Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:11:55.823Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

PUBLIC RITUAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS: EXCAVATIONS OF THE CENTRAL PLAZA OF GROUP A, CEIBAL

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2017

Takeshi Inomata ,
Flory Pinzón ,
Juan Manuel Palomo ,
Ashley Sharpe ,
Raúl Ortíz ,
María Belén Méndez  and
Otto Román
Takeshi Inomata*
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Dr., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0030
Flory Pinzón
Affiliation:
Ceibal-Petexbatun Archaeological Project, 01005 Guatemala City, Guatemala
Juan Manuel Palomo
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Dr., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0030
Ashley Sharpe
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-7305
Raúl Ortíz
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Dr., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0030
María Belén Méndez
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
Otto Román
Affiliation:
Registro de Información Catastral, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación, 01013 Guatemala City, Guatemala
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The probable E-Group assemblage was a primary focus of our investigation at the lowland Maya center of Ceibal. Tunnel excavation into Structure A-20 (the western structure of this complex) demonstrated that the Ceibal residents built the earliest version (Structure Ajaw) by carving natural marl around 950 b.c. The earliest version of the eastern platform (Structure Xa'an) was also made at the same time out of the natural marl layer. Through a series of renovations, the western structure grew into a pyramidal shape, and later versions of the eastern platform were moved further to the east. In addition, excavations revealed numerous caches, many with greenstone axes, along the center line of the E-Group assemblage. These results show that a formal ceremonial complex was established at the beginning of occupation at Ceibal, and its construction and public events held there played an important role in the creation of a new community.

Type
Special Section: After 40 Years—Revisiting Ceibal to Investigate the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , Spring 2017 , pp. 203 - 232
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E. W. 1971 The Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios, Guatemala. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 63, No. 1. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. V., Wyllys 1986 Olmec Jades from Chacsinkin, Yucatan, and Maya Ceramics from La Venta, Tabasco. In Research and Reflections in Archaeology and History: Essays in Honor of Doris Stone, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys V, pp. 11–49. Middle American Research Institute Publication No. 57. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V 1987 A Cache of Early Jades from Chacsinkin, Yucatan. Mexicon 9:78–85.Google Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R. 2006 Preclassic Excavations at Punta de Chimino, Petén, Guatemala: Investigating Social Emplacement on an Early Maya Landscape. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R., and Lowe, Lynneth S. 2012 Chiapa de Corzo's Mound 11 Tomb and the Middle Formative Olmec. In Arqueología reciente de Chiapas: Contribuciones del encuentro celebrado en el 60° aniversario de la Fundación Arqueológica Nuevo Mundo, edited by Lowe, Lynneth S. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 45–68. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 72. Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Balser, Carlos 1974 El jade de Costa Rica. Librería Lehmann, San José.Google Scholar
Balser, Carlos 1980 Jade Precolombino de Costa Rica. Instituto Nacional de Seguros, San José.Google Scholar
Benson, Elizabeth P., and de la Fuente, Beatriz 1996 Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Brady, James E., Cobb, Allan B., Garza, Sergio, Espinoza, Cesar, and Burnett, Robert 2005 An Analysis of Ancient Maya Stalactite Breakage at Balam Na Cave, Guatemala. In Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, edited by Prufer, Keith M. and Brady, James E., pp. 213–224. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Brady, James E., and Rissolo, Dominique 2006 A Reappraisal of Ancient Maya Cave Mining. Journal of Anthropological Research 62:471–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, James E., Ball, Joseph W., Bishop, Ronald L., Pring, Duncan C., Hammond, Norman, and Housley, Rupert A. 1998 The Lowland Maya “Protoclassic”: A Reconsideration of its Nature and Significance. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:17–38.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F. 1983 A Contextual Consideration of the Tayasal-Paxcaman Zone, El Peten, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1995 External Impetus, Internal Synthesis, and Standardization: E-Group Assemblages and the Crystallization of Classic Maya Society in the Southern Lowlands. In Emergence of Lowland Maya Civilization: The Transition from the Preclassic to the Early Classic, edited by Grube, Nikolai, pp. 87–101. Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 8. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Möckmühl.Google Scholar
Cheek, Charles 1977 Excavations at the Palangana and the Acropolis, Kaminaljuyu. In Teotihuacan and Kaminaljuyu: A Study in Prehistoric Culture Contact, edited by Sanders, William T. and Michels, Joseph W., pp. 1–204. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Pye, Mary E. 2000 The Pacific Coast and the Olmec Question. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 217–251. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Hansen, Richard D. 2001 Architecture of Early Kingship: Comparative Perspectives on the Origins of the Maya Royal Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen D., pp. 1–45. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., Freidel, David, Furst, Peter, Reilly, Kent III, Schele, Linda, Tate, Carolyn, and Taube, Karl 1995 The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership. Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1997 La arquitectura olmeca en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. In Población, subsistencia y medio ambiente en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, edited by Cyphers, Ann, pp. 91–117. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1952 La Venta, Tabasco: A Study of Olmec Ceramics and Art. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, Vol. 153. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, Heizer, Robert F., and Squier, Robert H. 1959 Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, Vol. 170. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 2011 The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period. Routledge, Oxfordshire.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., and Awe, Jaime J. 2006 Excavations in Plaza B at Cahal Pech: The 2004 Field Season. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology Volume 3: Archaeological Investigations in the Eastern Maya Lowlands: Papers of the 2005 Belize Archaeology Symposium, edited by Morris, John, Jones, Sherilyne, Awe, Jaime, and Helmke, Christophe, pp. 39–52. Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., Brown, M. Kathryn, Driver, W. David, Glassman, David M., Hartman, Christopher J., Reilly, F. Kent III, and Sullivan, Lauren A. 2004 Archaeological Investigations at Blackman Eddy. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Archaeological Research, edited by Garber, James F., pp. 48–69. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Godelier, Maurice 1977 Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology. Translated by Brain, Robert. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Götting, Eva 2011 Excavaciones en el Edificio H-XVI (Operación 12). In Proyecto Arqueológico SAHI-Uaxactun Informe No. 2: Temporada de Campo 2010, edited by Kováč, Milan and Leiva, Ernesto Arredondo, pp. 479–504. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Graham, Mark Miller 1993 Displacing the Center: Constructing Prehistory in Central America. In Reinterpreting Prehistory of Central America, edited by Graham, Mark M., pp. 1–38. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.Google Scholar
Graham, Mark Miller 1998 Mesoamerican Jade in Costa Rica. In Jade in Ancient Costa Rica, edited by Jones, Julie, pp. 39–58. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.Google Scholar
Griffin, Gillett G. 1981 Olmec Forms and Materials found in Central Guerrero. In The Olmec and their Neighbors, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 209–222. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen 1989 The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Translated by Burger, Thomas. MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Haines, Helen 2012 “When we Two Parted”: Remaking the Ancient Maya Political Landscape of North-Central Belize. Paper presented at the 45th Annual Chacmool Conference, Calgary.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1999 The Genesis of Hierarchy: Mortuary and Offertory Ritual in the Pre-Classic at Cuello, Belize. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Meosamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 49–66. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Clarke, Amanda, and Estrada Belli, Francisco 1992 Middle Preclassic Maya Buildings and Burials at Cuello, Belize. Antiquity 66:955–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, Kristen, and Bliege Bird, Rebecca 2002 Showing Off, Handicap Signaling, and the Evolution of Men's Work. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:58–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, K., O'Connell, J. F., and Blurton Jones, N. G. 1997 Hadza Women's Time Allocation, Offspring Provisioning, and the Evolution of Long Postmenopausal Life Spans. Current Anthropology 38:551–577.Google Scholar
Healy, Paul F., and Awe, Jaime J. 2001 Middle Preclassic Jade Spoon from Belize. Mexicon 23:61–64.Google Scholar
Hicks, Frederick, and Rosaire, Charles E. 1960 Mound 13, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 10, Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Hodgson, John G., Clark, John G., and Gallaga Murrieta, Emiliano 2010 Ojo De Agua Monument 3: A New Olmec-Style Sculpture from Ojo De Agua, Chiapas, Mexico. Mexicon 32:139–144.Google Scholar
Ichon, Alain, and Arnauld, Marie-Charlotte 1985 Le protoclassique à La Lagunita, El Quiché, Guatemala. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut d'Ethnologie, Paris.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2017 The Emergence of Standardized Spatial Plans in Southern Mesoamerica: Chronology and Interregional Interactions Viewed from Ceibal, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:329–355.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela 2016 Middle Preclassic Caches from Ceibal, Guatemala. Maya Archaeology 3:56–91.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, and Aoyama, Kazuo 2017a After 40 Years: Revisiting Ceibal to Investigate the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:187–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Aoyama, Kazuo, Castillo, Victor, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2013 Early Ceremonial Constructions at Ceibal, Guatemala, and the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization. Science 340:467–471.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, MacLellan, Jessica, Burham, Melissa, Aoyama, Kazuo, Palomo, Juan Manuel, Yonenobu, Hitoshi, Pinzón, Flory and Nasu, Hiroo 2017b High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating of Political Collapse and Dynastic Origins at the Maya Site of Ceibal, Guatemala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114:1293–1298.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, MacLellan, Jessica, Triadan, Daniela, Munson, Jessica, Burham, Melissa, Aoyama, Kazuo, Nasu, Hiroo, Pinzon, Flory, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2015b Development of Sedentary Communities in the Maya Lowlands: Coexisting Mobile Groups and Public Ceremonies at Ceibal, Guatemala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112:4268–4273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inomata, Takeshi, MacLellan, Jessica, and Burham, Melissa 2015a The Construction of Public and Domestic Spheres in the Preclassic Maya Lowlands. American Anthropologist 117:519–534.Google Scholar
Ivey, Paula K. 2000 Cooperative Reproduction in Ituri Forest Hunter-Gatherers: Who Cares for Efe Infants? Current Anthropology 41:856–866.Google Scholar
Joralemon, P. David 1971 A Study of Olmec Iconography. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 2004 Unintended Consequences?: Monumentality as a Novel Experience in Formative Mesoamerica. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11:5–29.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., and Henderson, John S. 2010 Being “Olmec” in Early Formative Period Honduras. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:187–200.Google Scholar
Kelly, Robert L. 1995 The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Fialko, Vilma C. 1987 La cerámica del Clásico Temprano desde Mundo Perdido, Tikal: Una reevaluación. In Maya Ceramics: Papers from the 1985 Maya Ceramic Conference, edited by Rice, Prudence M. and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 123–182. BAR International Series, Vol. 345. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Fialko, Vilma C. 1995 Reencuentro con Mundo Perdido, Tikal, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 6:41–94.Google Scholar
Love, Michael W. 1999 Ideology, Material Culture, and Daily Practice in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: A Pacific Coast Perspective. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Meosamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 127–153. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lowe, Gareth W. 1981 Olmec Horizon Defined in Mound 20, San Isidro, Chiapas. In The Olmec and their Neighbors, edited by Coe, Michael D. and Grove, David, pp. 231–256. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2003 The Politics of Ritual: The Emergence of Classic Maya Rulers. Current Anthropology 44:523–558.Google Scholar
Marlowe, Frank W. 2005 Hunter-Gatherers and Human Evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 14:54–67.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. (editor) 2004 K'axob: Ritual, Work and Family in an Ancient Maya Village. Monumenta Archaeologica, Vol. 22. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Ortíz C., Ponciano, and del Carmen Rodríguez, María 1999 Olmec Ritual Behavior at El Manatí: A Sacred Space. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Meosamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 225–254. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Palomo, Juan Manuel, Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela 2017 Mortuary Rituals and Cranial Modifications at Ceibal: From the Early Middle Preclassic to the Terminal Classic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:305–327.Google Scholar
Parsons, Lee A. 1993 The Izapa Style and the Tibas Jade. In Precolumbian Jade: New Geological and Cultural Interpretations, edited by Lange, Frederick, pp. 251–259. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1982 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 2. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pohorilenko, Anatole 1981 The Olmec Style and Costa Rican Archaeology. In Olmec and their Neighbors, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 309–327. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pohorilenko, Anatole 1996 Portable Carvings in the Olmec Style. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth and de la Fuente, Beatriz, pp. 118–131. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1974 Jades from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ricketson, Oliver G., and Ricketson, Edith B. 1937 Uaxactun, Guatemala. Group E—1926–1931. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, Vol. 477. Carnegie institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, María de Carmen, and Ortíz, Ponciano 2000 A Massive Offering of Axes at La Merced, Hidalgotitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 155–167. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Rosal, Marco A., Antonio Valdés, Juan, and Pedro Laporte, Juan 1993 Nuevas exploraciones en el Grupo E, Uaxactún. In Tikal y Uaxactún en el Preclásico, edited by Laporte, Juan P. and Valdés, Juan A., pp. 70–91. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1975 Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala: Ceramics. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 13, No. 2. Willey, Gordon R., series editor. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Schieber de Lavarreda, Christa 2002 La Ofrenda De Abaj Takalik. In XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2001, edited by Laporte, Juan P., Escobedo, Héctor L. and Arroyo, Bábara, pp. 459–473. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Insituto de Antropología e Historia, and Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Schieber de Lavarreda, Christa, and Orrego Corzo, Miguel 2010 Preclassic Olmec and Maya Monuments and Architecture at Takalik Abaj. In The Place of Stone Monuments: Context, Use, and Meaning in Mesoamerica's Preclassic Tradition, edited by Guernssy, Julia, Clark, John E. and Arroyo, Bábara, pp. 177–205. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Schieber de Lavarreda, Christa, and Orrego Corzo, Miguel 2011 La pasión del “Señor de la Greca.” In XXIV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2010, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Paiz, Lorena, Linares, Adriana, and Lucía Arroyave, Ana, pp. 655–663. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Sedat, David W. 1987 Archaeological Investigations in the Northern Maya Highlands, Guatemala: Interaction and the Development of Maya Civilization. University Museum Monograph, Vol. 59. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Ashley 2016 Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Formation of Maya States . Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M., and Heizer, Robert 1976 An Olmec Sculpture from the South (Pacific) Coast of Guatemala. Journal of New World Archaeology 1:1–8.Google Scholar
Smith, A. Ledyard 1982 Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala: Major Architecture and Caches. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 15, No. 1. Willey, Gordon R., series editor. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smithsonian Institution 2013 Olmec Legacy. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Electronic document, http://anthropology.si.edu/olmec/cfml/artifacts/index.cfm, accessed August 1, 2013.Google Scholar
Snarskis, Michael J. 1979 El jade de Talamanca de Tibas. Vinculos 5:89–107.Google Scholar
Stone, Doris 1977 Pre-Columbian Man in Costa Rica. Peabody Museum Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Triadan, Daniela, Castillo, Victor, Inomata, Takeshi, Palomo, Juan Manuel, Méndez, María Belén, Cortave, Mónica, MacLellan, Jessica, Burham, Melissa, and Ponciano, Erick 2017 Social Transformations in a Middle Preclassic Community: Elite Residential Complexes at Ceibal. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:233–264.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 1988 A Study of Classic Maya Scaffold Sacrifice. In Maya Iconography, edited by Benson, Elizabeth and Griffin, Gillett G., pp. 331–351. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Pauline W. 1982 Risk, Reciprocity, and Social Influence on !Kung San Economics. In Politics and History in Band Societies, edited by Leacok, Eleanor B. and Lee, Richard B., pp. 61–84. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1990 Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala: General Summary and Conclusions. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 17, No. 4. Willey, Gordon R., series editor. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Źrałka, Jarosław, Koszkul, Wiesław, and Hermes, Bernard 2012 Nakum y su importancia en el mundo maya: resultados de los trabajos realizados por el Proyecto Arqueológico Nakum entre 2006 y 2011. In Proceedings of the 1st Cracow Maya Conference Archaeology and Epigraphy of the Eastern Central Maya Lowlands February 25–27, 2011, Cracow, edited by Helmke, Christophe and Źrałka, Jarosław, pp. 9–49. Contributions in New World Archaeology, Vol. 3. Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Jagiellonian University-Institute of Archaeology, Krakow.Google Scholar
Źrałka, Jarosław, Koszkul, Wiesław, Hermes, Bernard, Radnicka, Katarzyna, and Luis Velásquez, Juan 2011b La ocupación de Nakum entre los años 100 aC y 450 dC: ¿Chicanel, Floral Park, Tzakol o un momento de transición? In XXIV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2010, edited by Arroyo, Bábara, Aragón, Lorena Paiz, Palma, Adriana Linares, and Arroyave, Ana Lucía, pp. 13–34. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Insituto de Antropología e Historia, and Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Źrałka, Jarosław, Koszkul, Wiesław, Martin, Simon, and Hermes, Bernard 2011a In the Path of the Maize God: A Royal Tomb at Nakum, Petén, Guatemala. Antiquity 85:890–908.Google Scholar