (2016b). Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016. Euro Surveillance 21: 8–13.Google Scholar
Yahav, D, Farbman, L, Leibovici, L and Paul, M (2012). Colistin: new lessons on an old antibiotic. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18: 18–29.Google Scholar
Yang, R-S, Feng, Y, Lv, X-Y, Duan, J-H, Chen, J, Fang, L-X, Xia, J, Liao, X-P, Sun, J and Liu, Y-H (2016a). Emergence of NDM-5-and MCR-1-producing Escherichia coli clones ST648 and ST156 from a single Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 6899–6902.Google Scholar
Yang, Y-Q, Zhang, A-Y, Ma, S-Z, Kong, L-H, Li, Y-X, Liu, J-X, Davis, MA, Guo, X-Y, Liu, B-H, Lei, C-W and Wang, H-N (2016b). Co-occurrence of mcr-1 and ESBL on a single plasmid in Salmonella enterica. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71: 2336–2338.Google Scholar
Yang, YQ, Li, YX, Song, T, Yang, YX, Jiang, W, Zhang, AY, Guo, XY, Liu, BH, Wang, YX, Lei, CW, Xiang, R and Wang, HN (2017). Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and its variant in Escherichia coli isolates from chickens in China. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e01204-16.Google Scholar
Yao, X, Doi, Y, Zeng, L, Lv, L and Liu, JH (2016). Carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli co-producing NDM-9 and MCR-1. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16: 288–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yau, W, Owen, RJ, Poudyal, A, Bell, JM, Turnidge, JD, Yu, HH, Nation, RL and Li, J (2009). Colistin hetero-resistance in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from the western pacific region in the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance programme. The Journal of Infection 58: 138–144.Google Scholar
Ye, H, Li, Y, Li, Z, Gao, R, Zhang, H, Wen, R, Gao, GF, Hu, Q and Feng, Y (2016). Diversified mcr-1-harbouring plasmid reservoirs confer resistance to colistin in human gut microbiota. MBio 7: e00177.Google Scholar
Yeaman, MR and Yount, NY (2003). Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance. Pharmacological Reviews 55: 27–55.Google Scholar
Yi, L, Wang, J, Gao, Y, Liu, Y, Doi, Y, Wu, R, Zeng, Z, Liang, Z and Liu, J-H (2017). mcr-1-harboring Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sequence type 34 in pigs, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 23: 291–295.Google Scholar
Yin, W, Li, H, Shen, Y, Liu, Z, Wang, S, Shen, Z, Zhang, R, Walsh, TR, Shen, J and Wang, Y (2017). Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli. MBio 8: e00543-17.Google Scholar
Yu, CY, Ang, GY, Chin, PS, Ngeow, YF, Yin, W-F and Chan, K-G (2016). Emergence of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli in Malaysia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 47: 504–505.Google Scholar
Zasloff, M (2002). Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 415: 389–395.Google Scholar
Zeng, KJ, Doi, Y, Patil, S, Huang, X and Tian, GB (2016). Emergence of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in colistin-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 3862–3863.Google Scholar
Zhang, C, Feng, Y, Liu, F, Jiang, H, Qu, Z, Lei, M, Wang, J, Zhang, B, Hu, Y, Ding, J and Zhu, B (2017). A phage-like IncY plasmid carrying the mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli from a pig farm in China. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: e02035-16.Google Scholar
Zhang, X-F, Doi, Y, Huang, X, Li, H-Y, Zhong, L-L, Zeng, K-J, Zhang, Y-F, Patil, S and Tian, G-B (2016). Possible transmission of mcr-1-harboring Escherichia coli between companion animals and human. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22: 1679–1681.Google Scholar
Zhao, F and Zong, Z (2016). Kluyvera ascorbata strain from hospital sewage carrying the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 7498–7501.Google Scholar
Zhao, F, Feng, Y, Lu, X, McNally, A and Zong, Z (2017). An IncP plasmid carrying the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae from hospital sewage. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61: pii: e02229-16.Google Scholar
Zhou, W, Wang, Y and Lin, J (2012). Functional cloning and characterization of antibiotic resistance genes from the chicken gut microbiome. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78: 3028–3032.Google Scholar
Zurfuh, K, Poirel, L, Nordmann, P, Nuesch-Inderbinen, M, Hachler, H and Stephan, R (2016). Occurrence of the plasmid-borne mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in river water and imported vegetable samples in Switzerland. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60: 2594–2595.Google Scholar