Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:55:22.293Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Components of a risk assessment tool for prevention and control of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2020

Sharif S. Aly Open the ORCID record for Sharif S. Aly [Opens in a new window] ,
Betsy M. Karle ,
Deniece R. Williams ,
Gabriele U. Maier  and
Sasha Dubrovsky
Sharif S. Aly*
Affiliation:
Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA93274, USA Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616, USA
Betsy M. Karle
Affiliation:
Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA95963, USA
Deniece R. Williams
Affiliation:
Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA93274, USA
Gabriele U. Maier
Affiliation:
Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616, USA
Sasha Dubrovsky
Affiliation:
Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA93274, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Sharif S. Aly, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA93274, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading natural cause of death in US beef and dairy cattle, causing the annual loss of more than 1 million animals and financial losses in excess of $700 million. The multiple etiologies of BRD and its complex web of risk factors necessitate a herd-specific intervention plan for its prevention and control on dairies. Hence, a risk assessment is an important tool that producers and veterinarians can utilize for a comprehensive assessment of the management and host factors that predispose calves to BRD. The current study identifies the steps taken to develop the first BRD risk assessment tool and its components, namely the BRD risk factor questionnaire, the BRD scoring system, and a herd-specific BRD control and prevention plan. The risk factor questionnaire was designed to inquire on aspects of calf-rearing including management practices that affect calf health generally, and BRD specifically. The risk scores associated with each risk factor investigated in the questionnaire were estimated based on data from two observational studies. Producers can also estimate the prevalence of BRD in their calf herds using a smart phone or tablet application that facilitates selection of a true random sample of calves for scoring using the California BRD scoring system. Based on the risk factors identified, producers and herd veterinarians can then decide the management changes needed to mitigate the calf herd's risk for BRD. A follow-up risk assessment after a duration of time sufficient for exposure of a new cohort of calves to the management changes introduced in response to the risk assessment is recommended to monitor the prevalence of BRD.

Keywords

BRD scoring systemmobile applicationprevalencepreweaned dairy calvesquestionnairerisk assessmentrisk score
Type
Special issue: Papers from Bovine Respiratory Disease Symposium
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 153 - 159
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackermann, MR, Derscheid, R and Roth, JA (2010) Innate immunology of bovine respiratory disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 26, 215–228.Google ScholarPubMed
Aly, SSS, Love, WJWJ, Williams, DRDR, Lehenbauer, TWTW, Van Eenennaam, A, Drake, C, Kass, PHPH and Farver, TBTB (2014) Agreement between bovine respiratory disease scoring systems for pre-weaned dairy calves. Animal Health Research Reviews 15, 148–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berghaus, RD, Lombard, JE, a Gardner, I and Farver, TB (2005) Factor analysis of a Johne's disease risk assessment questionnaire with evaluation of factor scores and a subset of original questions as predictors of observed clinical paratuberculosis. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 72, 291–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callan, RJ and Garry, FB (2002) Biosecurity and bovine respiratory disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 18, 57–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Dubrovsky, SA, Van Eenennaam, AL, Karle, BM, Rossitto, PV, Lehenbauer, TW and Aly, SS (2019a) Epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves on California dairies: the BRD 10K study. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 7306–7319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubrovsky, SA, Van Eenennaam, AL, Karle, BM, Rossitto, PV, Lehenbauer, TW and Aly, SS (2019b) Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cause-specific and overall mortality in preweaned calves on California dairies: the BRD 10K study. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 7320–7328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubrovsky, SA, Van Eenennaam, AL, Aly, SS, Karle, BM, Rossitto, PV, Overton, MW, Lehenbauer, TW and Fadel, JG (2020) Preweaning cost of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and cost-benefit of implementation of preventative measures in calves on California dairies: the BRD 10K study. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 1583–1597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulton, RW (2009) Bovine respiratory disease research (1983–2009). Animal Health Research Reviews 10, 131–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorden, PJ and Plummer, P (2010) Control, management, and prevention of bovine respiratory disease in dairy calves and cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 26, 243–259.Google ScholarPubMed
Harrison, DA, Parry, GJ, Carpenter, JR, Short, A and Rowan, K (2007) A new risk prediction model for critical care: the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC) model. Critical Care Medicine 35, 1091–1098CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, PD, Aich, P, Manuja, A, Hokamp, K, Roche, FM, Brinkman, FSL, Potter, A, Babiuk, LA and Griebel, PJ (2005) Effect of stress on viral-bacterial synergy in bovine respiratory disease: novel mechanisms to regulate inflammation. Comp Funct Genomics 6, 244–250. doi:10.1002/cfg.474CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karle, BM, Maier, GU, Love, WJ, Dubrovsky, SA, Williams, DR, Anderson, RJ, Van Eenennaam, AL, Lehenbauer, TW and Aly, SS (2019) Regional management practices and prevalence of bovine respiratory disease in California's preweaned dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 7583–7596CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehenbauer, TW, Aly, SS, Davis, JH, Blanchard, PC, Crossley, BM, Rossitto, PV, Neibergs, HL, Van Eenennaam, AL (2013) Annual Report Summary. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. https://ucanr.edu/sites/UCCE_LR/files/230658.pdfGoogle Scholar
Louie, AP, Rowe, JD, Love, WJ, Lehenbauer, TW and Aly, SS (2018) Effect of the environment on the risk of respiratory disease in preweaning dairy calves during summer months. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 10230–10247. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Love, WJ, Lehenbauer, TW, Kass, PH, Van Eenennaam, AL and Aly, SS (2014) Development of a novel clinical scoring system for on-farm diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves. PeerJ 2, e238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Love, WJ, Lehenbauer, TW, Van Eenennaam, AL, Drake, CM, Kass, PH, Farver, TB and Aly, SS (2016a) Sensitivity and specificity of on-farm scoring systems and nasal culture to detect bovine respiratory disease complex in preweaned dairy calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 28, 119–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, WJ, Lehenbauer, TW, Karle, BM, Hulbert, LE, Anderson, RJ, Van Eenennaam, AL, Farver, TB and Aly, SS (2016b) Survey of management practices related to bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 1483–1494, doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, GU, Love, WJ, Karle, BM, Dubrovsky, SA, Williams, DR, Champagne, JD, Anderson, RJ, Rowe, JD, Lehenbauer, TW, Van Eenennaam, AL and Aly, SS (2019) Management factors associated with bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies: the BRD 100 study. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 7288–7305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maier, GU, Love, WJ, Karle, BM, Dubrovsky, SA, Williams, DR, Champagne, JD, Anderson, RJ, Rowe, JD, Lehenbauer, TW, Van Eenennaam, AL and Aly, SS (2020) A novel risk assessment tool for bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 9301–9317. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17650CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuirk, SM (2008) Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 24, 139–153. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003.Google ScholarPubMed
McVey, DS (2009) BRD research needs in the next 10–20 years. Animal Health Research Reviews 10, 165–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nandy, S, Parsons, S, Cryer, C, Underwood, M, Rashbrook, E, Carter, Y, Eldridge, S, Close, J, Skelton, D, Taylor, S and Feder, G (2004) Development and preliminary examination of the predictive validity of the falls risk assessment tool (FRAT) for use in primary care. The Journal of Public Health 26, 138–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neibergs, HL, Seabury, CM, Wojtowicz, AJ, Wang, Z, Scraggs, E, Kiser, JN, Neupane, M, Womack, JE, Van Eenennaam, A, Hagevoort, GR, Lehenbauer, TW, Aly, S, Davis, J, Taylor, JF and The Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Coordinated Agricultural Project Research Team (2014) Susceptibility loci revealed for bovine respiratory disease complex in pre-weaned Holstein calves. BMC Genomics 15, 1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, TA (2002) New tools for coronary risk assessment: what are their advantages and limitations? Circulation 105, 886–892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quick, AE, Ollivett, TL, Kirkpatrick, BW and Weigel, KA (2019) Genomic analysis of bovine respiratory disease and lung consolidation in preweaned Holstein calves using clinical scoring and lung ultrasound. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 1632–1641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pithua, P, Espejo, LA, Godden, SM and Wells, SJ (2013) Is an individual calving pen better than a group calving pen for preventing transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in calves? Results from a field trial. Research in Veterinary Science 95, 398–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rello, J, Rodriguez, A, Lisboa, T, Gallego, M, Lujan, M and Wunderink, R (2009) PIRO score for community-acquired pneumonia: a new prediction rule for assessment of severity in intensive care unit patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Critical Care Medicine 37, 456–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rexius, H, Brandrup-Wognsen, G, Nilsson, J, Odén, A and Jeppsson, A (2006) A simple score to assess mortality risk in patients waiting for coronary artery bypass grafting. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 81, 577–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urie, NJ, Lombard, JE, Shivley, CB, Kopral, CA, Adams, AE, Earleywine, TJ, Olson, JD, Garry, FB (2018) Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 9229–9244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
USDA (1993) Dairy heifer morbidity, mortality, and health management focusing on preweaned heifers. Available at http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/32756/files/dair06.pdfGoogle Scholar
USDA (2003) Risk Assessment. Handbook for Veterinarians and Dairy Producers. A guide for Johne's disease risk assessment and management plans for dairy herds. 3rd ed. Herd Management and Education Standards Task Force for the Voluntary Bovine Johne's Control Program. USDA, Riverdale, MD.Google Scholar
USDA (2012) Dairy heifer raiser, 2011. Available at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairyheifer11/HeiferRaiser_1.pdf.Google Scholar
USDA (2018) Dairy 2014 ‘Health and Management Practices on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2014’. N. A. H. M. System. Available at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy14/Dairy14_dr_PartIII.pdf, USDA–APHIS–VS–CEAH–NAHMS. Report 3: 1-2016.Google Scholar
USDA, APHIS, VS (2011) How to do risk assessments and develop management plans for Johne's disease (Fourth Edition). Available at https://johnes.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/How-to-do-RAs-and-MPs-for-Dairy-and-Beef-Herds-4th-ed-2011.pdf.Google Scholar