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^{page 298 note 1} Hawkes, Sonia Chadwick and Dunning, G. C., ‘Soldiers and Settlers in Britain, Fourth to Fifth Century’, MA 5 (1961), 1–70.Google Scholar

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^{page 298 note 3} The northern part of this distribution is mapped, Böhme, H. W., Germanische Grabfunde des 4. bis 5. Jahrhunderts zwischen Loire und Elbe (Munich, 1974)Google Scholar, maps 11–18; see also Hawkes and Dunning, fig. 3.

^{page 298 note 4} Kirk, J. R. and Leeds, E. T., ‘Three Early Saxon Graves from Dorchester, Oxon.’, Oxoniensia 17–18 (1954), 63–76.Google Scholar

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^{page 298 note 6} Bullinger, H., ‘Spätantike Gürtelbeschläge’, Dissertationes Archaeologicae Gandenses 12 (Bruges, 1969).Google Scholar

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^{page 299 note 2} Bohme, , Germanische Grabfunde, maps 11–18 and pp. 53–97.Google Scholar

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^{page 300 note 1} Jones, , The Later Reman Empire 11, 566.Google Scholar

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^{page 300 note 4} There has recently been a conference devoted to discussion of this document; see Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum, ed. Goodburn, R. and Bartholomew, P., Brit. Archaeol. Reports supplementary ser. 15 (Oxford, 1976).Google Scholar

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^{page 301 note 2} ibid. 11, 621.

^{page 301 note 3} Werner, J., ‘Zur Entstehung der Reihengräberzivilisation’, Archaeologica Geographica 1 (1950), 23–32.Google Scholar

^{page 301 note 4} de Laet, S. J., Dhondt, J. and Nenquin, J., ‘Les Laeti du Namurois et l'origine de la civilisation mérovingienne’, Études d'histoire et d'archéologie namuroises dédiées à Ferdinand Courtoy (Namur, 1952) 1, 149–72.Google Scholar

^{page 301 note 5} Cemeteries such as Westerwanna in the Elbe-Weser region, Preetz in Holstein, Pritzier in Mecklenberg, Suderbrarup and Borgstedt in Schleswig, all consist virtually entirely of cremation; see Zimmer-Linnfeld, C., Westerwanna 1 (Hamburg, 1960)Google Scholar; Brandt, J., Das Urnengráberfeld von Preetz in Holstein, Offa Bücher n.f. 16 (Neumunster, 1960)Google Scholar; E. Schuldt, , Pritzier (Berlin, 1955)Google Scholar; and Genrich, A., Formenkreise und Stammesgruppen in Schleswig-Holstein, Offa Bücher n.f. 10 (Neumunster, 1954)Google Scholar. In central Europe this was also the general practice; see Godlowski, K., The Chronology of the Late Roman and Early Migration Periods in Central Europe (Cracow, 1970).Google Scholar

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^{page 302 note 3} Wegewitz, W., Der Urnenfriedbof von Hamburg-Langenbek (Hildesheim, 1965), pls. 17–27Google Scholar, and Der Urnenfriedbof von Hamburg-Marmstorf (Hildesheim, 1964), pls. 36–56.

^{page 302 note 4} Mertens, J. and van Impe, D., ‘Het laat-romeins gravfeld van Oudenburg’, Archaeologia Belgica 135 (1971)Google Scholar; also Mertens, J., ‘Oudenburg and the Northern Section of the Continental Litus Saxonicum’, The Saxon Shore, ed. Johnston, D. E., Council for Brit. Archaeology, Research Report 18 (1977), 51–62.Google Scholar

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^{page 303 note 1} Böhme, W. H., ‘Die Bedeutung der spätrömischen Chionologie Nordgalliens für das nordwestdeutsche Kustengebiet im 4–5 Jahrhundert n.Chr.’, Archäeologische Beiträge zur Chronologie der Völkerwanderungszeit, ed. Georg, Kossack and Joachim, Reichstein (Bonn, 1977), pp. 17–28.Google Scholar

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^{page 304 note 1} Werner, , ‘Zur Entstehung’, repr. F. Petri, ‘Siedlung, Sprache und Bevölkerungstruktur im Frankenreich’, Wege der Forschung 49 (1973), 285–325.Google Scholar

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^{page 304 note 6} Roes, A., Bone and Antler Objects from the Frisian Terp Mounds (Haarlem, 1963), pls. XII–XIIIGoogle Scholar, and McGregor, A., ‘Frisian Barred Combs in England’, MA 19 (1975), 195–8.Google Scholar

^{page 305 note 1} Hawkes, Sonia, ‘The Late Roman Military Belt-Fittings’, Excavations at Shakenoak, ed. Brodribb, A. C. C., Hands, A. R. and Walker, D. R. 1 (Oxford, 1968), 96–101Google Scholar, and ‘More Late Roman Military Belt-Fittings’, ibid, 111 (Oxford, 1972), 74–7.

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^{page 305 note 3} Hawkes, Sonia, ‘A Late Roman Buckle from Tripontium’, Trans. of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeol. Soc. 85 (1972), 145–59.Google Scholar

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^{page 305 note 5} See catalogue, Hawkes and Dunning, ‘Soldiers and Settlers’, pp. 45 and 49; see also Hawkes, ‘Some Recent Finds’.

^{page 305 note 6} Hawkes, ‘Some Recent Finds’, p. 395.

^{page 305 note 7} ibid. fig. 5.

^{page 305 note 8} Hawkes and Dunning, ‘Soldiers and Settlers’, fig. 4.

^{page 306 note 1} Kirk and Leeds, ‘Three Early Saxon Graves’.

^{page 306 note 2} Hawkes and Dunning, ‘Soldiers and Settlers’, fig. 2, pp. 4–5 and pl. 1.

^{page 306 note 3} G. Clarke, ‘Lankhills School’ (Biddle, M., ‘Excavations at Winchester, 1969’), Ant J 50 (1970), 292–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 306 note 5} Interim reports on this site have been published in Panorama, the journal of the Thurrock local history society, and Jones, M. U., Evison, V. I. and Myres, J. N. L., ‘Cropmark Sites at Mucking, Essex’, Ant J 48 (1968), 210–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 306 note 7} Evison, V. I., The Fifth Century Invasions South of the Thames (London, 1965), ch. v, esp. p. 52.Google Scholar

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^{page 307 note 2} Myres, J. N. L., Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England (Oxford, 1969)Google Scholar, ch. v.

^{page 307 note 3} Hawkes, ‘Tripontium’, p. 148, n. 14.

^{page 307 note 4} Evison, ‘Buckles’, pp. 240–1.

^{page 308 note 1} Spong Hill inhumation no. 26 unpublished; material at present stored at Gressenhall, Norwich Castle Museum.

^{page 308 note 2} Myres, J. N. L., ‘Romano-Saxon Pottery’, Dark Age Britain: Studies presented to E. T. Leeds, ed. Harden, D. (Oxford, 1956), pp. 16–59.Google Scholar

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^{page 308 note 5} Myres, ‘Romano-Saxon Pottery’, fig. 3, pl. LIV.

^{page 309 note 1} The wealth of this plastic ornamentation can best be appreciated by a visit to a major Roman collection, such as that at Cologne, where the variety of decoration, especially on glass vessels, is most striking.

^{page 309 note 2} Eggers, A. J., Der Römische Import im Freien Germanien (Hamburg, 1951).Google Scholar

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^{page 309 note 4} Johnson, ‘Roman Defences’, p. 65. This pot is now on display in the British Museum.

^{page 309 note 5} Unpublished; material at present stored at Gressenhall, Norwich Castle Museum.

^{page 309 note 6} E.g. Zimmer-Linnfeld, , Westerwanna, pls. 2, 4, 7–9, 11Google Scholar and passim; Brandt, , Preetz, pl 14Google Scholar; Schuldt, Pritzier, Abb. 3–38; Godlowski, Chronology, pls. 9.32, 13.36 and 21.17.

^{page 309 note 7} Cox, B. H., ‘The Significance of the Distribution of English Place-Names in bäm in the Midlands and East Aaglia’, Jnl of the Eng. Place-Name Soc. 5 (1973), 15–73.Google Scholar

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^{page 310 note 1} Fowler, P. J. (‘Agriculture and Rurai Settlement’, Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Wilson, , pp. 23–48Google Scholar) has discussed Roman and post-Roman settlements in relation to parish boundaries.

^{page 310 note 2} Davies, W. and Vierck, Hayo, ‘The Contexts of Tribal Hidage: Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns’, FS 8 (1974), 223–93Google Scholar, esp. figs. 5 and 7.

^{page 310 note 3} Jones et al., ‘Cropmark Sites at Mucking’.

^{page 310 note 4} West, S. E., ‘The Anglo-Saxon Village of West Stow: an Interim Report of the Excavations, 1965–68’, MA 13 (1969), 1–20.Google Scholar

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^{page 311 note 1} Welch, M. G., ‘Late Romans and Saxons in Sussex’, Britannia 2 (1971), 232–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 311 note 6} Gelling, M., Signposts to the Past (London, 1978)Google Scholar, ch. 3.

^{page 312 note 1} Frere, S., ‘The End of Towns in Roman Britain’, The Civitas Capitals of Reman Britain, ed. Wacher, J. (Leicester, 1966), pp. 87–100Google Scholar. Excavation in 1978 produced more pagan Anglo-Saxon huts in the centre of Canterbury (information from Mrs Webster, British Museum).

^{page 312 note 2} Rowley, R. T., ‘Early Saxon Settlement in Dorchester’, Anglo-Saxon Settlement and Landscape, ed. Trevor, Rowley, Brit. Archaeol. Reports 6 (Oxford, 1974), 42–50.Google Scholar

^{page 312 note 3} The whole subject of the origin and early development of Anglo-Saxon towns has been discussed by Biddle, M. (‘Towns’, Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Wilson, , pp. 99–150Google Scholar, and ‘The Evolution of Towns: Planned Towns before 1066’, The Plans and Topography of Medieval Towns in Englandand Wales, cd.M.W.Barley, Council for Brit. Archaeology, Research Report 14 (1975), 19–32.Google Scholar

^{page 313 note 1} Taylor, C., ‘Roman Settlements in the Nene Valley’, Recent Work in Rural Archaeology, ed. Fowler, P. J. (Bradford on Avon, 1975), pp. 107–120Google Scholar, esp. fig. 7.1.

^{page 313 note 2} Historia Ecclesiastica 1.15.

^{page 313 note 3} Åberg, N., The Anglo-Saxons in England (Uppsala, 1926).Google Scholar

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^{page 313 note 5} Leeds, E. T., The Archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements (Oxford, 1913), p. 115.Google Scholar

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^{page 314 note 2} Leeds, E. T., Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology (Oxford, 1936).Google Scholar

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^{page 314 note 5} Hawkes, ‘;The Jutish Style A’.

^{page 314 note 6} C. F. C. Hawkes, ‘The Jutes’, Dark Age Britain, ed. Harden, pp. 91–111.

^{page 314 note 7} E. T. Leeds (ed. Sonia Chadwick), ‘Notes on Jutish Art in Kent between 450 and 575’, MA 1 (1957). 5–26.

^{page 314 note 8} Myres, Anglo-Saxon Pottery, map 7.

^{page 314 note 9} Evison, Invasions.

^{page 315 note 1} E.g. in a review by Hawkes, C. F. C. (MA 9 (1965), 221–3).Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 2} Evison, Invasions, figs. 16g and 17b (Alfriston) and 20a (Winterbourne Gunner).

^{page 315 note 3} ibid. figs. 18 and 22.

^{page 315 note 4} Cf., e.g., Zimmer-Linnfeld, Westerwanna, with Genrich, Formenkreise.

^{page 316 note 1} Böhme, Germanische Grabfunde, map 8.

^{page 316 note 2} Myres, J. N. L. and Green, Barbara, The Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries of Caistor by Norwich and Markshall, Norfolk (London, 1973), pls. X and XI.Google Scholar

^{page 316 note 3} Hills, Catherine, The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmbam, Part I, East Anglian Archaeology Report 6 (Norwich, 1977)Google Scholar, fig. no, and Grohne, E., Mabndorf (Bremen, 1953)Google Scholar, Abb. 66 and 67.

^{page 316 note 4} Geniich, Formenkreise.

^{page 316 note 5} This distinction has been studied by Vierck. Some of his conclusions are summarized, , Actes VIII Congris international des sciences Prébist. et Protohist. III (Belgrade, 1973), pp. 352–4.Google Scholar

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^{page 317 note 1} E.g., the zoomorphic combs which are found in Frisia (Roes, , Bone and Antler Objects, pls. XII and XIIIGoogle Scholar), in the Elbe-Weser region (Janssen, Walter, Issendorf (Hildesheim,, 1972), pls. 13, 34 and 42Google Scholar) and in East Anglia (Myres and Green, Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, figs. 28 and 59, and Hills, ‘Spong Hill’, figs. 129–32).

^{page 317 note 2} Myres and Green, Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries.

^{page 317 note 3} Hills, Spong Hill.

^{page 317 note 4} Janssen, Issendorf.

^{page 317 note 5} Described and discussed, Musset, A., Les Invasions: les vagues germaniques (Paris, 1951; Eng. trans., London, 1975).Google Scholar

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^{page 317 note 7} Kemble, J. M., Horae Ferales (London, 1863).Google Scholar

^{page 318 note 1} Meaney, Audrey, A Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites (London, 1964).Google Scholar

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^{page 318 note 4} ibid. 21 (1977), 209–10.

^{page 318 note 5} Morningthorpe, south of Norwich, contained more than 300 inhumations and some cremations; see ibid. 20 (1976), 167.

^{page 318 note 6} Including two separate sites at Broadstairs: St Peters and Bradstow School; see ibid. 16 (1972), 156, and 19 (1975), 223.

^{page 318 note 7} Stretton-under-Fosse; see ibid. 15 (1971), 134.

^{page 318 note 8} Berinsfield; see ibid. 19 (1975), 227.

^{page 318 note 9} Empingham; see ibid. 20 (1976), 165.

^{page 318 note 10} Lethbridge, T. C., A Cemetery at Lackford, Suffolk (Cambridge, 1951).Google Scholar

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^{page 319 note 1} Recent field-walking and surrey have confirmed that Sancton extended a considerable distance beyond the limits of previous excavation (information from N. Reynolds, Dept of Environment, Scotland); see also Fauli, Margaret Lindsay, ‘The Location and Relationship of the Sancton Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries’, Ant J 56 (1976), 227–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 319 note 2} Zimmer-Linnfeld, , Westerwanna pls. 200–1.Google Scholar

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^{page 320 note 1} Åberg, The Anglo-Saxons in England, pp. 28–56.

^{page 320 note 2} Leeds, E. T. and Pocock, Michael, ‘A Survey of the Anglo-Saxon Cruciform Brooches of Florid Type’, MA 15 (1971), 13–36.Google Scholar

^{page 320 note 3} Reichstein, J., Die Kretizförmige Fibel, Offa Bücher n.f. 34 (Neumunster, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 320 note 4} It formed a part of Vierck's Oxford B.Litt. thesis, which is not available for study, but the gist of the contents has been conveyed in various articles.

^{page 320 note 5} Leeds, Square-Headed Brooches.

^{page 320 note 6} Leeds, E. T., ‘The Distribution of the Angles and Saxons Archaeologically Considered’, Archacologia 91 (1945), 1–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 321 note 1} Also considered by Vierck in his thesis.

^{page 321 note 2} Brown, David, ‘So-Called “Needle-Cases”’ MA 18 (1974), 151–4Google Scholar, and ‘Fire-Steels and Purse-Mounts Again’, Bornier Jahrbücher 177 (1977), 451–77.Google Scholar

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^{page 321 note 4} Swanton, M. J., The Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements (London, 1973)Google Scholar and A Corpus of Pagan Anglo-Saxon Spar-Types, Brit. Archaeol. Reports 7 (Oxford, 1974).Google Scholar

^{page 321 note 5} Hills, Catherine, ‘A Chamber Grave from Spong Hill, North Elmham, Norfolk’, MA 21 (1977), 167–76Google Scholar, esp. 173–6; also Kennett, D., ‘Some Decorative Aspects of the Anglo-Saxon Shield’, Bedfordshire Archaeol. Jnl (1974), 55–70.Google Scholar

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^{page 321 note 8} Literary references to patterned swords have been discussed by Cramp in relation to archaeological evidence (Cramp, Rosemary J., ‘Beowulf and Archaeology’, MA 1 (1957), 57–77Google Scholar, esp. 63–7).

^{page 322 note 1} E.g. Hawkes, S. C. and Page, R. I., ‘Swords and Runes in South-East England’, Ant J 47 (1967), 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Evison, V. I., ‘The Dover Ring-Sword and other Sword-Rings and Beads’, Archaeologia 101 (1967), 63–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 322 note 3} Recently reconstructed; see Bruce-Mitford, Rupert et al. , The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial 1 (London, 1975)Google Scholar, col. pl. K.

^{page 322 note 4} Salin, B., Die Altgermanischen Tbierornamentik (Stockholm, 1904).Google Scholar

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^{page 322 note 7} Erä-Esko, A., Germanic Animal Art of Salin's Style I in Finland (Helsinki, 1965).Google Scholar

^{page 322 note 8} Lamm, Kristina and Lundström, Agneta, ‘East Scandinavian Style I: an Answer to Birgit Arrhenius’, MA 20 (1976), 16–25.Google Scholar

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^{page 322 note 11} Haseloff, Gunther, ‘Salin's Style I’, MA 18 (1974), 1–15Google Scholar, esp. 1, n. 5.

^{page 322 note 12} ibid.

^{page 323 note 1} AÅbetg (The Anglo-Saxons England, p. 172) expresses this view succinctly.

^{page 323 note 2} Schetelig, H., Oseberg Fundet III (Kristiana, 1920), 247–50,Google Scholar and Arwidsson, Greta, Vendelstile (Uppsala, 1942).Google Scholar

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^{page 324 note 1} An elaborately decorated bucket, now in the British Museum, was found at Mucking.

^{page 324 note 2} Distribution of this type of vessel is shown, Vierck, Hayo, ‘Redwald's Asche’, Offa 29 (1972), 20–49Google Scholar, figs. 5–7.

^{page 324 note 3} One of these is illustrated, Leeds, Art and Archaeology pl. XVIC, and they are discussed, Werner, J., Italisches und Koptisches Bronzegeschirr des 6. und 7. Jahrhunderts nordwärts der Alpen’, Mnemosynon Theodor Wiegand, ed. Crome, J. F. et al. (Munich, 1938), pp. 74–86.Google Scholar

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