Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T00:26:03.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A REASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENT OF THE EASTERN AZTEC EMPIRE IN THE MESOAMERICAN GULF LOWLANDS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2012

Marcie L. Venter*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Philosophy, Northern Kentucky University, 248 Landrum Academic Center, Highland Heights, KY 41099
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]

Abstract

Ethnohistoric documents have been used to define the eastern limits of the Aztec empire in the Mesoamerican southern Gulf lowlands with contradictory results. Until the research presented here, complementary archaeological evidence for Aztec imperial interactions has largely evaded detection in this region. In this paper, I review the documentary data for Aztec expansion and interactions near its eastern frontier and present the most robust archaeological evidence discovered to date that supports this imperial presence in the southern Gulf lowlands. A new model for imperial-local interaction is also introduced.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arellanos Melgarejo, Ramón, and García, Lourdes Beauregard 2001 La villa del Espiritu Santo y sus materiales culturales. Ediciones Cultura de Veracruz, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Arnold, Philip J. III 2003 Early Formative Pottery from the Tuxtla Mountains and Implications for Gulf Olmec Origins. Latin American Antiquity 14:2946.Google Scholar
Arnold, Philip J. III, and Venter, Marcie L. 2004 Postclassic Occupation at Isla Agaltepec, Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Mexicon 16(6):121126.Google Scholar
Barlow, Robert H. 1949 The Extent of the Empire of the Culhua-Mexica. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Barlow, Robert H. 1996 The Tributary Provinces. In Aztec Imperial Strategies, edited by Berdan, Francis F., Blanton, Richard E., Boone, Elizabeth H., Hodge, Mary G., Smith, Michael E., and Umberger, Emily, pp. 115135. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Barlow, Robert H. 2003 Borders in the Eastern Aztec Empire. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Francis F., pp. 7377. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Berdan, Francis F., and Anawalt, Patricia 1992 The Codex Mendoza. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berdan, Francis F., Blanton, Richard E., Boone, Elizabeth H., Hodge, Mary G., Smith, Michael E., and Umberger, Emily (editors) 1996 Aztec Imperial Strategies. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Berdan, Francis F., and Smith, Michael E. 1996 Imperial Strategies and Core-Periphery Relations. In Aztec Imperial Strategies, edited by Berdan, Francis F., Blanton, Richard E., Boone, Elizabeth H., Hodge, Mary G., Smith, Michael E., and Umberger, Emily, pp. 209217. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bermudez Gorrochotegui, Gilberto 1978 La caña de azúcar y Santiago Tuxtla. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historía, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blom, Frances, and Farge, Oliver La 1926 Tribes and Temples. Middle American Research Institute Papers 1, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth H., and Smith, Michael E. 2003 Postclassic International Styles and Symbol Sets. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Frances F., pp. 186193. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Borstein, Joshua A. 2005 Epiclassic Political Organization in Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Segmentary versus Centralized Integration. Ancient Mesoamerica 16:1121.Google Scholar
Bray, Tamara L. 2003 To Dine Splendidly: Imperial Pottery, Commensal Politics, and the Inca State. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Bray, Tamara L., pp. 93142. Klewer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1987 Consumption and Politics at Aztec Huexotla. American Anthropologist 8:676686.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle R. 1985 The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton Press, Berlin.Google Scholar
Carrasco, Pedro 1999 The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Chance, John K., and Stark, Barbara L. 2007 Estrategias empleadas en las provincias imperiales: Perspectivas prehispánicas y coloniales en Mesoamérica. Revista Española de Antropología Americana 37:203233.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965 Archaeological Synthesis of Southern Veracruz and Tabasco. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Part 2, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 679715. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Diehl, Richard A.. 1980 In the Land of the Olmec, Vols. 1–2, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Cook, Sherburne F., and Borah, Woodrow 1979 Essays in Population History, Vol. III: Mexico and California. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Curet, L. Antonio, Stark, Barbara L., and Zarate, Sergio Vásquez 1994 Postclassic Changes in Veracruz, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 5:1332.Google Scholar
D'Altroy, Terrence N. 1992 Provincial Power in the Inka Empire. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Daneels, Annick 1995 La cerámica postclásica de la Cuenca Baja del Jamapa-Cotaxtla. Arqueología 13/14:8588.Google Scholar
Daneels, Annick 1997 Settlement History in the Lower Cotaxtla Basin. In Olmec to Aztec: Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands, edited by Stark, Barbara L. and Arnold, Philip J. III, pp. 206252. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R. 1990 Interaction, Imitation, and Communication as Expressed in Style: The Ucayali Experience. In Uses of Style in Archaeology, edited by Conkey, Margaret W. and Hastorf, Christine A., pp. 82104. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael 2003 Clearing the Table: Some Concluding Reflections on Commensal Politics and Imperial States. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Bray, Tamara, pp. 271284. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Durán, Fray Diego 1967 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e islas de la Tierra Firma. Translated by Kintana, Ángel María Garibay. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Esquivias, Chantal 2003 On the Edge of Empire? Settlement Changes in Chacalapan, Southern Veracruz, Mexico during the Classic and Postclassic Periods. BAR International Series 1053, Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Foster, George M. 1943 The Geographical, Linguistic, and Cultural Position of the Popoluca of Veracruz. American Anthropologist 45:53l546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, William R. Jr. 1989 The Cultural Evolution of Ancient Nahua Civilizations. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Friedländer, Immanuel N., and Sonder, Richard A. 1923 Über das Vulcangebiet von San Martín Tuxtla in Mexico. Zeitschrift für Vulkanologie 7(3):162187.Google Scholar
García Martínez, Bernardo 1969 El Marquesado del Valle. Nueva Serie 5. Centro de Estudios Históricos, El Colegio de México, Mexico.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P., and Ohnersorgen, Michael A. 2009 Negotiating the Imperial Landscape: The Geopolitics of Aztec Control in the Outer Provinces of the Empire. In The Archaeology of Meaningful Places, edited by Bowser, Brenda J. and Zedeño, Maria Nieves, pp. 107131. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P., and Stark, Barbara L. 2002 Imperial and Social Relations in Postclassic South-Central Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 13:333.Google Scholar
Gerhard, Peter 1993 A Guide to the Historical Geography of New Spain. Revised ed. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Gosselain, Oliver P. 2000 Materializing Identities: An African Perspective. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7:187216.Google Scholar
Hassig, Ross 1985 Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Heller, Lynnette, and Stark, Barbara L. 1998 Classic and Postclassic Obsidian Tool Production and Consumption: A Regional Perspective from the Mixtequilla, Veracruz. Mexicon 20(6):119128.Google Scholar
Hicks, Frederick 1994 Alliance and Intervention in Aztec Imperial Expansion. In Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, edited by Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and Fox, John W., pp. 111117. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Jiménez Lara, Pedro 2001 La arqueología en la Cuenca Baja del Río Papaloapan, Veracruz, México (primeros resultados). Actas Latinoamericanas de Varsovia 24:1132.Google Scholar
Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto 1942 El Enigma de los Olmecas. Cuadernos Americanos 5(5):113146.Google Scholar
Karttunen, Frances E. 1992 An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence 2001 The History of the Nawa Language Group from the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century: Some Preliminary Results. Electronic document, http://www.albany.edu/pdlma/Nawa.pdf, accessed November 26, 2010.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence, and Justeson, John 2008 The Epi-Olmec Language and Its Neighbors. In Classic Period Cultural Currents in Southern and Central Veracruz, edited by Arnold, Philip J. III and Pool, Christopher A., pp. 5584. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Killion, Thomas W., and Urcid, Javier 2001 The Olmec Legacy: Cultural Continuity in Mexico's Southern Gulf Coast Lowlands. Journal of Field Archaeology 28:325.Google Scholar
King, Alan R. 2004 A Brief Nawat Grammar. IRIN, El Salvador.Google Scholar
Knight, Charles L.F. 1999 The Late Formative to Classic Period Obsidian Economy at Palo Errado, Veracruz, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Knight, Charles L.F., and Glascock, Michael D. 2009 The Terminal Formative to Classic Period Obsidian Assemblage at Palo Errado, Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 20:507524.Google Scholar
Kruszczynski, Mark A. 2001 Prehistoric Basalt Exploitation and Core-Periphery Relations Observed from the Cerro el Vigía Hinterland of Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Lira López, Yamile 2010 Tradición y cambio en las culturas prehispánicas del valle de Maltrata. Instituto de Antropología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa.Google Scholar
Lockhart, James 1992 The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
Loughlin, Michael L. 2004 Recorrido arqueológico El Mesón. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., Coral Gables, FL. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/02058/index.html, accessed December 1, 2010.Google Scholar
Luttwak, Edward N. 1976 The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A. 2003 The Late Postclassic Symbol Set in the Maya Area. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Francis F., pp. 194200. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Medel y Alvarado, León 1993 Historia de San Andrés Tuxtla (1525–1975). Fascimile of 1963 Edition. Estado de Veracruz, Veracruz.Google Scholar
Medellín Zenil, Alfonso 1960 Ceramicas de Totonacapan: Exploraciones en el centro de Veracruz. Instituto de Antropología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa.Google Scholar
Ohnersorgen, Michael A. 2006 Aztec Provincial Organization at Cuetlaxtlan, Veracruz. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25:132.Google Scholar
Ohnersorgen, Michael A., and Venter, Marcie L. 2012 Aztec Boundary Interactions. In The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Deborah, L. Nichols and Christopher A. Pool. pp. 525–535. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ortiz Ceballos, Ponciano 1975 Cerámica de los Tuxtlas. Unpublished tesis de Maestría. Facultad de Antropología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa.Google Scholar
Paso y Troncoso, Francisco 1905 Papeles de Nueva España. 2nd series, 7 vols. Suc. de Rivadeneyra, Madrid.Google Scholar
Pastrana, Alejandro, and Domínguez, Silvia 2009 Cambios en la estrategia de la explotación de la obsidiana de Pachuca: Teotihuacan, Tula y la Triple Alianza. Ancient Mesoamerica 20:129148.Google Scholar
Paynter, Robert W. 1985 Surplus Flow between Frontiers and Homelands. In The Archaeology of Frontiers and Boundaries, edited by Green, Stanton W. and Perlman, Stephen M., pp. 163211. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL.Google Scholar
Pollard, Helen P., and Smith, Michael E. 2003 The Aztec/Tarascan Border. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Francis F., pp. 8790. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher A. 1995 La cerámica del clásico tardío y el postclásico en la Sierra de los Tuxtlas. Arqueología 13/14:3748.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher A., and Britt, Georgia M. 2000 A Ceramic Perspective on the Formative to Classic Transition in Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 10:139161.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher A., and Ohnersorgen, Michael A. 2003 Archaeological Survey and Settlement at Tres Zapotes. In Settlement Archaeology and Political Economy at Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico, edited by Pool, Christopher A., pp. 731. Monograph 50, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Porter, James B. 1989 The Monuments and Hieroglyphs of Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1983 Serpents and Styles in Peten Postclassic Pottery. American Anthropologist 85:866880.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., Negrón, Tomás Gallereta, and Bey, George III 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the Spread of a World Religion during the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:183232.Google Scholar
Rivas Castellanos, Eneas 1999 La Real Villa de Tuxtla. Corregida y Aumentada, Mexico.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2007 Beyond Identifying Elites: Feasting as a Means to Understand Early Middle Formative Society on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:127.Google Scholar
Santley, Robert S. 2005 The Tuxtlas as Volcanic Hazard: Volcanism and Its Effects on Site Founding and Abandonment in the Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico. In The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Webb, Ronald W., pp. 163180. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Santley, Robert S., and Arnold, Philip J. III 1996 Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 23:225249.Google Scholar
Scholes, Frances V., and Warren, David 1965 The Olmec Region at Spanish Contact. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Part 2, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 776787. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., Urban, Patricia A., and Ausec, Marne 2001 Politics with Style: Identity Formation in Prehispanic Southeastern Mesoamerica. American Anthropologist 103:312330.Google Scholar
Schreiber, Katharina 1992 Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No. 87. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Schultze, Leonhard 1935 Indiana II: Mythen in der Muttersprache der Pipil von Izalco in El Salvador. Gustav Fisher, Jena.Google Scholar
Seler-Sachs, Caecilie 1922 Altertumer des Kanton Tuxtla im Staate Vera Cruz. In Festschrift Eduard Seler, edited by Lehmann, Walter, pp. 543556. Verlag von Strecker und Schröder, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Jay 2001 Aztec Imperialism at Oztuma, Guerrero, Aztec-Chontal Relations during the Late Postclassic and Early Colonial Periods. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:3148.Google Scholar
Skoglund, Thanet, Stark, Barbara L., Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael D. 2006 Compositional and Stylistic Analysis of Aztec-era Ceramics: Provincial Strategies at the Edge of Empire, South-Central Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 17:542559.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2002 Domestic Ritual at Aztec Provincial Sites in Morelos. In Domestic Ritual in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Plunket, Patricia, pp. 93114. Monograph No. 46, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2003 Economic Change in Morelos Households. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Francis F., pp. 249258. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Berdan, Francis F. 1992 Archaeology and the Aztec Empire. World Archaeology 23:353367.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Berdan, Francis F. (editors) 2003 The Postclassic Mesoamerican World. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Montiel, Lisa 2001 The Archaeological Study of Empires and Imperialism in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:245284.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., Wharton, Jennifer, and Olson, Jan M. 2003 Aztec Feasts, Rituals, and Markets: Political Uses of Ceramic Vessels in a Commercial Economy. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Bray, Tamara, pp. 235270. Klewer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 1978 Ethnohistoric Model for Native Economy and Settlement Patterns in Southern Veracruz, Mexico. In Prehistoric Coastal Adaptations: The Economy and Ecology of Maritime Middle America, edited by Stark, Barbara L. and Voorhies, Barbara, pp. 211238. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 1990 The Gulf Coast and the Central Highlands of Mexico: Alternative Models for Interaction. Research in Economic Anthropology 12:243285.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 1995 Introducción a la alfarería del postclásico en La Mixtequilla, sur-centro de Veracruz. Arqueología 13/14:1736.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 2008 Archaeology and Ethnicity in Postclassic Mesoamerica. In Ethnic Identity in Nahua Mesoamerica, edited by Berdan, Francis, Chance, John, Sandstrom, AlanStark, BarbaraTaggert, James, and Umberger, Emily, pp. 3863. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L., and Chance, John K. 2011 The Strategies of Provincials in Empires. In The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies, edited by Smith, Michael E., pp. 192237. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Stoner, Wesley D. 2007 Tepango Valley Archaeological Survey: Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI), Crystal River, FL. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/07049/07049Stoner01.pdf, accessed December 1, 2010.Google Scholar
Stoner, Wesley D. 2011 Disjuncture among Classic Period Cultural Landscapes in the Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington.Google Scholar
Suárez Cruz, Sergio 1995 La cerámica lisa cholulteca. Arqueología 13/14:109120.Google Scholar
Symonds, Stacey, Cyphers, Ann, and Lunagómez, Roberto 2002 Asentamiento prehispánico en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Umberger, Emily 1996 Aztec Presence and Material Remains in the Outer Provinces. In Aztec Imperial Strategies, edited by Berdan, Francis F., Blanton, Richard E., Boone, Elizabeth H., Hodge, Mary G., Smith, Michael E., and Umberger, Emily, pp. 151179. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Umberger, Emily, and Klein, Cecilia F. 1993 Aztec Art and Imperial Expansion. In Latin American Horizons, edited by Rice, Don S., pp. 295336. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Urcid, Javier, and Esquivias, Chantal 2000 Interests and Strategies of the Triple Alliance in Southern Veracruz: A View from the Tuxtlas. Paper presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Juan 1945 La segunda temporada de exploraciones en la región de Los Tuxtlas, Estado de Veracruz. Mexico. INAH-Anales 3:8194.Google Scholar
Venter, Marcie L. 2005 Totogal: Investigations of Postclassic Occupation and the Aztec Frontier in the Tuxtla Mountains, Veracruz, Mexico. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI), Crystal River, FL. Electronic document, www.famsi.org/reports/03045/index.html), accessed December 1, 2010.Google Scholar
Venter, Marcie L. 2008 Community Strategies in the Aztec Imperial Frontier: Perspectives from Totogal, Veracruz, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington.Google Scholar
Venter, Marcie L. 2010 Interaction and Ceramic Innovation in the Late Postclassic Tuxtla Mountains of Veracruz, Mexico. Paper presented at the 109th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Venter, Marcie L., and Pool, Christopher A. 2005 Santiago Tuxtla Archaeological Project. Final Field Report Submitted to the National Science Foundation (BCS-0427511).Google Scholar
Venter, Marcie L., and Stoner, Wesley D. 2009 Classic to Postclassic Changes in the Tepango Valley of Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Poster Presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Venter, Marcie L., Thompson, Victor D., Reynolds, Matthew D., and Waggoner, Jamie C. 2006 Integrating Shallow Geophysical Survey: Archaeological Investigations at Totogal in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas of Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:767777.Google Scholar
Weber, David J., and Rausch, Jane M. 1994 Introduction. In Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History, edited by Weber, David J. and Rausch, Jane M., pp. xiiixli. Scholarly Resources, Inc., Wilmington, DE.Google Scholar