Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T02:25:24.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

CONTINGENT ACTS OF REMEMBRANCE: ROYAL ANCESTORS OF CLASSIC MAYA COPAN AND QUIRIGUA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 December 2015

Wendy Ashmore
Wendy Ashmore*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521–0418
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Classic Maya history is deeply political, and religious and political activities frequently inseparable. This essay advocates directly comparing mortuary practices over time for rulers at politically and economically linked centers. Most specifically it outlines an experimental model of how acts of remembrance in royal ancestor veneration articulate with local and regional politico-economic dynamics, and to do so with respect to acts attested in archaeological, bioarchaeological, textual, and iconographic sources. The particular case here pairs Classic-period Copan and Quirigua, where for centuries, the former was overlord to the latter. The evidence suggests that while treatment of royal ancestors draws on a set of established Maya practices, scale, elaboration and choice among those practices was contingent on the role each of the decedents held at particular points in political history, and the temporal orientation of those who commissioned remembrance acts.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 26 , Issue 2 , Fall 2015 , pp. 213 - 231
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo 2004 Rosalila, Temple of the Sun-King. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 101–111. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo, and Fash, Barbara W. 2005 The Evolution of Structure 10L-16, Heart of the Copán Acropolis. In Copán: the History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys and Fash, William L., pp. 201–37. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V. and William L., Fash 2005 Issues in Copán Archaeology. In Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. W. and Fash, William L., pp. 395–425. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo 2001 Classic Maya State, Urbanism, and Exchange: Chipped Stone Evidence of the Copan Valley and its Hinterland. American Anthropologist 103:346–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun (editor) 1986 The Social Life of Things. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1988 Proyecto Arqueológico Copán de Cosmología/Copan North Group Project, 1988. Preliminary Report submitted to the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa, and the National Geographic Society, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1989 Construction and Cosmology: Politics and Ideology in Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. In Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation, edited by Hanks, William F. and Rice, Don S., pp. 272–286. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1991 Site Planning and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2:199–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 2005 The Idea of a Maya Town. In Structure and Meaning in Human Settlement, edited by Atkin, Tony and Rykwert, Joseph, pp. 35–54. University of Pennsylvania Museum Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 2007 Settlement Archaeology at Quirigua, Guatemala. Quiriguá Reports, Vol. 4. Museum Monographs, 126. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 2009 Biographies of Place at Quiriguá, Guatemala. In The Archaeology of Meaningful Places, edited by Bowser, Brenda and Zedeño, Maria Nieves, pp. 15–31. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 2013 Mobile Bodies, Empty Spaces. In The Dead Tell Tales: Jane Buikstra and Narratives of the Past, edited by Lozada, Maria Cecilia and Donnabháin, Barra Ó, pp. 106–113. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, and Geller, Pamela L. 2005 Social Dimensions of Mortuary Space. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Rakita, Gordon F. M., Buikstra, Jane E., Beck, Lane A., and Williams, Sloan R., pp. 81–92. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, Schortman, Edward M., and Sharer, Robert J. 1983 The Quirigua Project: 1979 Season. In Quirigua Reports, Volume 2, edited by Sharer, Robert J., Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A., pp. 55–78. Museum Monographs, No. 49. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Baron, Joanne Parsley 2013 Patrons of La Corona: Deities and Power in a Classic Maya Community. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C. 1990 The Monumentality of Death: The Character of Early Bronze Age Mortuary Mounds in Southern Britain. World Archaeology 22:179–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, John C. 1999 The Mythical Landscapes of the British Iron Age. In Archaeological Landscapes: Contemporary Approaches, edited by Ashmore, Wendy and Knapp, A. Bernard, pp. 253–265. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C. 2004 Temporality and the Study of Prehistory. In Time and Temporality in the Ancient World, edited by Rosen, Ralph M., pp. 11–12. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C. and Ko, Ilhong 2009 A Phenomenology of Landscape: A Crisis in British Landscape Archaeology?. Journal of Social Archaeology 9:275–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1972 Plaza Plans at Quiriguá, Guatemala: The Use of a Specific Theory Regarding Cultural Behavior in Predicting the Configuration of Group Arrangements and Burials in a Yet Untested Community Settlement Pattern. Katunob 8:47–62.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1988 Caches as Burials, Burials as Caches: The Meaning of Ritual Deposits among the Classic Period Lowland Maya. In Recent Studies in Pre-Columbian Archaeology, edited by Saunders, Nicholas J. and de Montmollin, Olivier, pp. 117–142. BAR International Series 421. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1992 Burials as Caches, Caches as Burials: A New Interpretation of the Meaning of Ritual Deposits Among the Classic Period Lowland Maya. In New Theories on the Ancient Maya, edited by Danien, Elin C. and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 185–196. Museum Monographs, No. 77. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 2003 Plaza Plans at Tikal: A Research Strategy for Inferring Social Organization and Processes of Culture Change and Lowland Maya Sites. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, & Affairs of State: Advancing Maya Archaeology, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 253–280. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E. 2002 The Engendering of a Dynasty: A Royal Maya Woman in the Margarita Tomb, Copan, Honduras. In Ancient Maya Women, edited by Ardren, Traci, pp. 89–104. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E. 2007 Early Classic Ritual Deposits within the Copan Acropolis: The Material Foundations of Political Power at a Classic Period Maya Center. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., Sharer, Robert J., Traxler, Loa P., Sedat, David W., Carrelli, Christine W., and Grant, Lynn. A. 2004 Tombs and Burials in the Early Classic Acropolis at Copan. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 131–157. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1992 Distinguished Lecture in Archaeology: Breaking and Entering the Ecosystem: Gender, Class, and Faction Steal the Show. American Anthropologist 94:551–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., Price, T. Douglas, Wright, Lori E., and Burton, James A. 2004 Tombs from the Copan Acropolis: A Life History Approach. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 191–212. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Cannadine, David 1977 The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the “Invention of Tradition”, circa 1820–1977. In The Invention of Ritual, edited by Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, pp. 101–164. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A. 2004 The Rural Settlement at Copan: Changes through the Early Classic. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 29–50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.Google Scholar
Carrelli, Christine W. 1990 Mortuary Practices in Groups 8L-10 and 8L-12, Copán, Honduras. B.A. Honors Thesis, Department of Anthropology, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1994 Maya Veneration of the Dead at Caracol. In Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989, edited by Robertson, Merle Greene and Fields, Virginia M., pp. 55–62. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1996 Maya Multiples: Individuals, Entries, and Tombs in Structure A-34 of Caracol, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 7:61–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1998 The Architectural Context of Caches, Burials, and Other Ritual Activities for the Classic Period Maya (as Reflected at Caracol, Belize). In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 299–332. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 2011 Ghosts Amid the Ruins: Analyzing Relationships between the Living and the Dead among Ancient Maya at Caracol, Belize. In Living with the Dead: Mortuary Ritual in Mesoamerica, edited by Fitzsimmons, James L. and Shimada, Izumi, pp. 78–101. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency Chase 1975 Painting and Drawing Styles at Tikal: An Historical and Iconographic Reconstruction. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Fine Arts, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1992 Discussion. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:325–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossland, Zoe 2009 Acts of Estrangement: The Post-Mortem Making of Self and Other. Archaeological Dialogues 16:192–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobres, Marcia-Anne, and Robb, John (editors) 2000 Agency in Archaeology. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Duncan, William N. 2005 Understanding Veneration and Violation in the Archaeological Record. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Rakita, Gordon F. M., Buikstra, Jane E., Beck, Lane A., and Williams, Sloan R., pp. 207–227. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Fash, Barbara W., Fash, William L., Lane, Sheree, Larios, Rudy, Schele, Linda, Stomper, Jeffrey, and Stuart, David 1992 Investigations of a Classic Maya Council House at Copán, Honduras. Journal of Field Archaeology 19:419–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fash, William L. 2005 Toward a Social History of the Copán Valley. In Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. W. and Fash, William L., pp. 73–101. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 2008 Scribes, Warriors, and Kings: The City of Copan and the Ancient Maya. Rev. ed. Thames & Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Stuart, David S. 1991 Dynastic History and Cultural Evolution at Copán, Honduras. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick, pp. 147–179. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo 2005 Contributions and Controversies in the Archaeology and History of Copán. In Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. W. and Fash, William L., pp. 3–32. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Sharer, Robert J. 1991 Sociopolitical Developments and Methodological Issues at Copán, Honduras: A Conjunctive Perspective. Latin American Antiquity 2:166–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James L. 1998 Classic Maya Mortuary Anniversaries at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:271–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James L. 2002 Death and the Maya: Language and Archaeology in Classic Maya Mortuary Ceremonialism. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James L. 2011 Perspectives on Death and Transformation in Ancient Maya Society: Human Remains as a Means to an End. In Living with the Dead: Mortuary Ritual in Mesoamerica, edited by Fitzsimmons, James L. and Shimada, Izumi, pp. 53–77. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James L., and Shimada, Izumi (editors) 2011 Living with the Dead: Mortuary Ritual in Mesoamerica. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2004 Transforming Bodies, Transforming Identities: A Consideration of Pre-Columbian Maya Corporeal Beliefs and Practices. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2006 Maya Mortuary Spaces as Cosmological Metaphors. In Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, edited by Robertson, Elizabeth C., Seibert, Jeffrey D., Fernandez, Deepika C., and Zender, Marc U., pp. 37–48. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geller, Pamela L. 2012 Parting (with) the Dead: Body Partibility as Evidence of Commoner Ancestor Veneration. Ancient Mesoamerica 23:115–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 2001 Personhood, Agency, and Mortuary Ritual: A Case Study from the Ancient Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:73–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 2002 Body and Soul among the Maya: Keeping the Spirits in Place. In The Space and Place of Death, edited by Silverman, Helaine and Small, David B., pp. 67–78. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 11. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 2010 Maya Memory Work. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:401–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, Charles W. 2002 Bridging the Gap Between Archaeological and Indigenous Chronologies: An Investigation of the Early Classic/Late Classic Divide at Piedras, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Golitko, Mark, Meierhoff, James, Feinman, Gary M., and Ryan Williams, Patrick 2012 Complexities of Collapse: The Evidence of Maya Obsidian as Revealed by Social Network Graphical Analysis. Antiquity 86:507–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grube, Nikolai, Schele, Linda, and Fahsen, Federico 1991 Odds and Ends from the Inscriptions of Quirigua. Mexicon 13:106–112.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Stuart, David, and Taube, Karl 2006 The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., and McAnany, Patricia A. 2003 Bodies and Blood: Critiquing Social Construction in Maya Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22:26–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Christopher, Sharer, Robert, and Paredes, Federico 2008 Excavations in the Acropolis at Quirigua: Reconstructions of Six Stages of Development. In Memorias del VI Mesa Redonda de Palenque: Arqueología, Imagen y Texto – Homenaje a Sir Ian Graham, edited by Pallan, Carlos, Cobos, Rafael, and Canton, Laura Pescador. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher, Ashmore, Wendy, and Sharer, Robert J. 1983 The Quirigua Project: 1977 Season. In Quirigua Reports, Volume 2, edited by Sharer, Robert J., Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A., pp. 1–38. Museum Monographs, No. 49. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 1998 Performing the Body in Prehispanic Central America. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 33:147–165.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 2000 Heirlooms and Houses: Materiality and Social Memory. In Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies, edited by Joyce, Rosemary A. and Gillespie, Susan D., pp. 189–212. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunen, Julie L., Jo Galindo, Mary, and Chase, Erin 2002 Pits and Bones: Identifying Maya Ritual Behavior in the Archaeological Record. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:197–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Looper, Matthew G. 1995 The Sculpture Programs of Butz'-Tiliw, an Eighth-century Maya King of Quiriguá, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Art History, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Looper, Matthew G. 1999 New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quiriguá, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:263–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Looper, Matthew G. 2003 Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quiriguá. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1998 Ancestors and the Classic Maya Built Environment. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 271–298. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A., Storey, Rebecca, and Lockard, Angela K. 1999 Mortuary Ritual and Family Politics at Formative and Early Classic K'axob, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:129–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam, and Canuto, Marcello A. 2009 Bracketing the Copan Dynasty: Late Preclassic and Early Postclassic Settlements at Copan, Honduras. Latin American Antiquity 20:553–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Simon 2003 In Line of the Founder: A View of Dynastic Politics at Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, & Affairs of State: Advancing Maya Archaeology, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 3–45. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens. 2nd ed.Thames & Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 1999 Archaeologies of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class, et cetera in Ancient Egypt. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 2001 Archaeologies of Identity. In Archaeological Theory: Breaking the Boundaries, edited by Hodder, Ian, pp. 187–213. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Peter, and Huntington, Richard 1991 Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. 2nd ed.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Daniel 2009 Stuff. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler 1998 The Defaced and the Forgotten: Decapitation and Flaying/Mutilation as a Termination Event at Colha, Belize. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Mock, Shirley B., pp. 115–123. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1923 1923 field notes. Typescript on file, Quirigua Project files, University of Pennsylvania Museum.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1935 Guide Book to the Ruins of Quirigua. Supplementary Publication 16. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Navarro Farr, Olivia 2009 Ritual, Process, and Continuity in the Late to Terminal Classic Transition: Investigations at Structure M13-1 in the Ancient Maya Site of El Perú-Waka’, Petén, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Navarro Farr, Olivia, Freidel, David A., and Lucia, AnaPrera, Arroyave 2008 Manipulating Memory in the Wake of Dynastic Decline at El Perú-Waka’. In Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Stanton, Travis W. and Magnoni, Aline, pp. 113–145. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, Mike 1982 Mortuary Practices, Society and Ideology: An Ethnoarchaeological Study. In Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, edited by Hodder, Ian, pp. 99–113. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker Pearson, Mike 1999 The Archaeology of Death and Burial. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, Mike 2002 Placing the Physical and the Incorporeal Dead: Stonehenge and Changing Concepts of Ancestral Space in Neolithic Britain. In The Space and Place of Death, edited by Silverman, Helaine and Small, David B., pp. 145–180. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 11. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Patterson, Thomas C. 2005 The Turn to Agency: Neoliberalism, Individuality, and Subjectivity in Late Twentieth-Century Anglophone Archaeology. Rethinking Marxism 17:37–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, Burton, James A., Sharer, Robert J., Buikstra, Jane E., Wright, Lori E., Traxler, Loa P., and Miller, Katherine A. 2010 Kings and Commoners at Copan: Isotopic Evidence for Origins and Movement in the Classic Maya Period. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29:15–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos, Jorge 2006 The Iconography of Temple 16: Yax Pasaj and the Evocation of a “Foreign” Identity at Copan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Dorie, Bell, Ellen E., Traxler, Loa P., and Bishop, Ronald L. 2004 Early Classic Ceramic Offerings at Copan: A Comparison of the Hunal, Margarita, and Sub-Jaguar Tombs. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 159–190. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, Zender, Marc, and Geller, Pamela L. 2006 Fit to Be Tied: Funerary Practices among the Prehispanic Maya. In Sacred Bundles: Ritual Acts of Wrapping and Binding in Mesoamerica, edited by Guernsey, Julia and Reilly, F. Kent, pp. 40–58. Boundary End Archaeology Research Center, Barnardsville.Google Scholar
Riese, Berthold 1986 Late Classic Relationship between Copán and Quiriguá: Some Epigraphic Evidence. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia A. and Schortman, Edward M., pp. 94–10. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall 1981 Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities: Structure in the Early History of the Sandwich Islands Kingdom. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall 1985 Islands of History. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M. 1989 Interregional interaction in prehistory: the need for a new perspective. American Antiquity 54:52–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schortman, Edward M. 1993 Archaeological Investigations in the Lower Motagua Valley, Izabal, Guatemala, Quirigua Reports, Volume 3. Museum Monographs, No. 80. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia 2004 Marching Out of Step: Early Classic Copan and Its Honduran Neighbors. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 319–336. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Nakamura, Seiichi 1991 Crisis of Identity: Late Classic Competition and Interaction on the Southeast Maya Periphery. Latin American Antiquity 2:311–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Ashmore, Wendy 2012 History, Networks, and the Quest for Power: Ancient Political Competition in the Lower Motagua Valley, Guatemala. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18:1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedat, David W., and López, Fernando 2004 Initial Stages in the Formation of the Copan Acropolis. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 85–100. University of Pennsylvania Museum, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Seitz, Russell, Harlow, George E., Sisson, Virginia B., and Taube, Karl A. 2001 “Olmec Blue” and Formative Jade Sources: New Discoveries in Guatemala. Antiquity 75:687–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, William H. 1996 Three Temporalities: Toward an Eventful Sociology. In The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences, edited by McDonald, Terrence J., pp. 245–280. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1978 Archaeology and History at Quiriguá, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 5:51–70.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1988 Quirigua as a Classic Maya Center. In The Southeast Maya Zone, edited by Boone, Elizabeth Hill and Willey, Gordon R., pp. 31–65. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1990 Quiriguá: A Classic Maya Center and its Sculptures. Centers of Civilization. Carolina Academic Press, Durham.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2001 Early Copán Acropolis Program 2000 Field Season. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/99102/99102Sharer01.pdf. accessed April 5, 2013. Foundation for Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., Crystal River.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2002 Early Classic Dynastic Origins in the Southeastern Maya Lowlands. In Incidents of Archaeology in Central America and Yucatan: Essays in Honor of Edwin M. Shook, edited by Love, Mike, de Hatch, Marion Poponoe, and Escobedo, Hector, pp. 459–476. University Press of America, Lanham.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2003 Founding Events and Teotihuacan Connections at Copán, Honduras. In The Maya and Teotihuacan, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 143–165. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2004 External Interaction at Early Classic Copan. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 299–317. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Golden, Charles W. 2004 Kingship and Polity: Conceptualizing the Maya Body Politic. In Continuities and Changes in Maya Archaeology, edited by Golden, Charles and Borgstede, Greg, pp. 23–50. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Sedat, David W., Traxler, Loa P., Miller, Julia C., and Bell, Ellen E. 2005 Early Classic Royal Power in Copán: The Origins and Development of the Acropolis (circa a.d. 250–600). In Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys and Fash, William L., pp. 139–199. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Traxler, Loa P. 2006 The Ancient Maya. 6th ed.Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Traxler, Loa P. 2009 Copan and Quirigua: Shifting Destinies in the Southeastern Lowlands. Paper presented at the 14th European Maya Conference, Kraków.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2011 Before the Classic in the Southeastern Area: Issues of Organizational and Ethnic Diversity in the Copan Region, Western Honduras. In The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization, edited by Love, Michael and Kaplan, Jonathan, pp. 317–341. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson 1983 Guatemalan Obsidian: A Preliminary Study of Sources and Quiriguá Artifacts. In Quiriguá Reports, Vol. 2, edited by Sharer, Robert J., Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A., pp. 102–109. Museum Monographs, No. 49. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam T. 2004 The End of the Essential Archaeological Subject. Archaeological Dialogues 11: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Magnoni, Aline (editors) 2008 Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1992 Hieroglyphs and Archaeology at Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:169–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, David 1998 “The Fire Enters His House”: Architecture and Ritual in Classic Maya Texts. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 373–425. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2000 “The Arrival of Strangers”: Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya History. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 465–513. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2007 The Origins of Copan's Founder. Electronic document, https://decipherment.wordpress.com/2007/06/25/the-origin-of-copans-founder/, accessed July 31, 2014.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, Schele, Linda, and Grube, Nikolai 1989 A Mention of 18 Rabbit on the Temple II Reviewing Stand. Copan Notes, No. 62. Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa, and the Copan Mosaics Project, Austin.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1985 The Classic Maya Maize God: A Reappraisal. In Fifth Palenque Round Table, l983, edited by Robertson, Merle Greene, pp. 171–81, Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1998 The Jade Hearth: Centrality, Rulership, and the Classic Maya Temple. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 427–478. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2001 Maize: Iconography and Cosmological Significance. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, edited by Carrasco, David, pp. 150–152. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2004 Structure 10L-16 and its Early Classic Antecedents: Fire and the Evocation and Resurrection of K'inich Yax K'uk’ Mo’. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 265–295. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2013 The Classic Maya Temple: Centrality, Cosmology, and Sacred Geography in Ancient Mesoamerica. In Heaven on Earth: Temple, Ritual, and Cosmic Symbolism in the Ancient World, edited by Ragavan, Deena, pp. 89–125. Oriental Institute Seminars, No. 9. The University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A., Sisson, Virginia, Seitz, Russell, and Harlow, George 2004 The Sourcing of Mesoamerican Jade: Expanded Geological Reconnaissance. In The Motagua Region, Guatemala, Appendix to Olmec Art, pp. 203–220. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1963 The Making of the English Working Class. Vintage, London.Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher 1994 A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Traxler, Loa P. 2001 The Royal Court of Early Classic Copan. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya. Volume 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen D., pp. 46–73. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Traxler, Loa P. 2004 Redesigning Copan: Early Architecture of the Polity Center. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 53–64. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Welsh, W. Bruce M. 1988 An Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials. BAR International Series 409. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingard, John D. 1996 Interactions between Demographic Processes and Soil Resources in the Copán Valley, Honduras. In The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use, edited by Fedick, Scott L., pp. 207–235. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Wingard, John D. 2013 Tilling the Fields and Building the Temples: Assessing the Relationship among Land, Labor, and Classic Maya Elite Power in the Copán Valley. In Soils, Climate and Society: Archaeological Investigations in Ancient America, edited by Wingard, John D. and Hayes, Sue Eileen, pp. 131–155. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 2005 In Search of Yax Nuun Ayiin I: Revisiting the Tikal Project's Burial 10. Ancient Mesoamerica 16: 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 2013 An Isotope Study of Childhood Diet and Mobility at Copan, Honduras. In The Dead Tell Tales: Jane Buikstra and Narratives of the Past, edited by Lozada, Maria Cecilia and Donnabháin, Barra Ó, pp. 95–105. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar