Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:44:24.944Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

ANCIENT MAYA MARKETS AND THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF CARACOL, BELIZE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Diane Z. Chase  and
Arlen F. Chase
Diane Z. Chase*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816
Arlen F. Chase
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Modeling Classic period social and economic systems of the ancient Maya has proven difficult for a number of reasons, including sampling, preservation, and interpretational biases. As more archaeological research has been undertaken, views about the Classic period Maya (a.d. 250–900) have become progressively more complex. Because neither Maya art nor hieroglyphic texts contain substantial information on ancient economic systems, some archaeologists have tended to deemphasize the impact of ancient economies in reconstructions of the Classic period Maya civilization. Archaeological research at Caracol, Belize, however, has recovered evidence of the road systems, marketplaces, and production areas that served as the backbone of the site's economic infrastructure. When combined with artifact distributions, these data demonstrate the existence of an economy based on surplus household production with distribution in elite-administered markets. The archaeological data from Caracol not only elucidate how marketplaces were embedded in the Maya landscape, but also how they were used to integrate the site.

Type
Special Section: New Perspectives on Ancient Mesoamerican Economies
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , Spring 2014 , pp. 239 - 250
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, David R. 2010 The Rise and Demise of Marketplace Exchange among the Prehistoric Hohokam of Arizona. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 61–83. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1983 Maya Salt Production and Trade. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Beals, Ralph L. 1973 Ethnology of the Western Mixe. Reprinted. Cooper Square Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1996 The Basin of Mexico Market System and the Growth of Empire. In Aztec Imperial Strategies, edited by Berdan, Frances, Blanton, Richard, Boone, Elizabeth, Hodge, Mary, Smith, Michael, and Umberger, Emily, pp. 47–84. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 2013 Cooperation and the Moral Economy of the Marketplace. In Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G. and Pillsbury, Joanne, pp. 23–48. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., and Fargher, Lane 2010 Evaluating Causal Factors in Market Development in Premodern States: A Comparative Study with Some Critical Comments on the History of Ideas about Markets. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 207–226. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón, Vázquez López, Verónica A., and Martin, Simon 2009 Daily Life of the Ancient Maya recorded on Murals at Calakmul, Mexico. PNAS 106:19245–19249.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F. 1998 Planeación cívica e integración de sitio en Caracol, Belice: Definiendo una economía administrada del periodo clásico Maya. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 6(1):26–44Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1994 Details in the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize: An Introduction. In Studies in the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize, edited by Chase, Diane and Chase, Arlen, pp. 1–11. Monograph No. 7. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1998 Scale and Intensity in Classic Period Maya Agriculture: Terracing and Settlement at the “Garden City” of Caracol, Belize. Culture and Agriculture 20(2):60–77.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2001a Ancient Maya Causeways and Site Organization at Caracol, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:273–281.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2001b The Royal Court of Caracol, Belize: Its Palaces and People. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya. Vol. 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen D., pp. 102–137, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2004 Exploring Ancient Economic Relationships at Caracol, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 1:115–127.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2007 Ancient Maya Urban Development: Insights from the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize. Journal of Belizean Studies 29(2):60–71.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2009 Symbolic Egalitarianism and Homogenized Distributions in the Archaeological Record at Caracol, Belize: Method, Theory, and Complexity. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 6:15–24.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2011 Status and Power: Caracol, Teotihuacan, and the Early Classic Maya World. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 8:3–18.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2012 Belize Red Ceramics and Their Implications for Trade and Exchange in the Eastern Maya Lowlands. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 9:3–14.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Terry, Richard, Horlacher, Jacob, and Chase, Adrian S. Z. 2015 Markets Among the Ancient Maya: The Case of Caracol, Belize. In The Ancient Maya Marketplace: The Archaeology of Transient Space, edited by King, Eleanor, University of Arizona Press, Tucson (in press).Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Weishampel, John F., Drake, Jason B., Shrestha, Ramesh L., Slatton, K. Clint, Awe, Jaime J., and Carter, William E. 2011 Airborne LiDAR, Archaeology, and the Ancient Maya Landscape at Caracol, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:387–398.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., and White, Christine 2001 El paisaje urbano Maya: La integración de los espacios construidos y la estructura social en Caracol, Belice. In Reconstruyendo la Ciudad Maya: El Urbanismo en las Sociedades Antiguas, edited by Ruiz, Andrés Ciudad, de León, María Josefa Iglesias Ponce, and Martínez, María Del Carmen, pp. 95–122. Sociedad Espanola de Estudios Mayas (S.E.E.M), Madrid.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Zorn, Elayne, and Teeter, Wendy G. 2008 Textiles and the Maya Archaeological Record: Gender, Power, and Status in Classic Period Caracol, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 19:127–142.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F. 1998 The Architectural Context of Caches, Burials, and Other Ritual Activities for the Classic Period Maya (as Reflected at Caracol, Belize). In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 299–332. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F. 2001 Underlying Structure in Maya Persistence: An Archaeological Perspective. In Maya Survivalism, edited by Hostettler, Ulei and Restall, Matthew, pp. 37–50. Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 12. Verlag A. Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F. 2003 Texts and Contexts in Classic Maya Warfare: A Brief Consideration of Epigraphy and Archaeology at Caracol, Belize. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by Brown, M. Kathryn and Stanton, Travis W., pp. 171–188. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F. 2004 Archaeological Perspectives on Classic Maya Social Organization from Caracol, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:111–119.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F. 2010 Rituales mezclados: Analizando comportamientos públicos y privados en el registro arqueológico de Caracol. In El Ritual en el Mundo Maya: De lo Privado a lo Público, edited by Ruiz, Andrés Ciudad, de León, María Josefa Iglesias Ponce, and Cuerva, Miguel Sorroche, pp. 107–128. Publicaciones de la S.E.E.M., No. 9. Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., Chase, Arlen F., Awe, Jaime J., Walker, John H., and Weishampel, John F. 2011 Airborne LiDAR at Caracol, Belize, and the Interpretation of Ancient Maya Society and Landscapes. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 8:61–73.Google Scholar
Claessen, Henri J. M., and van de Velde, Pieter 1991 Introduction. In Early State Economics, edited by Claessen, Henri and van de Velde, Pieter, pp. 1–29. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Blake, Michael 1994 The Power of Prestige: Competitive Generosity and the Emergence of Rank Societies in Lowland Mesoamerica. In Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, edited by Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and Fox, John W., pp. 17–30. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cobos, Rafael 1994 Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Mollusca and Shell Ornaments of Caracol, Belize. In Studies in the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., pp. 139–147. Monograph 7. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 2003 The Ceramics of Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, and Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 47–81. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H. 2009 Ahead of it Time? The Remarkable Early Classic Maya Economy of Chunchucmil. Journal of Social Archaeology 9:341–367.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H., Bair, Baniel, Beach, Tim, Moriarty, Matthew, and Terry, Richard 2010 The Dirt on Food: Ancient Feasts and Markets among the Lowland Maya. In Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller, John E. and Carrasco, Michael D., pp. 191–232. Springer Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H., Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Hixson, David R., Hutson, Scott R., Magnoni, Aline, Mansell, Eugenia, and Mazeau, Daniel E. 2005 Reconstructing Agricultural Self-Sufficiency at Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 16:229–247.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H., Jensen, Christopher T., Terry, Richard E., Wright, David R., and Beach, Timothy 2007 In Search of an Ancient Maya Market. Latin American Antiquity 18:363–384.Google Scholar
Dalton, George 1975 Karl Polanyi's Analysis of Long-Distance Trade and His Wider Paradigm. In Ancient Civilization and Trade, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, Carl C., pp. 63–132. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Garraty, Christopher P. 2010 Preindustrial Markets and Marketing: Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 39:167–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Nicholas, Linda M. 2010 A Multiscalar Perspective on Market Exchange in the Classic Period Valley of Oaxaca. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 85–98. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Feldman, Lawrence 1978 Inside a Mexica Market. In Mesoamerican Communication Routes and Cultural Contacts, edited by Lee, Thomas S. and Navarrete, Carlos, pp. 219–222. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 40. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., and Reilly, F. Kent III 2010 The Flesh of God: Cosmology, Food, and the Origins of Political Power in Ancient Southeastern Mesoamerica. In Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller, John E. and Carrasco, Michael D., pp. 635–680. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., and Shaw, Justine 2000 The Lowland Maya Civilization: Historical Consciousness and Environment. In The Way the Wind Blows: Climate, History, and Human Action, edited by McIntosh, Roderick J., Tainter, Joseph A., and McIntosh, Susan Keech, pp. 271–300. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fry, Robert E. 2003 The Peripheries of Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, and Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 143–170. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P. 2009 Evaluating the Distributional Approach to Inferring Marketplace Exchange: A Test Case from the Mexican Gulf Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 20:157–174.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P. 2010 Investigating Market Exchange in Ancient Societies: A Theoretical Review. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 3–32. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P., and Stark, Barbara L. (editors) 2010 Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth 1987 Resource Diversity in Belize and Its Implications for Models of Lowland Trade. American Antiquity 54:253–267.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 2003 Feasting at Home: Community and House Solidarity among the Maya of Southeastern Mesoamerica. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Bray, Tamara L., pp. 203–233. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth 1998 The Distributional Approach: A New Way to Identify Marketplace Exchange in the Archaeological Record. Current Anthropology 39:451–476.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth 2009a Craft Production in a Central Mexican Marketplace. Ancient Mesoamerica 20:89–102.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth 2009b Housework: Craft Production and Domestic Economy in Ancient Mesoamerica. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 19. Wiley Company, Hoboken, NJ.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth 2010 Finding the Mark in the Marketplace: The Organization, Development, and Archaeological Identification of Market Systems. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 227–247. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth 2013 The Merchant's World: Commercial Diversity and the Economics of Interregional Exchange in Highland Mesoamerica. In Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G. and Pillsbury, Joanne, pp. 85–112. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G., and Pillsbury, Joanne 2013 Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World. In Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, Hirth, Kenneth G. and Pillsbury, Joanne, pp. 1–22. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Horlacher, Jacob M., and Terry, Richard E. 2013 Geochemical Analysis of Ancient Maya Activities in Selected Plazas at Caracol, Belize. Report submitted to National Science Foundation, Unpublished manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., Hixson, David R., Magnoni, Aline, Mazeau, Daniel, and Dahlin, Bruce H. 2008 Site and Community at Chunchucmil and Ancient Maya Urban Centers. Journal of Field Archaeology 33:19–40.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2001 The Power and Ideology of Artistic Creation: Elite Craft Specialists in Classic Maya Society. Current Anthropology 42:321–349.Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher 1979 Tikal as a Trading Center. Paper presented at the 43rd International Congress of Americanists, Vancouver, B.C.Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher 1996 Excavations in the East Plaza of Tikal, 2 vols. Tikal Report No. 16. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A. 2012 A Theory of the Ancient Mesoamerican Economy. Research in Economic Anthropology 32:187–234.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, Adanez, Jesús, and Mejía, Héctor E. 2008 Entre cayucos y caites: Una ruta de interacción entre el Mar Caribe y el Río Pasión. In XXI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2007, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Bárbara, and Mejía, Héctor, pp. 744–769. Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia, Guatemala.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa J. 2001 Like Water for Chocolate: Feasting and Political Ritual among the Late Classic Maya at Xunantunich, Belize. American Anthropologist 103:935–953.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 2010 Ancestral Maya Economies in Archaeological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather 2002 Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Martindale Johnson, Lucas 2008 Tools of a Local Economy: Standardization and Function Among Small Chert Tools from Caracol, Belize. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Freidel, David A. 2002 Ancient Maya Political Economies. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Freidel, David A. 2012 An Argument for Classic Era Maya Market Exchange. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31:455–484.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Freidel, David A. 2013 Wide Open Spaces: A Long View of the Important of Maya Market Exchange. In Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G. and Pillsbury, Joanne, pp. 201–228. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
May Hau, Jacinto, Muñoz, R. Cohuoh, González Heredia, Raymundo, and Folan, William J. 1990 El mapa de las ruinas de Calakmul, Campeche, México. Centro de Investigaciones Históricas y Sociales, Universidad de Campeche, CampecheGoogle Scholar
Minc, Leah D. 2006 Monitoring Regional Market Systems in Prehistory: Models, Methods, and Metrics. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25:82–116.Google Scholar
Murtha, Timothy 2009 Land and Labor: Maya Terrraced Agriculture: An Investigation of the Settlement Economy and Intensive Agricultural Landscape of Caracol, Belize. DM Verlag Dr. Muller, Saarbruckan, Germany.Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 1997 Middens, Construction Fill, and Offerings: Evidence for the Organization of Classic Period Craft Production at Tikal, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 24:293–313.Google Scholar
Pluckhahn, Thomas J. 2009 Plazas y mercados en la Mixteca Alta prehispánica. In Bases de la Complejidad Social en Oaxaca, edited by García, Nellie Robles, pp. 277–293. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Polyani, Karl, Arensberg, Conrad M., and Pearson, Harry W. (editors) 1957 Trade and Market in the Early Empires. Free Press, Glencoe.Google Scholar
Pope, Cynthia 1994 Preliminary Analysis of Small Chert Tools and Related Debitage at Caracol, Belize. In Studies in the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., pp. 148–156. Monograph No. 7. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Rathje, William L. 1971 The Origin and Development of Lowland Classic Maya Civilization. American Antiquity 36:275–285.Google Scholar
Rathje, William L. 2002 The Nouveau Elite Potlach: One Scenario for the Monumental Rise of Early Civilizations. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Freidel, David A., pp. 31–40. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2009 On Classic Maya Political Economies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27:70–84.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2009 An Alternative Order: The Dualistic Economies of the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 20:1–21.Google Scholar
Shaw, Leslie C. 2012 The Elusive Maya Marketplace: An Archaeological Consideration of the Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Research 20:117–155.Google Scholar
Sidrys, Raymond 1976 Classic Maya Obsidian Trade. American Antiquity 41:449–464.Google Scholar
Smith, Carol A. 1976 Exchange Systems and the Spatial Distribution of Elites: The Organization of Stratification in Agrarian Societies. In Regional Analysis. Vol. 2: Social Systems, edited by Smith, Carol A., pp. 309–374. University Press of America, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1987 Household Possessions and Wealth in Agrarian States: Implications for Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:297–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1999 On Hirth's “Distributional Approach.” Current Anthropology 40:528–530.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2004 The Archaeology of Ancient State Economies. Annual Review of Anthropology 33:73–102.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2010 Regional and Local Market Systems in Aztec Period Morelos. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 161–182. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 2010 Labor Taxes, Market Systems, and Urbanization in the Prehispanic Andes: A Comparative Perspective. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 185–205. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L., and Garraty, Christopher P. 2010 Detecting Marketplace Exchange in Archaeology: A Methodological Review. In Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, edited by Garraty, Christopher P. and Stark, Barbara L., pp. 33–58. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Tax, Sol 1953 Penny Capitalism: A Guatemalan Indian Economy. Institute of Social Anthropology, Monograph No. 16. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Teeter, Wendy G., and Chase, Arlen F. 2004 Adding Flesh to Bones: Using Zooarchaeology Research to Answer the Big-Picture Questions. Archaeofauna: International Journal of Archaeozoology 13:155–173.Google Scholar
Webster, David L. 1998 Warfare and Status Rivalry: Lowland Maya and Polynesian Comparisons. In Archaic States, edited by Feinman, Gary M. and Marcus, Joyce, pp. 311–351. School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
West, Georgia 2002 Ceramic Exchange in the Late Classic and Postclassic Maya Lowlands: A Diachronic Approach. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Freidel, David A., pp. 140–196. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
White, Christine D., and Schwartz, Henry P. 1989 Ancient Maya Diet: As Inferred from Isotopic and Chemical Analysis of Human Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:451–474.Google Scholar