Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T00:17:22.841Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE STUCCOED AND PAINTED BENCHES OF XOCHICALCO, MORELOS, MEXICO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2020

Jesper Nielsen Open the ORCID record for Jesper Nielsen [Opens in a new window] ,
Claudia Alvarado León  and
Christophe Helmke Open the ORCID record for Christophe Helmke [Opens in a new window]
Jesper Nielsen*
Affiliation:
Institute of Cross-cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
Claudia Alvarado León
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Centro INAH Morelos. Matamoros 14, Col. Acapantzingo, C.P. 64440, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Christophe Helmke
Affiliation:
Institute of Cross-cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The cultural tradition of stuccoed and polychromatic murals in central Mexico dates back to Early Classic Teotihuacan and continued into the subsequent Epiclassic period, with the stunning murals from Cacaxtla as the most famous and well-studied example. In this paper, we present three examples of stuccoed and richly painted benches or thrones from the mayor Epiclassic site of Xochicalco in the Mexican state of Morelos. A careful iconographic and epigraphic analysis of the imagery, as well as the associated hieroglyphic signs from one of the benches, leads us to suggest that these benches played a pivotal role in displaying the religious, mythological, and historical underpinnings of hierarchical power at Xochicalco. Based on comparisons with benches and seats from Classic Maya culture and, in particular, the contemporaneous Terminal Classic city of Chichen Itza, which was deeply involved in interregional relations with central Mexico, we also suggest that the Xochicalco benches may even have served as royal seats or thrones.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , Summer 2021 , pp. 249 - 268
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aguilar, Manuel, Jaen, Miguel Medina, Tucker, Tim M., and Brady, James E. 2005 Constructing Mythic Space: The Significance of a Chicomoztoc Complex at Acatzingo Viejo. In In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, edited by Brady, James E. and Prufer, Keith M., pp. 69–89. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Alvarado León, Claudia, and Tarazona, Silvia Garza 2010 El carácter defensivo de Xochicalco (650–1100 d.C.). Arqueología, Segunda Época X:136–154.Google Scholar
Ferdinand (editor), Anders 1972 Codex Vaticanus 3773 (Codex Vaticanus B). Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.Google Scholar
Ferdinand (editor), Anders 1975 Codex Dresden. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.Google Scholar
Angulo V., Jorge 1987 The Chalcatzingo Reliefs: An Iconographic Analysis. In Ancient Chalcatzingo, edited by Grove, David C., pp. 132–158. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Angulo V., Jorge 1995 Teotihuacán: Aspectos de la cultura a través de su expresión pictórica. In La pintura mural prehispánica en México I, Teotihuacán, Tomo II: Estudios, edited by de la Fuente, Beatriz, pp. 63–186. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Báez Urincho, Fernando 2007 El Edificio 4—Palacio del rey tolteca. Arqueología Mexicana 15:51–54.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude François 1994 Maya Sculpture of Copán: The Iconography. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F., and Anawalt, Patricia Rieff 1997 The Essential Codex Mendoza. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berrin, Kathleen (editor) 1988 Feathered Serpents and Flowering Trees: Reconstructing the Murals of Teotihuacan. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth H. 2000 Venerable Place of Beginnings: The Aztec Understanding of Teotihuacan. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 371–395. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Boot, Erik 2000 Mat and Throne in the Maya Area: The “Jaguar Statuette” in the Sub-Castillo at Chich'en Itsa and a Re-evaluation of the Hieroglyphic Superfix T168. Paper presented at the Mat and Throne: Cosmovision and Society in Mesoamerica symposium, University of Leiden, Leiden.Google Scholar
Boot, Erik 2005 Continuity and Change in Text and Image at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. CNWS Publications, Leiden.Google Scholar
Brady, James E. 1991 Caves and Cosmovision at Utatlan. California Anthropologist 18:1–10.Google Scholar
Brady, James E. 2003 La importancia de las cuevas artificiales para el entendimiento de los espacios sagrados en Mesoamérica. In Espacios mayas: Usos, representaciones, creencias, edited by Breton, Alain, Becquelin, Aurore Monod, and Ruz, Mario Humberto, pp. 143–160. Centro de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Centre D’Études Mexicaines et Centraméricaines, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Brittenham, Claudia 2015 The Murals of Cacaxtla: The Power of Painting in Ancient Central Mexico. University of Texas Press and Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia, Austin.Google Scholar
Broda, Johanna, and Robles, Alejandro 2004 De rocas y aires en la cosmovisión indígena: Culto a los cerros y al viento en el municipio de Tepoztlán. In Historia y vida ceremonial en las comunidades mesoamericanas: Los ritos agrícolas, edited by Broda, Johanna and Eshelman, Catharine Good, pp. 271–287. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Brüggeman, Jörgen, de Guevara, Sara Ladrón, Bonilla, Juan Sánchez, and Doniz, Rafael 1992 Tajín. El Equilibrista, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cabrera Castro, Rubén 1995 Atetelco. In Teotihuacan, Tomo I, edited by de la Fuente, Beatriz, pp. 202–256. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1962 Calendario y escritura en Xochicalco. Revista mexicana de estudios antropológicos 18:49–79.Google Scholar
Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo 2011 The Flowering Glyphs: Animation in Cotzumalhuapa Writing. In Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H. and Urton, Gary, pp. 43–75. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Koontz, Rex 2002 Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 5th ed. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
de la Fuente, Beatriz 1995a Zona 4. Animales mitológicos. In Teotihuacan, Tomo I, edited by la Fuente, Beatriz de, pp. 92–101. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
de la Fuente, Beatriz 1995b Zona 2. Templo de la agricultura. In Teotihuacan, Tomo I, edited by la Fuente, Beatriz de, pp. 102–107. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
de la Fuente, Beatriz 1995c Zona 3. Plataformas 14, 15 y 15A. In Teotihuacan, Tomo I, edited by la Fuente, Beatriz de, pp. 86–91. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
de la Fuente, Beatriz, Trejo, Silvia, and Solana, Nelly Gutiérrez 1988 Escultura en piedra de Tula—Catálogo. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Durán, Fray Diego de 1964 [1581] The Aztecs—The History of the Indies of New Spain. Translated and with notes by Heyden, Doris and Horcasitas, Fernando. Orion Press, New York.Google Scholar
Durán, Fray Diego de 1967 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme. 2 vols. Editorial Porrua, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Eberl, Marcus 2000 A Noble Figurine from Aguateca (Petexbatun). Mexicon 12:126–127.Google Scholar
Foncerrada de Molina, Marta 1980 Mural Painting in Cacaxtla and Teotihuacan Cosmopolitalism. In Third Palenque Round Table, 1978, Part 2, edited by Robertson, Merle Greene, pp. 183–198. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Foncerrada de Molina, Marta 1993 Cacaxtla. La iconografía de los olmeca-xicalanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Tarazona, Garza, Silvia, Claudia I. Alvarado León, and Alberto Gutiérrez Limón, 2009 Xochicalco, Morelos: La reconstrucción arqueológica en papel. Arqueología Mexicana 17:24–31.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona, Silvia 2010a Xochicalco: Su historia a través de sus pinturas. Manuscript in possession of the authors.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona, Silvia 2010b Xochicalco. Manuscript in possession of the authors.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona, Silvia 2015a Una “nueva” estela de Xochicalco. En el volcán insurgente 36:31–36.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona, Silvia 2015b El Mural del Debate Xochicalco, Morelos. Arqueología Mexicana 136:16–19.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona, Silvia, and Crespo, Norberto González 1995 Xochicalco. In La acrópolis de Xochicalco, edited by Wimer, Javier, pp. 89–143. Instituto de Cultura de Morelos, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona, Silvia, and Crespo, Norberto González 1998 La Pirámide de las Serpientes Emplumadas. Arqueología Mexicana 5:22–25.Google Scholar
Glockner, Julio 2009 Mitos y sueños de los volcanes. Arqueología Mexicana 16:64–69.Google Scholar
Gómez Martínez, Arturo 2004a El ciclo agrícola y el culto a los muertos entre los nahuas de la huasteca veracruzana. In Historia y vida ceremonial en las comunidades mesoamericanas: Los ritos agrícolas, edited by Broda, Johanna and Eshelman, Catharine Good, pp. 197–214. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gómez Martínez, Arturo 2004b Culto a los cerros y espacio ritual en Chicontepec, Veracruz. In Historia y vida ceremonial en las comunidades mesoamericanas: Los ritos agrícolas, edited by Broda, Johanna and Eshelman, Catharine Good, pp. 255–269. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
González Crespo, Norberto, Garza, Silvia, Alvarado, Claudia, Melgar, Emiliano, Palavicini, Beatriz, de Ángeles, Mauro, Sánchez, Fernando, and Albaitero, Juan B. 1993–1994 Informe trabajo de campo del Proyecto Especial Xochicalco 1993–1994. Archivo Técnico de la Coordinación Nacional de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
González Crespo, Norberto, Garza Tarazona, Silvia, Palvacini, Beatriz, and Alvarado Léon, Claudia 2008 La cronología de Xochicalco. Arqueología 37:122–139.Google Scholar
González Cruz, Arnoldo, and Romero, Guillermo Bernal 2003 El trono de Ahkal Mo’ Nahb’ III: Un hallazgo transcendental en Palenque, Chiapas. CONACULTA, Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1999 A Maya Throne Room at La Milpa. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Newsletter 28:12–13.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 1970 The Central Acropolis, Tikal, Guatemala: A Preliminary Study of the Functions of Its Structural Components during the Late Classic Period. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 2001 Thrones and Throne Structures in the Central Acropolis of Tikal as an Expression of the Royal Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya. Volume 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen, pp. 74–101. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Nielsen, Jesper 2011 The Writing System of Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico. Ancient America Special Publication No. 2. Boundary End Archaeology Research Center, Barnardsville.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Nielsen, Jesper 2014 Identifying the Provenance and dating of Maya Influences at the Cacaxtla Court. In Palaces and Courtly Culture in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Knub, Julie Nehammer, Helmke, Christophe, and Nielsen, Jesper, pp. 17–36. Archaeopress Pre-Columbian Archaeology 4. Archaeopress, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Nielsen, Jesper 2020 The Writing System of Xochicalco, Morelos, Mexico. In preparation.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, Nielsen, Jesper, Leni, Cecilia, and Campos, Amiadaí Navarrete 2013 The Carved Monuments of Cerro Xoconoch, Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. Mexicon 35:90–95.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, Nielsen, Jesper, and Guzmán, Iván Rivera 2017 Tras las huellas de la tradición cartográfica en el altiplano central de México. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 54:79–133.Google Scholar
Heyden, Doris 2000 From Teotihuacan to Tenochtitlan: City Planning, Caves, and Streams of Red and Blue Waters. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 165–184. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth, and Webb, Ronald 2006 Households and Plazas: The Contexts of Obsidian Craft Production at Xochicalco. In Obsidian Craft Production in Ancient Central Mexico: Archaeological Research at Xochicalco, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G., pp. 18–62. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 1989 Militarism and Social Organization at Xochicalco, Morelos. In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan a.d. 700–900, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet C., pp. 69–81. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 2000 Ancient Urbanism at Xochicalco: The Evolution and Organization of a Pre-Hispanic Society, Volume One. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, and Taube, Karl 2000 An Archaeology of the Senses: Perception and Cultural Expression in Ancient Mesoamerica. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10:261–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, Stephen, Taube, Karl, and Stuart, David 2006 The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2001 The Power and Ideology of Artistic Creation: Elite Craft Specialists in Classic Maya Society. Current Anthropology 42:321–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Ponciano, Erick, Terry, Richard, and Beaubien, Harriet F. 2001 In the Palace of the Fallen King: The Royal Residential Complex at Aguateca, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 28:287–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Jonathan 1995 The Incienso Throne and Other Thrones from Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 6:185–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, Justin 1989 The Maya Vase Book: Volume 1. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
Kerr, Justin 2010 The Maya Vase Database. Electronic document, http://www.mayavase.com, accessed March 17, 2018.Google Scholar
Kirchhoff, Paul, Güemes, Lina Odena, and García, Luis Reyes 1976 Historia tolteca-chichimeca. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Krickeberg, Walter 1969 Felsbilder Mexicos als historische, religiöse und Kunstdenkmäler. Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Kubler, George 1980 Eclecticism at Cacaxtla. In Third Palenque Round Table, 1978, Part 2, edited by Robertson, Merle Greene, pp. 163–172. University Press of Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Langley, James C. 1986 Symbolic Notation of Teotihuacan: Elements of Writing in a Mesoamerican Culture of the Classic Period. BAR International Series No. 313. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latsanopoulos, Nicolas 2005 Standing Stones, Knives-Holders and Flying Felines: An Overview of Ritual Paraphernalia and Actors of Cardiectomy at Teotihuacan, Mexico. In De l'Altiplano mexicain á la Patagonie: Travaux et researches à l'Université de Paris 1, edited by Giorgi, Cyril, pp. 175–188. BAR International Series 1389. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ledesma Gallegos, Laura 1994 El salón de la Plaza Principal de Xochicalco, Morelos. In Memoria III Congreso Interno del Centro INAH Morelos, pp. 27–34. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Leibsohn, Dana 2009 Script and Glyphs: Pre-Hispanic History, Colonial Bookmaking and the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Litvak King, Jaime 1972 Las relaciones externas de Xochicalco: Una evaluación de su posible significado. Anales de Antropología 9:49–77.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1992 Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens. Revised ed. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, Healan, Dan M., and Cobean, Robert H. 2009 Four Hundred Years of Settlement and Cultural Continuity in Epiclassic and Early Postclassic Tula. In The Art of Urbanism: How Mesoamerican Kingdoms Represented Themselves in Architecture and Imagery, edited by Fash, William L. and Luján, Leonardo López, pp. 290–328. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, Cobean, Robert H., and Healan, Dan M. 2002 Ancient Tollan: Tula and the Toltec Heartland. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Millon, Clara 1988 A Reexamination of the Teotihuacan Tassel Headdress Insignia. In Feathered Serpents and Flowering Trees: Reconstructing the Murals of Teotihuacan, edited by Berrin, Kathleen, pp. 114–134. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Monaghan, John 1995 The Covenants with Earth and Rain: Exchange, Sacrifice, and Revelation in Mixtec Sociality. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Nagao, Debra 1989 Public Proclamation in the Art of Cacaxtla and Xochicalco. In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan a.d. 700–900, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet C., pp. 83–104. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nehammer Knub, Julie B. 2010 Mesoamerican Body Paint: An Analysis of the Iconographic Sources. 2 vols. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of American Indian Languages and Cultures, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Jesper 2014 “To Sing Arrows”: Observations on the Representations of Sound in the Writing and Iconography of Teotihuacan. In A Celebration of the Life and Work of Pierre Robert Colas, edited by Helmke, Christophe and Sachse, Frauke, pp. 175–191. Acta Mesoamericana 27. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Munich.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Jesper, and Helmke, Christophe 2015 Bellicose Relations between Cacaxtla and Xochicalco in the Epiclassic Period. Paper presented at 80th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archaeologists, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Jesper, and Helmke, Christophe 2017a Los bebedores de Tetitla: Representaciones del consumo ritual de pulque en los murales de Teotihuacan. In Las pinturas realistas de Tetitla, Teotihuacan: Estudios a través de la obra de Agustín Villagra Caleti, edited by Cicero, Leticia Staines and Helmke, Christophe, pp. 135–163. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Jesper, and Helmke, Christophe 2017b Feathers, Year-Signs and Big Wigs: The Burdens of Office and the Sociopolitical Significance of Headdresses at Teotihuacan. Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Sociopolitical Organization of Teotihuacan, Villas Arqueológicas, San Juan Teotihuacan.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Jesper, and Helmke, Christophe 2019 Crowning Rulers and Years: The Year Sign Headdress at Teotihuacan. Ancient Mesoamerica. doi:10.1017/S0956536118000585.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Jesper, and Helmke, Christophe 2014 House of the Serpent Mat, House of Fire: The Names of Buildings in Teotihuacan Writing. Contributions in New World Archaeology 7:113–140.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Jesper, Helmke, Christophe, and Fenoglio, Fiorella 2018 A Dark Horse of the Early Postclassic: The Site of El Cerrito (Queretaro, Mexico) and Its Relationship to Chichen Itza and Tula. Paper presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Noble, Sandra E. 1999 Maya Seats and Maya Seats-of-Authority. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Oudijk, Michel R. 2008 The Postclassic Period in the Valley of Oaxaca: The Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Records. In After Monte Albán: Transformation and Negotiation in Oaxaca, Mexico, edited by Blomster, Jeffrey P., pp. 95–118. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Oudijk, Michel R. 2011 Elaboration and Abbreviation in Mexican Pictorial Manuscripts: Their Use in Literary Themes. In Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H. and Urton, Gary, pp. 149–174. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1963 An Album of Maya Architecture. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Quiñones Keber, Eloise 1995 Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript. University Press of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Quirarte, Jacinto 1983 Foreign Influences at Cacaxtla. In Highland-Lowland Interaction in Mesoamerica, edited by Miller, Arthur G., pp. 201–221. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Doris 2001 Classic Maya Concepts of the Royal Court. An Analysis of Renderings on Pictorial Ceramics. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya. Volume 1: Theory, Comparison, and Synthesis, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen, pp. 195–233. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Rivera Guzmán, Ángel Iván, 2007 Una estela con iconografía teotihuacana en la Costa de Oaxaca, México. Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of Society of American Archaeologists, Austin.Google Scholar
Rodríguez Martínez, Ma. del Carmen, Ceballo, Ponciano Ortíz, Coe, Michael D., Diehl, Richard A., and Houston, Stephen D. 2006 Oldest Writing in the New World. Science 313:1610–1614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaafsma, Polly, and Taube, Karl A. 2006 Bringing the Rain: An Ideology of Rain Making in the Pueblo Southwest and Mesoamerica. In A Pre-Columbian World, edited by Quilter, Jeffrey and Miller, Mary, pp. 231–285. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Matthews, Peter 1998 The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs. Scribner, New York.Google Scholar
Séjourné, Laurette 1966 El lenguaje de las formas en Teotihuacán. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Smith, Virginia 2000 The Iconography of Power at Xochicalco: The Pyramid of the Plumed Serpents. In The Xochicalco Mapping Project, Volume Two, edited by Hirth, Kenneth, pp. 57–82. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Solís, Felipe 1999 The High Central Plain: Late Post-Classic. In The Pre-Columbian Painting Murals of the Mesoamerica, edited by la Fuente, Beatriz de, pp. 135–144. Editoriale Jaca Book, Milan.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2000 “The Arrival of Strangers”: Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya History. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 465–513. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2005 The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, and Schele, Linda 1986 The Identification of Yax-K'uk’-Mo’ on Altar Q. Copan Notes 6:1–10.Google Scholar
Suárez Cortés, María Elena, Healan, Dan M., and Cobean, Robert H. 2007 Los orígenes de la dinastía real de Tula: Excavaciones recientes en Tula Chico. Arqueología Mexicana 15:48–50.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, Saburo 2000 Teotihuacan as an Origin for Postclassic Feathered Serpent Symbolism. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 117–143. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, Saburo 2005 Human Sacrifice, Militarism, and Rulership: Materialization of State Ideology at the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taube, Karl 1995 The Rainmakers: The Olmec and their Contribution to Mesoamerican Belief and Ritual. In The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, edited by Guthrie, Jill, pp. 83–103. The Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2000 The Writing System of Ancient Teotihuacan. Ancient America 1:1–56.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2002 La serpiente emplumada en Teotihuacan. Arqueología Mexicana 9:36–41.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2003 Tetitla and the Maya Presence at Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 273–314. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2011 Teotihuacan and the Development of Writing in Early Classic Central Mexico. In Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H. and Urton, Gary, pp. 77–109. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Townsend, Richard F. 2009 The Aztecs. 3rd ed. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Urcid, Javier 2001 Zapotec Hieroglyphic Writing. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wren, Linnéa H. 1994 Ceremonialism in the Reliefs of the North Temple, Chichén Itzá. In Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989, edited by Fields, Virginia M., pp. 25–37. PARI, San Francisco.Google Scholar