^{page 181 note 1} Preparatory to ‘Anglo-Saxon England’, being the Collected Papers of Frank Merry Stenton, ed. Stenton, D. M. (Oxford, 1970).Google Scholar

^{page 181 note 2} ‘East Anglia and the Danelaw’, TRHS 5th ser. 5 (1955), 23–59.Google Scholar

^{page 182 note 1} ‘Tenth Century Carvings from Yorkshire and the Jellinge Style’, Universitet i Bergen Årbok 1956, Historisk-antikvarisk rekke 2 (1956), 1–29.

^{page 182 note 2} See, e.g., Anglo-Saxon England, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1947), p. 517.Google Scholar

^{page 182 note 3} ‘The Scandinavian Settlement’, Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names (Cambridge, 1924), pp. 55–92, esp. 80–6Google Scholar, and ‘The Scandinavian Settlement’, An Historical Geography of England before A.D. 1800, ed. Darby, H. C. (Cambridge, 1936), pp. 133–64, esp. 160–3.Google Scholar

^{page 182 note 4} ‘The Density of the Danish Settlement in England’, Univ. of Birmingham Hist. Jnl 6 (1958), 1–17.Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 1} Per Sveaas, Andersen, Vikingetid og Rikssamling (Oslo, 1969), esp. ‘Vikingetidens Ekspansjon: England og Irland’, pp. 26–9Google Scholar, and Inge, Skovgaard-Petersen, ‘Vikingerne i den nyere Forsk-ning’, Historisk Tidsskrift 12. række 5 (Copenhagen, 1971), 651–721.Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 2} The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed. (London, 1962), 2nd ed. (1971).Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 3} SBVS 16 (1962), 104.

^{page 184 note 4} ‘Vikingatägen i Väst-Deras Förutsättningar och samhälleliga Följder’, Nordisk Tidskrift for Vetenskap, Konst och lndustri (Stockholm, 1962), pp. 223–39, esp. 226–7.Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 5} Skaldic Verse and Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1971) cf. Sawyer, The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., pp. 38–41.Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 6} See below, pp. 189–90.

^{page 185 note 1} ‘Vikingatägen’, p. 232.

^{page 185 note 2} ‘The Secondary Migration’, Med. Scandinavia 2 (1969), 196–201, esp. 198.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 3} Niels, Lund, De danske Vikinger i England, Revere og Bonder (Copenhagen, 1967), pp. 40–2Google Scholar, and Christensen, Aksel E., Vikingetidens Danmark (Copenhagen, 1969), pp. 170–2 and 203–6.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 4} ‘Les Deux Åges des Vikings: Réflexions et Observations d'un Historien Normand’, Med. Scandinavia 2 (1969), 187–93, esP. 188–9.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 5} Pp. 206–9.

^{page 185 note 6} The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., pp. 163–4.

^{page 185 note 7} Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (London, 1962), pp. 54–5.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 1} De danske Vikinger, pp. 84–7.

^{page 186 note 2} ‘The Two Viking Ages of Britain: a Discussion’, Med. Scandinavia 2 (1969), 163–76 and 203–7, esp. 170.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 3} The Kingdom of the Scots (London, 1973), pp. 7–28.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 4} Sawyer, , The Age of the Vikings, 2nd ed., p. 172Google Scholar, and Tomkinson, A., ‘The Carucage of 1220 in an Oxfordshire Hundred’, Bull. of the Inst. of Hist. Research 41 (1968), 212–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 186 note 5} Stenton, Doris M., English Justice between the Norman Conquest and the Great Charter 1066–1215 (London, 1965), pp. 55–6.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 6} ‘The Sacrabar’, EHR 83 (1968), 744–58.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 7} ‘Vital Factors in the Success of the Vikings’, Proc, of the Sixth Viking Congress, ed. Peter, Foote and Dag, Strömbäck (Uppsala, 1971), pp. 33–7Google Scholar, summarizing the arguments of the author's ‘Vikingatåg och Vikingaskepp’, Tor 8 (1962), 186–200Google Scholar, and ‘Vikingatägens Höjdpunkt och Slut’, Tor 9 (1963), 215–50.Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 1} ‘Density’, p. 4.

^{page 187 note 2} SBVS 16 (1962), 105–6.

^{page 187 note 3} Sawyer, , The Age of the Vikings, 2nd ed., pp. 81 and 132Google Scholar, and Else, Roesdahl, SBVS 18 (1973), 408.Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 4} The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., pp. 132–3.

^{page 187 note 5} Ibid. 2nd ed., pp. 136–7.

^{page 187 note 6} ‘Træningslejr eller Tvangsborg’, Kuml (1970), 43–63.Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 7} ‘The Problem of Evaluating Archaeological Sources in Early Historical Time’, Actes du VIII Congrés International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques. Beograd 9–15 Septembre 1971 III (Belgrade, 1973), 346–52.Google Scholar

^{page 188 note 1} ‘The Viking Fortress of Fyrkat’, Château Gaillard 6 (1972), 195–202Google Scholar, and SBVS 18 (1973), 408.

^{page 188 note 2} The Viking Achievement (London, 1970), p. 272.Google Scholar

^{page 188 note 3} The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., pp. 126–8.

^{page 188 note 4} Anglian and Viking York, Borthwick Papers 33 (York, 1967), 14.Google Scholar

^{page 188 note 5} The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., pp. 41–4.

^{page 188 note 6} Swedish Vikings in England. The Evidence of the Rune Stones (London, 1966).Google Scholar

^{page 188 note 7} Sawyer, , The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., pp. 63–4 and 227, n. 34Google Scholar, recording the suggestion to this effect by P. S. Gelling; Wilson, D. M., ‘The Vikings' Relationship with Christianity in Northern England’, JBAA 3rd ser. 30 (1967), 37–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and ‘Archaeological Evidence for the Viking Settlements and Raids in England’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 2 (1968), 291–304Google Scholar; and Foote, and Wilson, , Viking Achievement, p. 413.Google Scholar ‘Vikings' Relationship’, p. 45.

^{page 189 note 1} Wilson, David M. and Ole, Klindt-Jensen, Viking Art (London, 1966), pp. 104–14.Google Scholar

^{page 189 note 2} ‘Some Late Pre-Conquest Crosses in Ryedale, Yorkshire: a Reappraisal’, JBAA 3rd ser. 36 (1973), 16–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 189 note 3} ‘Archaeological Evidence’, p. 302.

^{page 189 note 4} Anglian and Viking York, p. 17.

^{page 189 note 5} ‘Medieval Shielings in the Isle of Man’, MA 6–7 (1962–1963), 156–72.Google Scholar

^{page 189 note 6} Christensen, Vikingetidens, p. 194, and Palme, ‘Vikingatägen’, p. 237.

^{page 189 note 7} ‘Commerce in the Dark Ages’, TRHS 5th ser. 9 (1959), 123–40, esp. 127 and 131.Google Scholar

^{page 189 note 8} The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., pp. 83–116.

^{page 189 note 9} Cf. his explanation of feoblease, discussed above, p. 184.

^{page 190 note 1} ‘The Wealth of England in the Eleventh Century’, TRHS 5th ser. 15 (1965), 145–64.Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 2} ‘Scandinavians in the British Isles’, Med. Scandinavia 2 (1969), 193–5.Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 3} Noted by Roesdahl, , SBVS 18 (1973), 406Google Scholar, referring to Bolin, S., ‘Mohammed, Charlemagne and Ruric’, Scandinavian Economic Hist. Rev. 1 (1953).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 190 note 4} ‘Historical Problems of Anglo-Saxon Coinage. (4) The Viking Age’, BNJ 39 (1970), 193–204, esp. 199.Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 5} The Hiberno-Norse Coins in the British Museum (London, 1966)Google Scholar; cf. his Viking Coins of the Danelaw and of Dublin (London, 1965).Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 6} Wilson, ‘Archaeological Evidence’, pp. 296–9.

^{page 190 note 7} ‘The c. 1843 Leggagh (Nobber) Coin-Hoard Reconsidered’, Riocht Na Midbe 5.2 (1972), 14–21.Google Scholar

^{page 191 note 1} ‘“The Two Viking Ages of Britain” – an Irish Comment’, Med. Scandinavia 2 (1969), 179–85, esp. 183.Google Scholar

^{page 191 note 2} ‘The Post-Brunanburb Viking Coinage of York’, Nordisk Numismatisk Arsskrift (1957–1958), 13–88.Google Scholar

^{page 191 note 3} ‘Cuerdale-Fundet og de danske Vikingekonger i det 9. Århundrede’, Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie (1962), 1–36, esp. 16–20.Google Scholar

^{page 191 note 4} ‘Post-Brunanburb’, pp. 37–9; cf. Lyon, C. S. S. and Stewart, B. H. I. H., ‘The Northumbrian Viking Coins in the Cuerdale Hoard’, Anglo-Saxon Coins, ed. Dolley, R. H. M. (London, 1961), pp. 96–121.Google Scholar

^{page 191 note 5} ‘The Vikings and the Irish Sea’, The Irish Sea Province in Archaeology and History, ed. Donald, Moore (Cardiff, 1970), pp. 86–92, esp. 91.Google Scholar

^{page 191 note 6} Dolley, ‘Post-Brunanburh’, p. 81.

^{page 192 note 1} Olof von, Feilitzen and Christopher, Blunt, ‘Personal Names on the Coinage of Edgar’, England before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Peter, Clemoes and Kathleen, Hughes (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 183–214, esp. 208.Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 2} ‘Moneyers of the Late Anglo-Saxon Coinage 973-1016’, Commentationes de Nummis Saeculorum IX-XI in Suecia Repertis II, Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens Handlingar Antikvariska Serien 19 (Stockholm, 1968), 191–276.Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 3} ‘Cnut's York Moneyers’, Otium et Negotium. Studies in Onomatology and Library Science presented to Olof von Feilitzen, ed. Folke, Sandgren (Stockholm, 1973), pp. 221–31.Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 4} ‘A Note on the Moneyers of the Mint of Lincoln’, Mossop, H. R. et al. , Tie Lincoln Mint c. 890–1279 (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1970), pp. 20–7.Google Scholar

^{page 193 note 1} ‘Notes on some Scandinavian Personal Names in English Twelfth-Century Records’, Person-namnsstudier 1964. Tillägnade minnet av Ivar Modéer (1904–1960) (Stockholm, 1965), pp. 52–68.Google Scholar

^{page 193 note 2} Scandinavian Personal Names in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, Navnestudier 7 (Copenhagen, 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 193 note 3} ‘The Names of the Lincolnshire Tenants of the Bishop of Lincoln c. 1225’, Otium et Negotium, ed. Sandgren, , pp. 86–95.Google Scholar

^{page 193 note 4} Ibid. p. 95, n. 10.

^{page 193 note 5} ‘Vikings' Relationship’, pp. 40–1, and ‘Archaeological Evidence’, p. 303.

^{page 193 note 6} Fellows, Jensen, Scandinavian Personal Names, pp. lxiii–lxiv.Google Scholar

^{page 193 note 7} Ibid. p. xxvi.

^{page 194 note 1} ‘Norse Place-Names in South-West Scotland’, Scottish Stud. 4 (1960), 49–70.Google Scholar

^{page 194 note 2} ‘Place-Names as Clues in the Pursuit of Ecological History’, Namn och Bygd 49 (1961), 72–89.Google Scholar

^{page 194 note 3} The Place-Names of Westmorland, Eng. Place-Name Soc. 42–3 (Cambridge, 1967), esp. 42, xxxix–xlv.Google Scholar

^{page 194 note 4} Namn och Bygd 55 (1967), 191–3.

^{page 194 note 5} ‘The Place-Names of the Isle of Man’, Jnl of the Manx Museum 7 (1970–1971), 130–9 and 168–75.Google Scholar

^{page 195 note 1} ‘The Vikings and the Western World’, Proc. of the International Congress of Celtic Stud. (Dublin, 1962), pp. 13–42, esp. 29–31Google Scholar, building on Wainwright, F. T., ‘The Scandinavians in Lancashire’, Trans. of the Lancashire and Cheshire Ant. Soc. 58 (1945–1946), 71–116.Google Scholar

^{page 195 note 2} Wainwright, F. T., ‘Æthelflæd Lady of the Mercians’, The Anglo-Saxons: Studies in some Aspects of their History and Culture presented to Bruce Dickins, ed. Peter, Clemoes (London, 1959), pp. 53–69.Google Scholar

^{page 195 note 3} Eng. Place-Name Soc. 44–7 (Cambridge, 1970–2).

^{page 195 note 4} Geoffrey, Barnes, ‘The Evidence of Place-Names for the Scandinavian Settlements in Cheshire’, Trans. of the Lancashire and Cheshire Ant. Soc. 63 (1952–1953), 131–55Google Scholar, and Dodgson, J. McN., ‘The English Arrival in Cheshire’, Trans. of the Hist. Soc. of Lancashire and Cheshire 119 (1967), 1–37.Google Scholar

^{page 195 note 5} SBVS 18 (1970–1971), 201–6.

^{page 195 note 6} ‘English Arrival’, pp. 2–7.

^{page 195 note 7} ‘The Background of Brunanburh’, SBVS 14 (1956–1957), 303–16.Google Scholar

^{page 196 note 1} ‘Place-Names and Street-Names at Chester’, Jnl of the Chester Arcbaeol. Soc. (1970), 29–61, esp. 52–6.Google Scholar

^{page 196 note 2} ‘Norse Place-Names in Wales’, Proc. of the International Congress of Celtic Stud. (Dublin, 1962), pp. 51–60.Google Scholar

^{page 196 note 3} ‘Place-Names’, Norwich and its Region, Brit. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science (1961), pp. 141–9.Google Scholar

^{page 196 note 4} ‘Ortnamns- och ordstudier i Englands Fenland’, Ortnamnssällskapets I Uppsala Årsskrift 1972, 41–52.Google Scholar

^{page 196 note 5} ‘The Scandinavians in Derbyshire: the Place-Name Evidence’, Nottingham Med. Stud. 2 (1958), 86–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and The Place-Names of Derbyshire, Eng. Place-Name Soc. 27–9 (Cambridge, 1959), esp. 27, xxx–xxxviii.Google Scholar

^{page 197 note 1} ‘English Field-Names and the Danish Settlement’, Festskrift til Kristian Hald, Navnestudier 13 (Copenhagen, 1974), 45–55.Google Scholar

^{page 197 note 2} ‘Early Field-Names in an English-Named Lincolnshire Village’, Otium et Negotium, ed. Sand-gren, , pp. 38–43.Google Scholar

^{page 197 note 3} Archaeology and Place-Names and History (London, 1962), pp. 86–8.Google Scholar

^{page 197 note 4} Scandinavian Settlement in the Territory of the Five Boroughs: the Place-Name Evidence, Inaugural lecture (Nottingham, 1965)Google Scholar; ‘Scandinavian Settlement in the Territory of the Five Boroughs: the Place-Name Evidence Part II, Place-Names in Thorp’, Med. Scandinavia 3 (1970), 35–49Google Scholar; and ‘Scandinavian Settlement in the Territory of the Five Boroughs: the Place-Name Evidence Part III, the Grimston-Hybrids’, England before the Conquest, ed. Clemoes, and Hughes, , pp. 147–63.Google Scholar

^{page 198 note 1} The Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng. Place-Name Soc. 30–7 (Cambridge, 1961–1963) esp. 36, 44–66.Google Scholar

^{page 198 note 2} ‘Scandinavian Elements in the Dialect and Place-Names of Dent in the West Riding of Yorkshire’, Trans. of the Yorkshire Dialect Soc. 10 (1958), 26–35Google Scholar, and The Dialect of Dentdale in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 5 (Uppsala, 1967).Google Scholar

^{page 198 note 3} ‘Are There So-Called Inversion Compounds in Yorkshire Place-Names?’, Namn och Bygd 48 (1960), 43–81.Google Scholar

^{page 198 note 4} ‘The Viking Colonization of England in the Light of Place-Names’, Names 20 (1972), 1–25, esp. 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 198 note 5} ‘Baldersby, Borup and Bruges: the Rise of Northern Europe’, Univ. of Leeds Rev. 16 (1973), 75–96.Google Scholar

^{page 198 note 6} Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire, Navnestudier II (Copenhagen, 1972).Google Scholar

^{page 199 note 1} Ibid. pp. 218–20, and Wilson, ‘Archaeological Evidence’, p. 292, quoting Collingwood, W. G., Yorkshire Archaeol. Jnl 23 (1915), 297.Google Scholar

^{page 199 note 2} ‘Early Territorial Organization in Northern England and its Bearing on the Scandinavian Settlement’, The Fourth Viking Congress, ed. Alan, Small (Edinburgh, 1965), pp. 67–84.Google Scholar

^{page 199 note 3} ‘Place-Names’, Durham County and City with Teesside (Durham, 1970), pp. 251–65, esp. 257–61.Google Scholar

^{page 199 note 4} Palme, ‘Vikingatägen’, p. 228.

^{page 200 note 1} Archaeology and Place-Names and History, pp. 78–81.

^{page 200 note 2} Sawyer, The Age of the Vikings, 1st ed., p. 162, and Fellows Jensen, Scandinavian Personal Names, p. xxxiii, n. 5.

^{page 200 note 3} ‘A Reply to Peter Sawyer on “The Two Viking Ages of Britain”’, Med. Scandinavia 2 (1969), 185–7Google Scholar, and Personnavne i Danmark, Oldtiden (Copenhagen, 1971), pp. 50 and 115.Google Scholar

^{page 200 note 4} Archaeology and Place-Names and History, pp. 76–7.

^{page 200 note 5} ‘Secondary Migration’, p. 199.

^{page 200 note 6} ‘The Two Viking Ages’, pp. 171–2.

^{page 201 note 1} ‘Linguistic and Place-Name Evidence’, Med. Scandinavia 2 (1969), 176–9.Google Scholar

^{page 201 note 2} The Northamptonshire Landscape (London, 1974), pp. 89–91.Google Scholar

^{page 201 note 3} ‘Baldersby’, pp. 86–7.

^{page 201 note 4} Scandinavian Settlement Names, pp. 237–45.

^{page 201 note 5} Pp. 163 and 174.

^{page 201 note 6} ‘Baldersby’, pp. 92 and 90.

^{page 201 note 7} ‘The Attitude of the Vikings to English Place-Names in Yorkshire’, Årsberetning for Selskab for nordisk Filologi 1971–73 (Copenhagen, 1975), 5–12.Google Scholar

^{page 202 note 1} ‘How Long did the Scandinavian Language Survive in England? The Epigraphical Evidence’, England before the Conquest, ed. Qemoes, and Hughes, , pp. 165–81Google Scholar, and An Introduction to English Runes (London, 1973), esp. ch. 14, ‘Anglo-Saxon and Viking’, pp. 190–9.Google Scholar

^{page 202 note 2} ‘The Literate Vikings’, Sixth Viking Congress, ed. Foote, and Strömbäck, , pp. 69–78.Google Scholar

^{page 202 note 3} Fellows Jensen, ‘The Attitude of the Vikings’, pp. 7 and 11.

^{page 202 note 4} ‘The Scribe of the Lindsey Survey’, Namn ocb Bygd 57 (1969), 58–74Google Scholar, and Scandinavian Settlement Names, pp. 137 9.

^{page 202 note 5} Nordisch-englische Lehnbeziebungen der Wikingerzeit, Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana 14 (Copenhagen, 1955). §409.Google Scholar

^{page 202 note 6} Uriel, Weinreich, Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems (New York, 1953), p. 92Google Scholar, quoted by Sawyer, , The Age of the Vikings, 2nd ed., p. 171.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 1} Fellows Jensen, ‘The Attitude of the Vikings’, pp. 9–10.

^{page 203 note 2} ‘Pour l'Étude des Relations entre les Colonies Scandinaves d'Angleterre et de Normandie‘, Mélanges de Linguistique et de Philologie Fernand Mossé in Memoriam (Paris, 1959), pp. 330–9.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 3} Michael, Dolley and Jacques, Yvon, ‘A Group of Tenth-Century Coins Found at Mont-Saint-Michel’, BNJ 40 (1971), 1–16.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 4} ‘Atlantssiðir – Atlantsorð’, Fróðskaparrit 7 (Tórshavn, 1958), 73–101.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 5} ‘Skandinavisches in den nordenglischen Dialekten’, Anglia 83 (1965), 127–53.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 6} English Dialects: an Introduction (London, 1972), esp. ‘The Scandinavian Element’, pp. 130–8.Google Scholar

^{page 204 note 1} The Viking Century in East Yorkshire, East Yorkshire Local Hist. Ser. 15 (1965), 24.

^{page 204 note 2} ‘The Dealings of the Kings of England with Northumbria in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries’, The Anglo-Saxons, ed. Clemoes, , pp. 70–88.Google Scholar

^{page 204 note 3} Wilson, ‘Vikings' Relationship’, pp. 37–8, and ‘Archaeological Evidence’, p. 302.

^{page 204 note 4} ‘The Vikings and the Western World’, p. 42.

^{page 204 note 5} Noted by Wilson, ‘Vikings' Relationship’, pp. 45–6.

^{page 204 note 6} ‘Evidence for Contacts between the Churches of the Irish and English from the Synod of Whitby to the Viking Age’, England before the Conquest, ed. Clemoes, and Hughes, , pp. 49–67, esp. 65–7.Google Scholar

^{page 204 note 7} Wilson, ‘Vikings' Relationship’, p. 46.

^{page 205 note 1} Wilson, David M., ‘Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period’, SBVS 18 (1970–1971), 1–18.Google Scholar

^{page 205 note 2} Dodgson, ‘Place-Names and Street-Names’, p. 52.

^{page 205 note 3} Cramp, Anglian and Viking York, p. 21, and Okasha, E., Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions (Cambridge, 1971), p. 131.Google Scholar

^{page 205 note 4} Okasha, Hand-List, pp. 87–8.

^{page 205 note 5} Gwyn, Jones, A History of the Vikings (London, 1968), pp. 126 and 424.Google Scholar

^{page 205 note 6} ‘Die alte Gesellschaft und die neue Kirche’, Acta Visbyensia 3 (1967), 43–54.Google Scholar

^{page 205 note 7} Det danske Sprogs Historie 1 (Copenhagen, 1944), 168–73.Google Scholar

^{page 206 note 1} For advice, assistance and encouragement in the preparation of this review I am indebted to Michael Dolley, Jørgen Steen Jensen, R. I. Page, Else Roesdahl, P. H. Sawyer and J. A. B. Townsend.