Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T03:19:32.731Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

EVOLUTION OF THE MESOAMERICAN MOTHER CULTURE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2011

Hector Neff
Hector Neff*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology andInstitute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Societies, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An ongoing debate about Early Formative cultural elaboration in Mesoamerica is based largely on claims about where innovations originated and when different regions influenced each other. One view is that Gulf lowland populations called “Olmec” by archaeologists made a number of key innovations and that their influence on contemporary societies stimulated the rise of Mesoamerican civilization. Another view is that multiple regions participated equally and all made innovations that became the legacy of later Mesoamerican societies. Additional empirical work will help resolve some of the issues raised by this debate, as Cheetham and Blomster (2010) have recently suggested in this journal. Explicit theory can also help move the discussion forward.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , Spring 2011 , pp. 107 - 122
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aldenderfer, Mark 2006 Costly Signaling, the Sexual Division of Labor, and Plant and Animal Domestication in the Andean Highlands. In Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture, edited by Kennett, Douglas J. and Winterhalder, Bruce, pp. 167–196. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Arnold, Philip J. III, 1999 Tecomates, Residential Mobility, and Early Formative Occupation in Coastal Lowland Mesoamerica. In Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction, edited by Skibo, James M. and Feinman, Gary M., pp. 157–170. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Arroyo, Barbara 2000 La regionalización en la Costa del Pacífico: sus primeros pobladores. In: XIV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Suásnavar, Ana Claudia and Arroyo, Barbara, pp. 3–10. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología and Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Bernal, Ignacio 1969 The Olmec World. University of California, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, Michael 1991 An Emerging Early Formative Chiefdom at Paso de la Amada, Chiapas, Mexico. In The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by Fowler, William Jr., pp. 27–46. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael, Chisholm, Brian S., Clark, John E., and Mudar, Karen 1992a Non-Agricultural Staples and Agricultural Supplements: Early Formative Subsistence in the Soconusco Region, Mexico. In Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory, edited by Gebaur, Anna B. and Price, T. Douglas, pp. 133–151. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael, Chisholm, Brian S., Clark, John E., Voorhies, Barbara, and Love, Michael W. 1992b Prehistoric Subsistence in the Soconusco Region. Current Anthropology 33:83–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, Michael, and Clark, John E. 1999 The Emergence of Hereditary Inequality: The Case of Pacific Coastal Chiapas, Mexico. In Pacific Latin America in Prehistory: The Evolution of Archaic and Formative Cultures, edited by Blake, Michael, pp. 55–75. Washington State University Press, Pullman.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael, Clark, John E., Voorhies, Barbara, Michaels, George, Love, Michael W., Pye, Mary E., Demarest, Arthur A., and Arroyo, Barbara 1995 Radiocarbon Chronology for the Late Archaic and Formative Periods on the Pacific Coast of Southeastern Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 6:161–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliege Bird, Rebecca, and Smith, Eric Alden 2005 Signaling Theory, Strategic Interaction, and Symbolic Capital. Current Anthropology 46:221–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomster, Jeffrey P. 2010 Complexity, Interaction, and Epistemology: Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Olmecs in Early Formative Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:135–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomster, Jeffrey P., Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael D. 2005 Olmec Pottery Production and Export in Ancient Mexico Determined through Elemental Analysis. Science 307:1068–1072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boone, James L. 1998 The Evolution of Magnanimity: When is it Better to Give than to Receive. Human Nature 9:1–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boone, James L. 2000 Social Power, Status, and Lineage Survival. In Hierarchies in Action: Cui bono?, edited by Diehl, Michael W., pp. 84–110. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Boone, James L., and Kessler, Karen L. 1999 More Status or More Children? Social Status, Fertility Reduction, and Long-Term Fitness. Evolution and Human Behavior 20:257–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Robert, and Richerson, Peter J. 1985 Culture and the Evolutionary Process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Cannon, Michael D. 2003 A Model of Central Place Forager Prey Choice and an Application to Faunal Remains from the Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22:1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, David 2005 The Americas' First Colony? A Possible Olmec Outpost in Southern Mexico. Archaeology 59:42–46.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David 2010a Cultural Imperatives in Clay: Early Olmec Carved Pottery from San Lorenzo and Canton Corralito. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:165–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, David 2010b Americas' First Colony: Olmec Materiality and Ethnicity at Canton Corralito, Chiapas, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David, and Blomster, Jeffrey 2010 Special Section: Rethinking the Olmecs and Early Formative Mesoamerica, Introduction. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:92–94.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1997 The Arts of Government in Early Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:211–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, John E. 2007 America's First State. In The Political Economy of Ancient Mesoamerica: Transformations during the Formative and Classic Periods, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Clark, John E., pp. 11–46. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Blake, Michael 1994 The Power of Prestige: Competitive Generosity and the Emergence of Rank Societies in Lowland Mesoamerica. In Factional Competition and Political Development, edited by Brumfiel, Elizabeth and Fox, John, pp. 17–30. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, John E., and Gosser, Dennis E. 1995 Reinventing Mesoamerica's First Pottery. In The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by Barnett, William K. and Hoopes, John W., pp. 209–221. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Pye, Mary E. 2000 The Pacific Coast and the Olmec Question. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 217–251. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1989 The Olmec Heartland: Evolution of Ideology. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert J. and Grove, David C., pp. 68–82. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Diehl, Richard A. 1980a In the Land of the Olmec, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Diehl, Richard A. 1980b In the Land of the Olmec, Vol. 2: The People of the River. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Covarrubias, Miguel 1942 Origen y desarrollo del estilo artístico “olmeca.” In Mayas y olmecas: Segunda reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de México y centro América, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, pp. 46–49. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Covarrubias, Miguel 1957 Indian Art of Mexico and Central America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.Google Scholar
Cronk, Lee 2005 The Application of Animal Signaling Theory to Human Phenomena: Some Thoughts and Clarifications. Biology and Social Life 44:603–620.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1997 Olmec Architecture at San Lorenzo. In Olmec to Aztec: Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands, edited by Stark, Barbara L. and Arnold, Phillip J. III, pp. 98–114. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1989 The Olmec and the Rise of Civilization in Eastern Mesoamerica. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert J. and Grove, David C., pp. 303–344. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1992 Ideology in Ancient Maya Cultural Evolution: The Dynamics of Galactic Polities. In Ideology in Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Conrad, Geoffrey, pp. 135–157. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jared, and Bellwood, Peter 2003 Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions. Science 300:597–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diehl, Richard A. 2004 The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Diehl, Richard A. 2005 Patterns of Cultural Primacy. Science 307:1055–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diehl, Richard A., and Coe, Michael D. 1996 Olmec Archaeology. In The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, edited by Coe, Michael D., pp. 11–25. The Art Museum, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, Heizer, Robert F., and Squier, Robert J. 1959 Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 170. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W., and Lipo, Carl P. 2005 Cultural Transmission, Copying Errors, and the Generation of Variation in Material Culture and the Archaeological Record. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 316–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Susan T. 2004 Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 1968 The Olmec and the Valley of Oaxaca: A Model for Inter-regional Interaction in Formative Times. In Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec, October 28th and 29th, 1967, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 79–117. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., Balkansky, Andrew K., Feinman, Gary M., Grove, David C., Marcus, Joyce, Redmond, Elsa M., Reynolds, Robert G., Sharer, Robert J., Spencer, Charles S., and Yaeger, Jason 2005 Implications of New Petrographic Analysis for the Olmec “Mother Culture” Model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:11219–11223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 1994 Early Formative Pottery of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs No. 27, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 2000 Formative Mexican Chiefdoms and the Myth of the “Mother Culture.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19:1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafen, Alan 1990a Sexual Selection Unhandicapped by the Fisher Process. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144:473–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafen, Alan 1990b Biological Signals as Handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144:517–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grove, David C. 1989 Olmec: What's in a Name? In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert J. and Grove, David C., pp. 8–14. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1988 Cultura hermana: Reappraising the Olmec. Quarterly Review of Archaeology 9(4):1–4.Google Scholar
Harlowe, George E. 1993 Middle American Jade: Geologic and Petrologic Perspectives on Variability and Source. In Precolumbian Jade: New Geological and Cultural Interpretations, edited by Lange, Frederick W., pp. 9–29. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Haslip-Viera, Gabriel, Montellano, Bernard Ortíz de, and Barbour, Warren 1997 Robbing Native American Cultures. Current Anthropology 38:419–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haug, Gerald H., Hughen, Konrad A., Sigman, Daniel M., Peterson, Larry C., and Röhl, Ursula 2001 Southward Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene. Science 293:1304–1308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkes, Kristin 1993 Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods. Current Anthropology 34:341–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, Kristin, and Bliege Bird, Rebecca 2002 Showing Off, Handicap Signaling, and the Evolution of Men's Work. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:58–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrich, Joseph, and Gil-White, Francisco 2001 The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior 22:165–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hildebrandt, William R., and McGuire, Kelly R. 2002 The Ascendence of Hunting during the California Middle Archaic: An Evolutionary Perspective. American Antiquity 67:231–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Warren D., Blake, Michael, and Clark, John E. 1998 Ball Court Design Dates Back 3,400 Years. Nature 392:878–879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joralemon, Peter David 1971 A Study of Olmec Iconography. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., and Henderson, John S. 2010 Being “Olmec” in Early Formative Period Honduras. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:187–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennett, Douglas. J., Neff, Hector, Voorhies, Barbara, Roberts, Andrew, and Glascock, Michael D. 2004 Evidence for Early Olmec Influences on the Soconusco Coasts. Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Montreal.Google Scholar
Lipo, Carl P., Madsen, Mark E., Hunt, Timothy, and Dunnell, Robert C. 1997 Population Structure, Cultural Transmission, and Frequency Seriation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16:301–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, Michael W. 1999 Ideology, Material Culture, and Daily Practice in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: A Pacific Coast Perspective. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 127–153. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Love, Michael W. 2002 Early Complex Society in Pacific Guatemala: Settlements and Chronology of the Río Naranjo, Guatemala. Paper No. 66, New World Archaeological Foundation, Provo.Google Scholar
Lowe, Gareth W. 1989 The Heartland Olmec: Evolution of Material Culture. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert J. and Grove, David C., pp. 33–67. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1989 Zapotec Chiefdoms and the Nature of Formative Religions. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert J. and Grove, David C., pp. 148–197. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mauss, Marcel 1924 The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. Cohen and West, London.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector 2011a What a Waste: Identity Construction in the Archaeological Record of Southern Mesoamerica. In Identity in Southern Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Lauriers, Claudia Garcia Des and Love, Michael (in preparation).Google Scholar
Neff, Hector 2011b Pots as Signals: Explaining the Enigma of Long-Distance Ceramic Exchange. In Selected Papers from the 2009 European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics. British Museum (in press).Google Scholar
Neff, Hector, and Arroyo, Bárbara 2002 The Evolution of Early Formative Ceramic Traditions in Pacific Coastal Southern Mesoamerica. In Eureka: The Archaeology of Innovation & Science, edited by Harrison, Roman, Gillespie, Milan, and Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, pp. 314–332. Proceedings of the 29thAnnual Chacmool Conference, The Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector, Blomster, Jeffrey, Glascock, Michael D., Bishop, Ronald L., Blackman, M. James, Coe, Michael D., Cowgill, George L., Diehl, Richard A., Houston, Stephen, Joyce, Arthur A., Lipo, Carl P., Stark, Barbara L., and Winter, Marcus 2006a Methodological Issues in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics. Latin American Antiquity 17:54–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, Hector, Blomster, Jeffrey, Glascock, Michael D., Bishop, Ronald L., Blackman, M. James, Coe, Michael D., Cowgill, George L., Cyphers, Ann, Diehl, Richard A., Houston, Stephen, Joyce, Arthur A., Lipo, Carl P., and Winter, Marcus 2006b Smokescreens in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics. Latin American Antiquity 17:104–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael D. 2002 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Olmec Pottery. Electronic document, http://www.missouri.edu/~reahn/, accessed April, 2008.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector, Pearsall, Deborah M., Jones, John G., Arroyo, Bárbara, Collins, Shawn, and Freidel, Dorothy E. 2006c Early Maya Adaptive Patterns: Mid-Late Holocene Paleoenvironmental Evidence from Pacific Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 17:287–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, Hector, Pearsall, Deborah M., Jones, John G., Arroyo, Bárbara, Collins, Shawn, and Freidel, Dorothy E. 2006d Climate Change and Population History in the Pacific Coastal Lowlands of Southern Mesoamerica. Quaternary Research 65:390–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neiman, Fraser D. 1995 Stylistic Variation in Evolutionary Perspective: Inferences from Decorative Diversity and Inter-Assemblage Distance in Illinois Woodland Ceramic Assemblages. American Antiquity 60:1–37.Google Scholar
Neiman, Fraser D. 1997 Conspicuous Consumption as Wasteful Advertising: A Darwinian Perspective on Spatial Patterns in Classic Maya Terminal Monument Dates. In Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory and Archeological Explanation, edited by Burton, C. Michael and Clark, Geoffrey, pp. 267–290. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 7, Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Niederberger, Christine 2000 Ranked Societies, Iconogaphic Complexity, and Economic Wealth in the Basin of Mexico Toward 1200 B.C. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 169–191. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Ortíz Ceballos, Ponciano, and Rodríguez, Maria del Carmen 2000 The Sacred Hill of El Manatí: A Preliminary Discussion of the Site's Ritual Paraphernalia. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 75–93. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Ortíz de Montellano, Bernard, Haslip-Viera, Gabriel, and Barbour, Warren 1997 They Were NOT Here before Columbus: Afrocentric Hyperdiffusionism in the 1990s. Ethnohistory 44:199–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pool, Christopher A. 2007 Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pool, Christopher A., Ceballos, Ponciano Ortíz, Martínez, Maria del Carmen Rodríguez, and Loughlin, Michael L. 2010 The Early Horizon at Tres Zapotes: Implications for Olmec Interaction. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes González, Liliana Carla, and Winter, Marcus 2010 The Early Formative Period in the Southern Isthmus: Excavations at Barrio Tepalcate, Ixtepec, Oaxaca. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:151–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Eugenia, Neff, Hector, Pye, Mary, and Garnica, Marlen 2005 The Formative Archaeological Cultures of the Guatemalan Highlands and Pacific Coast: Interregional Interaction and Cultural Evolution. In New Perspectives on Formative Mesoamerican Cultures, edited by Powis, Terry G., pp. 85–94. BAR International Series 1377, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert 2005 From the Land between Swamps: Cuauhtémoc in an Early Olmec World. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven.Google Scholar
Rust, William F., and Leyden, Barbara W. 1994 Evidence of Maize Use at Early and Middle Preclassic La Venta Olmec Sites. In Corn and Culture in the New World, edited by Johannessen, Sissel and Hastorf, Christine A., pp. 181–201. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda 1996 The Olmec Mountain and Tree of Creation in Mesoamerican Cosmology. In The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, edited by Guthrie, J., pp. 105–117. The Art Museum, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Seitz, Russell, Harlow, George E., Sisson, Virginia B., and Taube, Karl A. 2001 ‘Olmec Blue’ and Formative Jade Sources: New Discoveries in Guatemala. Antiquity 75:687–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Balkansky, Andrew K., Burton, James H., Feinman, Gary M., Flannery, Kent V., Grove, David C., Marcus, Joyce, Moyle, Robert C., Price, T. Douglas, Redmond, Elsa M., Reynolds, Robert G., Rice, Prudence M., Spencer, Charles S., Stoltman, James B., and Yaeger, Jason 2006 On the Logic of Archaeological Inference: Early Formative Pottery and the Evolution of Mesoamerican Societies. Latin American Antiquity 17:90–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Eric A., and Bird, Rebecca Bliege 2000 Turtle Hunting and Tombstone Opening: Public Generosity as Costly Signaling. Evolution and Human Behavior 21:246–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stark, Barbara L. 2000 Framing the Gulf Olmecs. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 31–53. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Stoltman, James B., Marcus, Joyce, Flannery, Kent V., Burton, James H., and Moyle, Robert G. 2005 Petrographic Evidence Shows that Pottery Exchange Between the Olmec and Their Neighbors Was Two-Way. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:11213–11218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Symonds, Stacey C., Cyphers, Ann, and Lunagómez, Roberto 2002 Asentamiento prehispánico en San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán. Serie San Lorenzo, Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Symonds, Stacey C., and Lunagómez, Roberto 1997 Settlement System and Population Development at San Lorenzo. In Olmec to Aztec: Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands, edited by Stark, Barbara L. and Arnold, Phillip J. III, pp. 144–173. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 1996 The Rainmakers: The Olmec and Their Contribution to Mesoamerican Belief and Ritual. In The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, edited by Guthrie, J., pp. 83–103. The Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2000 Lightening Celts and Corn Fetishes: The Formative Olmec and the Development of Maize Symbolism in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 297–337. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2004 Olmec Art at Dumbarton Oaks. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1989 Western Mesoamerica and the Olmec. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert J. and Grove, David C., pp. 275–302. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Veblen, Thorstein 1979 [1899] Theory of the Leisure Class. Penguin Books, New York.Google Scholar
Vivó Escoto, Jorge A. 1965 Weather and Climate of Mexico and Central America. In Natural Environments and Early Cultures, edited by West, Robert C., pp. 187–215. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1, Wauchope, Robert, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Voorhies, Barbara 2004 Coastal Collectors in the Holocene: The Chantuto People of Southwest Mexico. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Wendt, Carl J. 2010 A San Lorenzo Phase Household Assemblage from El Remolino, Veracruz. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:107–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Moira, Carter, Margaret A., Hall, Christopher, Hoff, William, Ince, Ceren, Savage, Shaun D., McKay, Bernard, and Betts, Ian M. 2009 Dating Fired-clay Ceramics Using Long-term Power Law Rehydroxylation Kinetics. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science 465:2407–2415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce, and Kennett, Douglas J. 2006 Behavioral Ecology and the Transition from Hunting Gathering to Agriculture: Volume Introduction. In Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture, edited by Kennett, Douglas J. and Winterhalder, Bruce, pp. 1–33. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Zahavi, Amotz, and Zahavi, Avishag 1997 The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle. Oxford University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar