^{page 241 note 1} The Dream of the Rood, ed. Albert S. Cook (Oxford, 1905), pp. xliii–liiGoogle Scholar. More recently Bolton, W. F., ‘Tatwine's De Cruce Christi and The Dream of the Rood’, ASNSL 200 (1963), 344–6Google Scholar, has demonstrated some rather striking correspondences between Tatwine's Latin riddle and the Old English poem, but he admits that there is no proof of the direct influence of either poem upon the other.

^{page 241 note 2} See Davidson, Hilda Ellis, The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1962), pp. 42–50, 77–82 and 96–103.Google Scholar

^{page 241 note 3} Schlauch, Margaret, ‘The Dream of the Rood as Prosopopoeia’, Essays and Studies in Honour of Carleton Brown, ed. Long, P. W. (New York, 1940), pp. 23–34.Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 1} See especially Diamond, Robert E., ‘Heroic Diction in The Dream of the Rood’, Studies in Honor of John Wilcox, ed. Wallace, A. Dayle and Ross, Woodburn O. (Detroit, 1958), pp. 3–7.Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 2} See especially Woolf, Rosemary, ‘Doctrinal Influences on The Dream of the Rood’, MÆ 27 (1958), 144–5Google Scholar. For a recent discussion of Cynewulf's portrayal of Christ in the Ascension as a Germanic chief, see Clemoes, Peter, ‘Cynewulf's Image of the Ascension’, England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Clemoes, Peter and Kathleen, Hughes (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 293–304Google Scholar, esp. 294–6.

^{page 242 note 3} References are to Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg, ed. Fr. Klaeber, 3rd ed. (Boston, 1950).Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 1} ‘The Convention of Personification in Beowulf’, Old English Poetry: Fifteen Essays, ed. Robert P. Creed (Providence, 1967), pp. 215–48.Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 2} References are to The Anglo-Saxon Minor Poems, ed. E. V. K. Dobbie (New York, 1942), pp. 4–6.Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 3} References are to The Anglo-Saxon Minor Poems, pp. 3–4.

^{page 244 note 1} The Sword, p. 102.

^{page 244 note 2} Isaacs, ‘Personification’, p. 216.

^{page 244 note 3} ibid. p. 221.

^{page 244 note 4} See, e.g., Beowulf 949–55 and Widsith 140–3.

^{page 245 note 1} Beowulf 1558a, 1562b, 1679a, 2616a and 2979a.

^{page 245 note 2} ‘The Progress of the Hoard in Beowulf’, PQ 47 (1968), 473–9Google Scholar. See also Leisi, Ernst, ‘Gold und Manneswert im Beowulf’, Anglia 71 (1953), 259–73.Google Scholar

^{page 246 note 1} All references to the Riddles are to the text of The Exeter Book, ed. G.P. Krappand E. V. K. Dobbie (New York, 1936), pp. 180–210 and 229–43Google Scholar. It should be noted here that, while most commentators have accepted ‘sword’ as the subject of this riddle, the alternative solution ‘hawk’ has been argued, most recently by Laurence Shook, K., ‘Old English Riddle no. 20: Heoruswealwe’, Franciplegius: Medieval and Linguistic Studies in Honor of Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr., ed. Bessinger, Jess B. Jr, and Creed, Robert P. (New York, 1965), pp. 194–204.Google Scholar

^{page 246 note 2} Davidson, , The Sword, p. 153Google Scholar. I owe to Mrs Davidson's discussion of this riddle the interpretation of some of its more puzzling details.

^{page 246 note 3} I suggest that the difficulty of interpreting lines 15b-17a may be resolved by repunctuating the text as follows: ‘Oft ic oþrum scod,/frecne æt his freonde fah eom ic wide,/wæpnum awyrged.’ Read ‘I have often injured another [and so] I am savagely outlawed far and wide by his friend, condemned among weapons.’

^{page 246 note 4} Mrs Davidson plausibly explains lines 22–3 as meaning that if it ‘leaves’ its lord and returns to the foundry to be melted down, then, and only then, can it produce ‘offspring’.

^{page 247 note 1} Tupper, Frederick Jr, The Riddles of the Exeter Book (Boston, 1910), pp. 188–90Google Scholar, solves this riddle as ‘cross’, but for a cross to be spoken of as ‘rode tacn’ (5–7a) would destroy the enigmatic quality desired in a riddle.

^{page 247 note 2} Davidson, , The Sword, p. 155Google Scholar, takes the ‘field’ to be the anvil on which the blade is forged, but this reading seems forced.

^{page 248 note 1} Davidson, , The Sword, p. 155Google Scholar, takes the gold-adorned weeper of lines 5 b–6 to be a woman, but there is no indication of the sex of this figure in the text.

^{page 248 note 2} Tupper, , Riddles, pp. 217–18.Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 3} Davidson, , The Sword, pp. 155–6.Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 4} See Krapp, and Dobbie, , The Exeter Book, pp. 337–8Google Scholar, for a brief summary of the proposed solutions and for further references.

^{page 248 note 5} See the notes to the individual riddles in his edition.

^{page 249 note 1} ibid. pp. lxxxvi and lxxxviii. Davidson, The Sword, pp. 156–7, comes to similar conclusions concerning the spirit of the Old English sword-riddles in comparison to the bookish products of Tatwine and Aldhelm. She finds the Latin riddles ‘products of the study, not of men who were familiar with the sword as a weapon’. A reading of Riddle 35, translated from Aldhelm's Lorica, likewise gives one an impression of intellectuality quite unlike the heroic weapon-riddles.

^{page 250 note 1} References are to The Vercelli Book, ed. G. P. Krapp (New York, 1932), pp. 61–5.Google Scholar

^{page 250 note 2} Davidson, , The Sword, pp. 76–7 and 213.Google Scholar

^{page 250 note 3} ibid. p. 185. Francis B. Gummere, Founders of England, with supplementary notes by Francis Magoun, P. Jr (New York, 1930), p. 249Google Scholar; first published as Germanic Origins (1892).

^{page 250 note 4} The Dream of the Rood, pp. xlvii-li.

^{page 250 note 5} See above, p. 245.

^{page 252 note 1} Cf. Clemoes, Peter, Rhythm and Cosmic Order in Old English Christian Literature (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 7–11Google Scholar, esp. 11.