Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T15:19:23.082Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

ONSET OF THE EARLY CLASSIC PERIOD IN THE SOUTHERN MAYA LOWLANDS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM PUNTA DE CHIMINO, GUATEMALA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2010

Bruce R. Bachand
Bruce R. Bachand*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5522
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Desecration of Punta de Chimino's ceremonial precinct around a.d. 430 was associated with the appearance of green Pachuca obsidian, pyrite mirror fragments, dart points, a Tikal-style vessel cache, and a peculiar grave with Mexican semblances. A structurally housed Protoclassic stela was removed in an apparent fire ritual and monumental masks adorning the E-Group range building were effaced in a termination rite involving large quantities of refuse. Disuse of the E-Group range building and unfinished refurbishment of the observatory pyramid suggest the site was promptly deserted. The forsaking of this time-honored ceremonial place coincided with reduced settlement in the Petexbatun region and abandonment of the nearby Pasión centers of Ceibal, Itzan, and Chaak Ak'al. Punta de Chimino's findings shed further light on these abandonments, suggesting that they were triggered by amplified central lowland involvement in Pasión River affairs by the end of the fourth century a.d.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , Spring 2010 , pp. 21 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E. W. 1964 The Ceramic Sequence at Altar de Sacrificios and Its Implications. In Actas y memorias del XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Vol. 1, pp. 371–378. Mexico.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W. 1971 The Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 63, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Agrinier, Pierre, and Bryant, Douglas Donne 2005 Middle Classic Ceramics. In Ceramic Sequence of the Upper Grijalva Region, Chiapas, Mexico, Part 2, edited by Bryant, las Donne Clark, John E., and Cheetham, David, pp. 401–413. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 67. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Aimers, James J., and Rice, Prudence M. 2006 Astronomy, Ritual, and the Interpretation of Maya “E-Group” Architectural Assemblages. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:79–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
August, Nanc Lee 1982 Ceramics of Polol, Guatemala. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R. 2008 Bayesian Refinement of a Stratified Sequence of Radiometric Dates from Punta de Chimino, Guatemala. Radiocarbon 50:1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R. 2007 The Pre-Classic Ceramic Sequence of Punta de Chimino, Petén, Guatemala. Mayab 19:5–26.Google Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R. 2006 Preclassic Excavations at Punta de Chimino, Petén, Guatemala: Investigating Social Emplacement on an Early Maya Landscape. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R. 2003 Ampliando nuestro comprensión sobre el periodo protoclásico en las tierras bajas mayas. In XVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2002, Vol. 2, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Bárbara, Escobedo, Héctor L., and Mejía, Héctor E., pp. 599–611. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and the Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R., and Anavisca, José Maria 2004 Excavaciones en Punta de Chimino. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Aguateca Segunda Fase: La Temporada de Campo de 2004, edited by Ponciano, Erick M., Triadan, Daniela, and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 6.1–6.22. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Bachand, Bruce R., Román, Otto, Castañeda, José Francisco, and Anavisca, José Maria 2006 Punta de Chimino: El crecimiento de un centro ceremonial del preclásico en el Lago Petexbatún. In XVIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2005, Vol. 2, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Bárbara, and Mejía, Héctor E., pp. 827–837. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, and the New World Archaeological Foundation, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Brady, James E., Ball, Joseph W., Bishop, Ronald L., Pring, Duncan C., Hammond, Norman, and Housley, Rupert A. 1998 The Lowland Maya “Protoclassic:” A Reconsideration of Its Nature and Significance. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:17–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, James E., Luin, Luis Fernando, Foncea, Carol, Wright, Lori, and de Brady, Sandra Villagrán 1990 Investigaciones en la Cueva de Sangre y otras cuevas en la región de Petexbatún. In Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatún: Informe Preliminar #2, Segunda Temporada, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Houston, Stephen D., pp. 438–565. Preliminary report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Brady, James E., Rodas, Irma, Wright, Lori, Emery, Kitty, Lopez, Nora Maria, Stiver, Laura, and Chatham, Robert 1991 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Cuevas Petexbatún. In Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatún: Informe Preliminar #3, Tercera Temporada, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Inomata, Takeshi, Palka, Joel, and Escobedo, Héctor, pp. 652–746. Preliminary report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. (editor) 2003a The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2003b Dating Early Classic Interaction between Kaminaljuyu and Central Mexico. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 81–104. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Cabrera Castro, Ruben 1999 Las prácticas funerarias de los antiguos Teotihuacanos. In Prácticas funerarias en la Ciudad de los Dioses: Los enterramientos humanos de la antigua Teotihuacan, edited by Manzanilla, Linda and Serrano, Carlos, pp. 503–539. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1987 Putting Together the Pieces: Maya Pottery of Northern Belize and Central Peten, Guatemala. In Maya Ceramics. Papers of the 1985 Maya Ceramic Conference, edited by Rice, Prudence M. and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 47–72. BAR International Series 345(i). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1995 External Impetus, Internal Synthesis, and Standardization: E Group Assemblages and the Crystallization of Classic Maya Society in the Southern Lowlands. In The Emergence of Lowland Maya Civilization: The Transition from the Preclassic to the Early Classic, edited by Grube, Nikolai, pp. 87–101. Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 8. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Möckmühl.Google Scholar
Coe, William R. 1962 A Summary of Excavation and Research at Tikal, Guatemala: 1956–1961. American Antiquity 27:479–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coggins, Clemency 1975 Painting and Drawing Styles at Tikal: A Historical and Iconographic Reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Art History, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency 1985 New Fire at Chichen Itza. In Memorias del Primer Coloquio Internacional de Mayistas, pp. 427–484. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 1993 The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches and Problematical Deposits. Tikal Reports, No. 25, Part A. The University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 2003 The Ceramics of Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, & Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 47–81. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Richard M. Leventhal, general editor. School of American Research Press and James Currey, Santa Fe and Oxford.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 2006 The Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Maya Collapse. Vanderbilt Institute of Mesoamerican Archaeology Series, Vol. 1. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., and Barrientos, Tomás 2002 Redescubriendo el suroeste de Petén: Exploraciones y proyectos de desarrollo en una región “perdida” del Mundo Maya. In XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, Vol. 1, edited by Laporte, Juan P., Escobedo, Héctor L., and Arroyo, Bárbara, pp. 349–364. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and the Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Castellanos, Jeanette, and Escobedo, Héctor L. 1996 Observaciones adicionales sobre escondítes y entierros del protoclásico, Tepeu 1 y Tepeu 3 y posibilidades para la investigación de la cerámica. In Proyecto Arqueológico Punta de Chimino 1996: Informe Preliminar, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Escobedo, Héctor L., and O'Mansky, Matt, pp. 184–193. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Sears, Erin, and Rasmussen, Coral 1995 Investigaciones de los sistemas defensivos en Punta de Chimino: Suboperaciones PC13A y PC19A. In Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatun: Informe Preliminar #6, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Valdés, Juan Antonio, and Escobedo, Héctor L., pp. 41.1–41.9. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Dillon, Brian Derv 1979 The Archaeological Ceramics of Salinas de Nueve Cerros, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Rue, David, and Beach, Timothy 1991 Ecologia y patrón de asentamiento en la Región de Petexbatún: Resultados preliminares de la Temporada 1991. In Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatun: Informe Preliminar #3, Tercera Temporada, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Inomata, Takeshi, Palka, Joel, and Escobedo, Héctor, pp. 829–845. Preliminary report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Rue, David J., Beach, Timothy, Covich, Alan, and Traverse, Alfred 1998 Human-Environment Interactions in a Tropical Watershed: The Paleoecology of Laguna Tamarindito, El Peten, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 25:139–151.Google Scholar
Eberl, Markus 2000 Descubrimiento de nuevas estelas en Aguateca (Petexbatun). In XIII Simposio de Arqueología Guatemalteca. 1999, Vol. 1, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Escobedo, Héctor L., de Suasnavar, Ana Claudia, and Arroyo, Bárbara, pp. 531–543. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, Guatemala, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Escobedo, Héctor L. 1996 Operaciónes PC32, 26, y 25: Rescate arqueológico en la Estructuras 2, 76, y 7 de Punta de Chimino. In Proyecto Arqueológico Punta de Chimino 1996: Informe Preliminar, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Escobedo, Héctor L., and O'Mansky, Matt, pp. 9–27. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Escobedo, Héctor L. 1997a Arroyo de Piedra: Sociopolitical Dynamics of a Secondary Center in the Petexbatun Region. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:307–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobedo, Héctor L. 1997b Operaciones de rescate e interpretaciones de la arquitectura mayor de Punta de Chimino, Sayaxché, Petén. In X Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1996, Vol. 1, edited by Laporte, Juan P. and Escobedo, Héctor L., pp. 389–402. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and the Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1998 Dynastic Architectural Programs: Intention and Design in Classic Maya Buildings at Copan and Other Sites. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 223–270. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 2001 Scribes, Warriors and Kings: The City of Copan and the Ancient Maya, 2nd ed. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Fash, Barbara W. 2000 Teotihuacan and the Maya. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 433–463. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., Fash, Barbara W., and Davis-Salazar, Karla L. 2004 Setting the Stage: Origins of the Hieroglyphic Stairway Plaza on the Great Period Ending. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 65–84. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Fialko, Vilma 1988 Mundo Perdido, Tikal: Un ejemplo de complejos de conmemoración astronómica. Mayab 4:13–21.Google Scholar
Fleet, Michael E. 2006 Phase Equilibria at High Temperatures. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 61:365–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foias, Antonia 1987 The Influence of Teotihuacan in the Maya Culture during the Middle Classic: A Reconsideration of the Ceramic Evidence from Kaminaljuyu, Uaxactun, and Copan. B.A. honors thesis, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Foias, Antonia 1996 Changing Ceramic Production and Exchange Systems and the Classic Maya Collapse in the Petexbatún Region. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Forsyth, Donald W. 1989 The Ceramics of El Mirador, Petén, Guatemala. El Mirador Series, Part 4. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 63. Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Gifford, James C. 1976 Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Graham, John A. 1990 Monumental Sculpture and Hieroglyphic Inscriptions. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. v–79. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 17, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Greene, Virginia, and Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 1966 A Teotihuacan-Style Vessel from Tikal. American Antiquity 31:432–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grube, Nikolai (editor) 1995a The Emergence of Lowland Maya Civilization: The Transition from the Preclassic to the Early Classic. Acta Mesoamericana, 8. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Möckmühl.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 1995b Transformations of Maya Society at the End of the Preclassic: Processes of Change between the Predynastic and Dynastic Periods. In The Emergence of Lowland Maya Civilization: The Transition from the Preclassic to the Early Classic, edited by Grube, Nikolai, pp. 1–7. Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 8. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Möckmühl.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 2000 Fire Rituals in the Context of Classic Maya Initial Series. In The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Colas, Pierre Robert, Delvendahl, Kai, Kuhnert, Marcus, and Schubart, Annette, pp. 93–109. Acta Mesoamericana, No. 10. Verlag Anton Saurwein and Markt Schwaben, Regensburg.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 1998 Continuity and Disjunction: Preclassic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 49–122. Dumbarton Oaks: Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Johnston, Kevin, and Houston, Stephen D. 1989 Registro y rescate en Punta de Chimino. In El Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatún: Informe Preliminar #1, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Houston, Stephen D., pp. 130–153. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Ponciano, Erick, and Aoyama, Kazuo (editors) 2007 La politica de lugares y comunidades en la sociedad maya de Petexbatún: Investigaciones del Proyecto Arqueológico Aguateca Segunda Fase. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, and the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Ishihara, Reiko, Guerra, Jenny, Palomo, Juan Manuel, and Young, Matthew 2005 Excavaciones en la grita principal y la grieta rincón. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Aguateca Segunda Fase: La Temporada de Campo de 2005, edited by Ponciano, Erick M., Triadan, Daniela, and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 7.1–7.120. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Kevin J. 2006 Preclassic Maya Occupation of the Itzan Escarpment, Lower Río de la Pasión, Petén, Guatemala City. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:177–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Christopher 1969 The Twin-Pyramid Group Pattern: A Classic Maya Architectural Assemblage at Tikal, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher, and Orrego C., Miguel 1987 Corosal Stela 1 and Tikal Miscellaneous Stone 167: Two New Monuments from the Tikal Vicinity, Guatemala. Mexicon 9:129–133.Google Scholar
Kosakowsky, Laura J., and Pring, Duncan C. 1998 The Ceramics of Cuello, Belize: A New Evaluation. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:55–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro 1993 Architecture and Social Change in Late Classic Maya Society: The Evidence from Mundo Perdido, Tikal. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D., edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Henderson, John S., pp. 299–320. Dumbarton Oaks: Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro 1995a ¿Despoblamiento o problema analítico?: El clásico temprano en el sureste de Petén. In VIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala, 1994, Vol. 2, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro and Escobedo, Héctor L., pp. 729–761. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and the Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro 1995b Una actualización a la secuencia cerámica del area de Dolores, Petén. Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala, No. 3, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, pp. 35–64. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia and the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Escuela de Historia.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro 1996 Organización territorial y política prehispanica en el sureste de Petén. Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala, No. 4, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Escuela de Historia.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro 2003 Thirty Years Later: Some Results of Recent Investigations in Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, & Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 281–318. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Richard M. Leventhal, general editor. School of American Research Press and James Currey, Santa Fe and Oxford.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Fialko, Vilma 1987 La cerámica del clásico temprano desde Mundo Perdido, Tikal: Una reevaluación. In Maya Ceramics: Papers from the 1985 Ceramic Conference, edited by Rice, Prudence M. and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 123–181. BAR International Series 345. 2 vols. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, Hermes, Bernard, de Zea, Lilian, and Iglesias, María Josefa 1992 Nuevos entierros y escondítes de Tikal, subfases Manik 3a y 3b. Cerámica de Cultura Maya et al. 16:30–68.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Charles E. 1985 Ceramics and Ceramic Chronology. In A Consideration of the Early Classic Period in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Willey, Gordon R. and Mathews, Peter, pp. 55–94. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publication No. 10. State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Lowe, Gareth W. 1977 The Mixe-Zoque as Competing Neighbors of the Early Lowland Maya. In The Origins of Maya Civilization, edited by Adams, Richard E. W., pp. 197–248. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2000 At the Periphery: The Movement, Modification and Re-use of Early Monuments in the Environs of Tikal. In The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Colas, Pierre Robert, Delvendahl, Kai, Kuhnert, Marcus, and Schubart, Annette, pp. 51–61. Acta Mesoamericana, No. 10. Verlag Anton Saurwein and Markt Schwaben, Regensburg.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2003 In Line of the Founder: A View of Dynastic Politics at Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, & Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 3–45. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Richard M. Leventhal, general editor. School of American Research Press and James Currey, Santa Fe and Oxford.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2000 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1985 Maya Early Classic Monuments and Inscriptions. In A Consideration of the Early Classic Period in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Willey, Gordon R. and Mathews, Peter, pp. 5–54. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publication 10. State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter, and Willey, Gordon R. 1991 Prehistoric Polities of the Pasion Region: Hieroglyphic Texts and Their Archaeological Settings. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick, pp. 30–71. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 1999 Mexican Obsidian at Tikal, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 10:300–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 2003 The Artifacts of Tikal: Utilitarian Artifacts and Unworked Material. Tikal Report, No. 27, Part B. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, Kim 1996 Suboperación PC24: Excavaciones en la Estructura 70. In Proyecto Arqueológico Punta de Chimino 1996: Informe Preliminar, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Escobedo, Héctor, and O'Mansky, Matt, pp. 39–55. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Nuttall, Zelia 1901 The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations. Papers of the Peabody Museum, II. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pahl, Gary W. 1982 A Possible Cycle 7 Monument from Polol, El Petén, Guatemala. In Pre-Columbian Art History: Selected Readings, edited by Cordy-Collins, Alana, pp. 23–31. Peek Publications, Palo Alto.Google Scholar
Patton, James L. 1987 The Architecture and Sculpture of Polol, El Petén, Guatemala. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Pearce, Carolyn I., Pattrick, Richard A. D., and Vaughan, David J. 2006 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Sulfides. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 61:127–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1988 Lamanai Stela 9: The Archaeological Context. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, No. 20. Center for Maya Research, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pincemin, Sophia, Marcus, Joyce, Folan, Lynda Florey, Folan, William J., Carrasco, Domínguez, Rosario, María del, and López, Abel Morales 1998 Extending the Calakmul Dynasty Back in Time: A New Stela from a Maya Capital in Campeche, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 9:310–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponciano, Erick M., Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela 2005 Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Aguateca Segunda Fase: La Temporada de Campo de 2005. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Quirarte, Jacinto 1973 Izapan and Mayan Traits in Teotihuacan III Pottery. In Studies in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Graham, John A., pp. 11–29. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 18, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, and Walker, Debra S. 2002 Passage of the Late Preclassic into the Early Classic. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Freidel, David A., pp. 87–122. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Reimer, Paula J. et al. 2004 IntCal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0-26 Cal KYR BP. Radiocarbon 46:1029–1058.Google Scholar
Ricketson, Oliver G. Jr., and Ricketson, Edith Bayles 1937 Uaxactun, Guatemala: Group E 1926–1931. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 477, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1975 Ceramics. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. i–261. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 13, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sempowski, Martha L. 1994 Mortuary Practices at Teotihuacan. In Mortuary Practices and Skeletal Remains at Teotihuacan, edited by Sempowski, Martha L. and Spence, Michael W., pp. 1–314. Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, Vol. 3, René Millon, general editor. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith, A. Ledyard 1950 Uaxactun, Guatemala: Excavations of 1931–1937. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 588, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1955 Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatemala. Middle American Research Institute, Publication 20. 2 vols. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E., and Gifford, James C. 1965 Pottery of the Maya Lowlands. In Handbook of Middle American Indians: Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Vol. 2, edited by Wauchope, Robert, pp. 498–534. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyth, Michael P., and Rogart, Daniel 2004 A Teotihuacan Presence at Chac II, Yucatan, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:17–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1996 Commodity or Gift: Teotihuacan Obsidian in the Maya Region. Latin American Antiquity 7:21–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Freidel, David A. 2003 Ideological Lock-In and the Dynamics of Formative Religions in Mesoamerica. Mayab 16:5–14.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1998 “The Fire Enters His House:” Architecture and Ritual in Classic Maya Texts. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 373–425. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2000 “The Arrival of Strangers:” Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya History. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, David, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 465–513. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1983 The Teotihuacan Spider Woman. Journal of Latin American Lore 9:107–189.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1992 The Iconography of Mirrors at Teotihuacan. In Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan, edited by Berlo, Janet Catherine, pp. 169–204. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2000 The Turquoise Hearth: Fire, Self Sacrifice, and the Central Mexican Cult of War. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 269–340. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2003 Tetitla and the Maya Presence at Teotihuacan. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 273–314. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2004 Structure 10L-16 and Its Early Classic Antecedents: Fire and the Evocation and Resurrection of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 265–296. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1971 Utilitarian Artifacts of Central Mexico. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, Part 1, edited by Ekholm, Gordon F. and Bernal, Ignacio, pp. 270–296. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10, Robert Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Tomasic, John, and Fahsen, Federico 2004 Exploraciones y excavaciones preliminares en Tres Islas, Petén. In XVII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2003, Vol. 2, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Bárbara, Escobedo, Héctor L., and Mejía, Héctor E., pp. 819–832. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and the Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Triadan, Daniela, and Kopka, Katrin 2005 Excavaciones en el Grupo M6-3 de Aguateca. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Aguateca Segunda Fase: La Temporada de Campo de 2005, edited by Ponciano, Erick M., Triadan, Daniela, and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 6.1–6.15. Preliminary report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala CityGoogle Scholar
Valdés, Juan Antonio 1997 Tamarindito: Archaeology and Regional Politics in the Petexbatun Region. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:321–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varela Torrecilla, Carmen, and Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2003 Teotihuacan and Oxkintok: New Perspectives from Yucatán. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 249–271. The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Velásquez, Juan Luis 1994 Excavaciónes en Punta de Chimino y la cerámica recuperada. In VII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1993, edited by Laporte, Juan P. and Escobedo, Héctor L., pp. 415–428. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and the Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Wauchope, Robert 1951 A Tentative Sequence of Pre-Classic Ceramics in Mesoamerica. Middle American Research Records, Vol. 1, pp. 211–250. Middle American Research Institute, Publication 15. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1972 The Artifacts of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 64, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1973 The Altar de Sacrificios Excavations: General Summary and Conclusions. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 64, No. 3. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1977 The Rise of Maya Civilization: A Summary View. In The Origins of Maya Civilization, edited by Adams, Richard E. W., pp. 383–423. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1990 General Summary and Conclusions. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 175–272. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 17, No. 4. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., Culbert, T. Patrick, and Adams, Richard E. W. 1967 Maya Lowland Ceramics: A Report from the 1965 Guatemala City Conference. American Antiquity 32:289–315.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., and Mathews, Peter (editors) 1985 A Consideration of the Early Classic Period in the Maya Lowlands. State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E., and Bachand, Bruce R. 2009 Strontium Isotope Identification of an Early Classic Migrant to Punta de Chimino, Guatemala. Maya Archaeology 1:28–35.Google Scholar