Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T01:48:49.638Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SACRED LANDSCAPES AND BUILDING PRACTICES AT UCI, KANCAB, AND UCANHA, YUCATAN, MEXICO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2015

Scott R. Hutson  and
Jacob A. Welch
Scott R. Hutson*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, 211 Lafferty Hall, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0024
Jacob A. Welch
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511-3707
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the emergence of regional hierarchy around the site of Uci in northwest Yucatan, Mexico, ordinary people affected power relations in at least two ways. First, in the Late Preclassic and Early Classic periods, Uci had the largest ceremonial center and the largest population within a 20 km radius. Uci also physically linked itself to smaller settlements, such as Kancab and Ucanha, by means of a broad stone causeway. Yet Kancab and Ucanha's quadripartite placement of causeways and central plaza suggests that its households created a sacred landscape that gave them a degree of ritual autonomy. Ordinary people impacted power relations a second way by participating in the development of the megalithic architectural style, which was used in the region's most authoritative buildings. The use of this style in domestic platforms illustrates the ability of modest households to make their own decisions and to act in ways that constituted society at large.

Type
Special Section: Households Make History in Ancient Mesoamerica
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , Fall 2014 , pp. 421 - 439
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andrews, E. Wyllys IV 1970 Balankanche: Throne of the Tiger Priest. Middle American Research Institute, Monograph No. 32. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1981 Some Issues of Method and Theory in Lowland Maya Settlement Archaeology. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 37–70. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1991 Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2:199–226.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, and Wilk, Richard 1988 Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Wilk, Richard and Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 1–27. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, Yaeger, Jason, and Robin, Cynthia 2004 Commoner Sense: Late and Terminal Classic Social Strategies in the Xunantunich Area. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 302–323. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C. 2001 Agency, the Duality of Structure and the Problem of the Archaeological Record. In Archaeological Theory Today, edited by Hodder, Ian, pp. 141–164. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bey, George J., Hanson, Craig A., and Ringle, William M. 1997 Classic to Postclassic at Ek Balam, Yucatan: Architectural and Ceramic Evidence for Defining the Transition. Latin American Antiquity 8:237–254.Google Scholar
Brady, James E. 1997 Settlement Configuration and Cosmology: The Role of Caves at Dos Pilas. American Anthropologist 99:602–618.Google Scholar
Brady, James E., and Ashmore, Wendy 1999 Mountains, Caves, Water: Ancient Maya Ideational Landscapes. In Archaeologies of Landscapes: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Ashmore, Wendy and Knapp, A. Bernard, pp. 124–148. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.Google Scholar
Brasseure de Bourbourg, Charles Étienne 1865 Essai historique sur le Yucatan et descripcion des les ruines de Ti-hoo (Merida) et d'Izamal. In Archives de la commission scientifique du Méxique, Tome 2, pp. 18–64. Imprimerie Impériale, Paris.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1991 Weaving and Cooking: Women's Production in Aztec Mexico. In Engendering Archaeology: Women in Prehistory, edited by Gero, Joan M. and Conkey, Margaret, pp. 224–251. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1992 Distinguished Lecture in Archaeology: Breaking and Entering the Ecosystem: Gender, Class and Faction Steal the Show. American Anthropologist 94:551–567.Google Scholar
Burgos Villanueva, Rafael, Reyna, Miguel Covarrubias, and Góngora, Sara Dzul 2006 Estudios en la región de Ah Kin Chel desde la perspectiva de Izamal, Yucatan. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 14(1):170–184.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Rhys 1962 Greek Art: A Study of the Formal Evolution of Style. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Carr-Rider, Bertha 1964 Ancient Greek Houses: Their History and Development from the Neolithic Period to the Hellenistic Period. Argonaut, Chicago.Google Scholar
Carrasco, Ramón 1993 Formación sociopolítica en el Puuc: El causeway Uxmal-Nohpat-Kabah. In Perspectivas Antropológicas en el Mundo Maya, edited by María Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León and Perramon, Josep Ligorred, pp. 199–212. Publicaciónes de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Castleden, Rodney 2005 Mycenaeans. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Charnay, Désiré, and Viollet-le-Duc, E. Emmanuel 1863 Cités et ruines Américaines: Mitla, Palenque, Izamal, Chichen Itza, Uxmal. Gide, Paris.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2001 Ancient Maya Causeways and Site Organization at Caracol, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:273–281.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Weishampel, John F., Drake, Jason B., Shrestha, Ramesh L., Slatton, K. Clint, Awe, Jaime, and Carter, William E. 2011 Airborne LiDAR, Archaeology, and the Ancient Maya Landscape at Caracol, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:387–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965 A Model of Ancient Community Structure in the Maya Lowlands. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21:97–114.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency C. 1980 The Shape of Time: Some Political Implications of a Four-Part Figure. American Antiquity 45:727–739.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency C., and III, Orrin C. Shane 1984 Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya Treasures from the Sacred Well at Chichen Itza. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Dobres, Marcia-Anne, and Robb, John 2000 Agency in Archaeology: Paradigm or Platitude? In Agency in Archaeology, edited by Dobres, Marcia-Anne and Robb, John, pp. 3–18. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 2006 Lightning, Sky, Rain and the Maize God: The Ideology of Preclassic Maya Rulers at Cival, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:57–78.Google Scholar
Fedick, Scott, Mathews, Jennifer P., and Sorenson, Kathryn 2012 Cenotes as Conceptual Boundary Markers at the Ancient Maya Site of T'isil, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Mexicon 34:118–123.Google Scholar
Folan, William J., Hau, Jacinto May, Marcus, Joyce, Miller, W. Frank, and González Heredia, Raymundo 2001 Los Caminos de Calakmul, Campeche. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:293–298.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., and Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1984 Cozumel: Late Maya Settlement Patterns. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Schele, Linda, and Parker, Joy 1993 The Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. Quill, New York.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona de González, Silvia, and Kurjack, Edward B. 1980 Atlas Arqueológico del Estado de Yucatan. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony 1979 Central Problems in Social Theory. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Glover, Jeffrey B., and Stanton, Travis 2010 Assessing the Role of Preclassic Traditions in the Formation of Early Classic Yucatec Cultures, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 35:58–77.Google Scholar
Glowacki, Kevin 2007 House, Household and Community at LM IIIC Vronda, Kavousi. In Building Communities: House, Settlement and Society in the Aegean and Beyond, edited by Westgate, Ruth, Fisher, Nicolas Ralph Edmund, and Whitley, James, pp. 129–139. British School at Athens Studies Series, Vol. 15. British School at Athens, Athens.Google Scholar
Green, Adrian 2007 Confining the Vernacular: The Seventeenth Century Origins of a Mode of Study. Vernacular Architecture 38:1–7.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T. 2005 Social Power and Sacred Space at Actun Nak Beh, Belize. In Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, edited by Brady, James E. and Prufer, Keith M., pp. 71–90. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1991 Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hanks, William 1990 Referential Practice: Language and Lived Space among the Maya. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 1991 The Road to Nakbe. Natural History 5:8–14.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 1998 Continuity and Disjunction: The Pre-Classic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 49–122. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hassig, Ross 1991 Roads, Routes, and Ties that Bind. In Ancient Road Networks and Settlement Hierarchies in the New World, edited by Trombold, Charles D., pp. 17–27. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. (editor) 2000 Archaeological Research at Xochicalco, Vol. 1: Ancient Urbanism at Xochicalco. University of Utah Pres, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Houck, Charles W. Jr. 2006 Cenotes, Wetlands, and Hinterland Settlement. In Lifeways in the Northern Lowlands: New Approaches to Maya Archaeology, edited by Mathews, Jennifer P. and Morrison, Bethany A., pp. 56–76. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1998 Finding Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 519–538. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R. 2010 Dwelling, Identity and the Maya: Relational Archaeology at Chunchucmil. AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R. 2012 Megalithic Materialities in the Northern Maya Lowlands. Paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Memphis.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., and Reyna, Miguel Covarrubias 2011 De Uci hasta Kancab: Recorrido de una calzada de larga distancia en Yucatán, México. In XXIV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas de Guatemala, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Paiz, Lorena, Linares, Adriana, and Lucía Arroyave, Ana, pp. 1221–1229. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., Hixson, David, Magnoni, Aline, Mazeau, Daniel. E., and Dahlin, Bruce H. 2008 Site and Community at Chunchucmil and Ancient Maya Urban Centers. Journal of Field Archaeology 33:19–40.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., Magnoni, Aline, and Stanton, Travis W. 2012 ‘All that is solid…’: Causeways, Settlement and Semiotics at Tzacauil, Yucatan. Ancient Mesoamerica 23:297–311.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2006 Plazas, Performers and Spectators: Political Theaters of the Classic Maya. Current Anthropology 47:805–842.Google Scholar
Johnson, Mathew H. 2010 English Houses, 1300–1800: Vernacular Architecture, Social Life. Pearson Longman, New York.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A. 2008 Domination, Negotiation, and Collapse: A History of Centralized Authority on the Oaxaca Coast before the Late Postclassic. In After Monte Alban: Transformation and Negotiation in Oaxaca, Mexico, edited by Blomster, Jeffrey, pp. 219–254. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., Hendon, Julia A., and Lopiparo, Jeanne 2014 Working with Clay. Ancient Mesoamerica 25:411–420.Google Scholar
Keller, Angela 2010 The Social Construction of Roads at Xunantunich, from Design to Abandonment. In Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands, edited by Lecount, Lisa J. and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 184–208. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Kepecs, Susan, and Boucher, Sylviane 1996 The Pre-Hispanic Cultivation of Rejolladas and Stone-Lands: New Evidence from Northeast Yucatan. In The Managed Mosaic, edited by Fedick, Scott L., pp. 69–91. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kidder, Barry, Hutson, Scott, and Stevenson, Joseph 2014 Transformations at a Secondary Center: Survey, Mapping, and Excavation at Ucanha. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin.Google Scholar
Kurjack, Edward B. 1974 Prehistoric Lowland Maya Community and Social Organization: A Case Study at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico. Middle American Research Institute, Monograph No. 38. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Kurjack, Edward B., and Andrews, E. Wyllys V 1976 Early Boundary Maintenance in Northwest Yucatan, Mexico. American Antiquity 41:318–325.Google Scholar
Kus, Susan, and Raharijoana, Victor 2000 House to Palace, Village to State: Scaling up Architecture and Ideology. American Anthropologist 102:98–113.Google Scholar
Levine, Marc 2011 Negotiating Political Economy at Late Postclassic Tututepec (Yucu Dzaa), Oaxaca, Mexico. American Anthropologist 113:22–39.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2007 Commoner Ritual, Commoner Ideology: (Sub-)Alternate View of Social Complexity in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. In Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Gonlin, Nancy and Lohse, Jon C., pp. 1–32. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2013 Classic Maya Political Ecology: Resource Management, Class Histories, and Political Change in Northwestern Belize. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2003 The Politics of Ritual: The Emergence of Classic Maya Kings. Current Anthropology 44:523–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maca, Allan L. 2006 Body, Boundaries, and “Lived” Urban Space: A Research Model for the Eighth-Century City at Copan, Honduras. In Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, edited by Robertson, Elizabeth C., Seibert, Jeff D., Fernandez, Deepika C., and Zender, Marc U., pp. 143–156. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.Google Scholar
Maldonado Cárdenas, Rubén 1995 Los sistemas de caminos del Norte de Yucatan. In Seis ensayos sobre antiguos patrones de asentamiento en el area Maya, edited by Pacheco, Ernesto Vargas, pp. 68–92. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Maldonado Cárdenas, Rubén 1982 Informe del Trabajo de Campo Programado por el Proyecto Aké para la Temporada de 1981. Manuscript on file at the Centro Regional Yucatan, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mérida, Mexico.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Freidel (editors), David A. 2002 Ancient Maya Political Economies. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Mathews, Jennifer P. 2001 Radiocarbon Dating of Mortar and Charcoal Inclusions in Architectural Mortar: A Case Study in the Maya Region, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 28:395–400.Google Scholar
Mathews, Jennifer P., and Garber, James F. 2004 Models of Cosmic Order: Physical Expression of Sacred Space among the Ancient Maya. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:49–59.Google Scholar
Mathews, Jennifer P., and Cárdenas, Rubén Maldonado 2006 Late Formative and Early Classic Interaction Spheres Reflected in the Megalithic Style. In Lifeways in the Northern Lowlands: New Approaches to Maya Archaeology, edited by Mathews, Jennifer P. and Morrison, Bethany A., pp. 95–118. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 2010 Ancestral Maya Economies in Archaeological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Normark, Johan 2008 The Triadic Causeways of Ichmul: Virtual Highways Becoming Actual Roads. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18:215–238.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry 1984 Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties. Contemporary Studies in Society and History 26:126–166.Google Scholar
Pauketat, Timothy R. 2001 Practice and History in Archaeology. Anthropological Theory 1:73–98.Google Scholar
Pauketat, Timothy R., and Alt, Susan M. 2005 Agency in a Postmold? Physicality and the Archaeology of Culture-Making. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12:257–281.Google Scholar
Plank, Shannon E., Aragón, Iliana Ancona, and Martínez Muñiz, Isabelle 2014 Two Thousand Years of Ceramics along the Uci-Cansahcab Causeway. Paper presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin.Google Scholar
Prufer, Keith M., and Brady, James E. 2005 Introduction: Religion and Role of Caves in Lowland Maya Archaeology. In Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, edited by Brady, James E. and Prufer, Keith M., pp. 1–22. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M. 1999 Pre-Classic Cityscapes: Ritual Politics among the Early Lowland Maya. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 183–223. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., and Andrews, E. Wyllys V 1988 Formative Residences at Komchen, Yucatan, Mexico. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Wilk, Richard and Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 190–197. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia 2002 Outside of Houses: The Practices of Everyday Life at Chan Nòohol, Belize. Journal of Social Archaeology 2:245–267.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia 2003 New Directions in Classic Maya Household Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 11:307–356.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia, Kosakowsky, Laura, Keller, Angela, and Meierhoff, James 2014 Leaders, Farmers, and Crafters: The Relationship between Leading Households and Households across the Chan Community. Ancient Mesoamerica 25:371–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roys, Lawrence, and Shook, Edwin M. 1966 Preliminary Report on the Ruins of Ake, Yucatan. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 20. Society for American Archaeology, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Shaw, Justine 2008 White Roads of the Yucatan: Changing Social Landscapes of the Yucatec Maya. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson 2000 Provisioning the Ceren Household. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:217–230.Google Scholar
Slater, Donald A. 2014 Linking Cave, Mountain and Sky: A Subterranena Observation Point for the Sunrise on the Day of Solar Zenith Transit in Yucatan, Mexcio. Latin American Antiquity 25:198–214.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2003 Can We Read Cosmology in Ancient Maya City Plans? Comment on Ashmore and Sabloff. Latin American Antiquity 14:221–228.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2005 Did the Maya Build Architectural Cosmograms? Latin American Antiquity 16:217–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyth, Michael P. 2000 A New Study of the Gruta de Chac, Yucatan, Mexico. Report submitted to the Foundation for Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Incorporated. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/97011/97011Smyth01.pdf, accessed October 2012.Google Scholar
Stair, Joseph 2014 Megalithic Architecture at Uci: Status, Identity and Interaction. Unpublished Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington.Google Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Freidel, David A. 2005 Placing the Centre, Centreing the Place: The Influence of Formative Sacbeob in Classic Site Design at Yaxuna, Yucatan. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16:225–249.Google Scholar
Stephens, John L. 1843 Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. Harper and Brothers, New York.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1995 The Monumental Architecture of the Yalahau Region and the Megalithic Style of the Northern Maya Lowlands. In The View from Yalahau: 1993 Archaeological Investigations in Northern Quintana Roo, Mexico, edited by Fedick, Scott and Taube, Karl A., pp. 79–87. Field Report Series, No. 2. Latin American Studies Program, University of California, Riverside.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair 1988 Developmental Cycles of Households and Houses at Seibal. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Wilk, Richard and Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 97–120. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, Sabloff, Jeremy A., Smyth, Michael P., Whitley, L. Val, Walling, Stanley L., Negrón, Tomás Gallareta, Álvarez, Carlos Peraza, Andrews, George F., and Dunning, Nicholas P. 1988 Mapping Community Patterns at Sayil, Yucatán, Mexico: The 1985 Season. Journal of New World Archaeology 7:1–24.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, Wolf, Marc, Smith, Scott, Gardella, Kristin, and Hammond, Norman 2002 Exploring Heaven on Earth: Testing the Cosmological Model at La Milpa, Belize. Antiquity 76:633–634.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa's Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan: A Translation. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 25. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Upton, Dell, and Vlach, John M. 1986 Introduction. In Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, edited by Upton, Dell and Vlach, John M., pp. xiii–xxiv. University of Georgia Press, Athens.Google Scholar
Villa Rojas, Alfonso 1934 The Yaxuna-Cobá Causeway. Contributions to American Archaeology 2:187–208.Google Scholar
Vogt, Evon Z., and Stuart, David 2005 Some Notes on Ritual Caves among the Ancient and Modern Maya. In In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, edited by Brady, James E. and Prufer, Keith M., pp. 155–185. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Wauchope, Robert 1938 Modern Maya Houses: A Study of Their Archaeological Significance. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 502, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian, and Davis-Salazar, Karla L. (editors) 2007 Mesoamerican Ritual Economy. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Willis, Paul 1977 Learning to Labour. Saxonhouse, Westmead.Google Scholar
Wylie, Alison 1985 The Reaction against Analogy. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 8, edited by Schiffer, Michael B., pp. 63–111. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Zaro, Gregory, and Lohse, Jon C. 2005 Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals: Ancient Maya Solar Observation in Hinterland Blue Creek, Northwestern Belize. Latin American Antiquity 16:81–98.Google Scholar